Editing Hypanthium

{{Short description|Structure in angiosperms where basal portions form a cup-shaped tube}}
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|footer=In a pomegranate flower, ''[[Punica granatum]]'', the [[petal]]s, except for their fused bases, soon fall. The hypanthium with [[sepal]] lobes and [[stamen]]s still attached develops to form the outer layer of the fruit.}}
In [[angiosperms]], a '''hypanthium''' or '''floral cup'''{{sfn|Foster|2014|loc=[http://plant-phytography.blogspot.ca/2012/10/hypanthium-cup-shaped-or-tubular.html Hypanthium]}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Beentje, H. |author2=Williamson, J. |year=2010  |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Hickey, M. |author2=King, C. |year=2001  |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press   }}</ref> is a structure where basal portions of the [[Sepal|calyx]], the [[petal|corolla]], and the [[stamen]]s form a cup-shaped tube. It is sometimes called a '''floral tube''', a term that is also used for [[corolla tube]] and [[calyx tube]].<ref>"Lecture 7 – Pharmacognosy and Botany (1st Semester)" ''Azerbaijan Medical University'', n.d. Accessed May 9, 2025.</ref>
It often contains the [[nectar]]ies of the plant. It is present in many plant families, although varies in structural dimensions and appearance.{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} This differentiation between the hypanthium in particular species is useful for [[plant identification|identification]]. Some [[geometry|geometric]] forms are [[obconic]] shapes, as in [[heteromeles|toyon]] (''Heteromeles''), whereas some are saucer-shaped, as in ''[[Mitella caulescens]]''.

Its presence is diagnostic of many [[family (biology)|families]], including the [[Rosaceae]], [[Grossulariaceae]], and [[Fabaceae]]. In some cases, it can be so deep, with such a narrow top, that the flower can appear to have an [[anatomical terms of location|inferior]] [[ovary (botany)|ovary]]{{snd}}the ovary is below the other attached floral parts. The hypanthium is known by different common names in differing species. In the [[eucalypt]]s, it is referred to as the ''gum nut''; in roses it is called the ''[[rose hip|hip]]''.

==Variations in plant species==
[[File:Ovary position superior with hypanthium.png|thumb|Ovary superior to hypanthium]]
[[File:2013-04-29 16-35-13-fleur-58f.jpg|thumb|right|In ''[[Spiraea]]'', the hypanthium supports a nectar-producing "disk" which is ring-shaped and may have lobes as it does here. The stamens arise between the petals and the disk.]]
[[File:Flower morphology - longitudinal section showing achene formation and hypanthium in Rosa-01.svg|thumb|Hypanthium in [[Rose|Rosa]]]]
[[File:20140226Narcissus2.jpg|thumb|''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'', showing from the upper bend to the tip of the flower: [[spathe]], ovary, hypanthium, [[tepal]]s, [[perianth#Corona|corona]]]]
In [[Myrtus|myrtles]], the hypanthium can either surround the ovary loosely or tightly; in some cases, it can be fused to the walls of the ovary. It can vary in length. The rims around the outside of the hypanthium contain the calyx lobes or free sepals, [[petal]]s and either the stamen or multiple stamen that are attached at one or two points.
 
The flowers of the [[rose]] family ([[Rosaceae]])  always have some type of hypanthium or at least a floral cup from which the sepals, petals and stamens all arise, which is lined with tissue known as ''nectaries'', which produce [[nectar]], a [[Sugar|sweet]] substance that attracts to the flower birds and bees, which receive [[pollen]] from the lining of the hypanthium, subsequently transferring it to the next flower they visit, usually a neighbouring plant, facilitating [[pollination]].{{sfn|Givnish|1997}}

The stamens borne on the hypanthium are the pollen-producing [[sex organ|reproductive organs]] of the flower. The hypanthium helps in many ways with the reproduction pathways of most plants. It provides weather protection and a medium to sustain the lost pollen, increasing the probability of fertility and cross-pollination.{{sfn|Clarke|2004}} The retained pollen can then attach to [[pollinator]]s such as birds, bees, moths, beetles, bats, butterflies and other animals. Wind can act as an instigator for [[fertilisation]]. The hypanthium is also an adaptive feature for structural support. It helps the [[plant stem|stem]] fuse with the flower, in turn strengthening the bond and overall stability and integrity.{{sfn|Snow|2003}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em }}
* {{Citation | last1=Cronquist | first1=Arthur | title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants | publication-date=1981 | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=978-0-231-03880-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron }}
* {{Citation | last1=Givnish|first1=Thomas J | title=Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation | publication-date=1997 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-57329-0}}
* {{Citation | last1=Snow|first1=Neil Wilton |  title=Systematics of Austromyrtus, Lenwebbia, and the Australian species of Gossia (Myrtaceae) | publication-date=2003 | publisher=American Society of Plant Taxonomists | isbn=978-0-912861-65-4}}
*{{Citation | last1=Faegri|first1=Knut | author2=Iversen, Johannes, 1904- | title=Textbook of pollen analysis | publication-date=1975 | publisher=Hafner Press | edition=3rd rev. | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10277699 | access-date=8 November 2013}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Clarke | first1 = Andrew | title = The AgLaw papers | publisher = Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law | location = Armidale, N.S.W | year = 2004 | isbn = 9781863898737}}
{{refend}}

=== Websites ===
{{cite web|last1=Foster|first1=Tony|title=Botany Word of the Day|url=http://plant-phytography.blogspot.com/|website=Phytography|access-date=27 November 2014|ref={{harvid|Foster|2014}}}}

==External links==
* Hypanthium images on [http://morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?keywords=hypanthium&tsnKeywords=&spKeywords=&viewKeywords=&localityKeywords=&listField1=imageId&orderAsc1=DESC&listField2=&orderAsc2=ASC&listField3=&orderAsc3=ASC&numPerPage=20&resetOffset=&activeSubmit=1&tsnId_Kw=keywords&viewId_Kw=keywords&spId_Kw=keywords&localityId_Kw=keywords&offset=60&log=NO&log=NO MorphBank], a biological image database

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant morphology]]