Editing IBM 305 RAMAC

{{Short description|First computer to use magnetic disk storage}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = IBM 305 RAMAC
| title = 
| aka = 
| logo = IBM Logo 1947 1956.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| image = IBM 305 RAMAC system (1).jpg
| caption = IBM 305 RAMAC system:

IBM 305 main system (Processing unit, magnetic process drum, magnetic core register, electronic logical and arithmetic circuits){{br}}
[[IBM 370 printer]] (left), IBM 380 console (right)
| developer = [[IBM]]
| manufacturer = [[IBM]]
| family = 
| type = 
| generation = 
| release date = {{Start date and age|1956|09|14}}
| retail availability = 
| lifespan = 
| price = {{US$|3200|1957|round=-2}} per month
| discontinued = 1961
| units sold = More than 1,000
| units shipped = 
| media = 
| os = 
| power = 
| soc = 
| cpu = 
| memory = 
| storage = 3.75 megabytes
| memory card = 
| display = 
| graphics = 
| sound = 
| input = 
| controllers = 
| camera = 
| touchpad = 
| connectivity = 
| currentfw = 
| platform = 
| service = 
| dimensions = 
| weight = 
| topgame = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = [[IBM 1401]]
| related = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.ibm.com/history/ramac}}
| image_size = 270px
}}
The '''IBM 305 RAMAC''' was the first commercial computer that used a moving-head [[hard disk drive]] (magnetic [[disk storage]]) for [[secondary storage]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Data-Storage/IBM-Builds-on-50-Years-of-Spinning-Disk-Storage/ | title=IBM Builds on 50 Years of Spinning Disk Storage | first=Chris | last=Preimesberger | publisher=eWeek.com | date=2006-09-08 | access-date=2012-10-16}}</ref> The system was publicly announced on September 14, 1956,<ref name="RAMACAnn">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050311064141/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/650/650_pr2.html 650 RAMAC announcement] The 305 RAMAC and the 650 RAMAC were internally announced on September 4, 1956.</ref><ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/14/84711681.pdf I.B.M. To Put Out New 'Think' Units], ''New York Times'', September 14, 1956</ref> with test units already installed at the U.S. Navy and at private corporations.<ref name="RAMACAnn" /> RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control",<ref name=manual/> as its design was motivated by the need for real-time accounting in business.<ref name=film>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOD1umMX2s8 IBM RAMAC promotional film]</ref>

==History==
RAMAC was developed and manufactured at IBM's research facility in [[San Jose, California]]. In 1959, IBM's CEO [[Thomas J. Watson Jr.]] exhibited the RAMAC in [[Moscow]]. This led to a visit by Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] to IBM's San Jose facility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McElvenny |first=Ralph |title=The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived |last2=Wortman |first2=Marc |isbn=978-1-5417-6852-9 |pages=276}}</ref> 

The first RAMAC to be used in the U.S. auto industry was installed at [[Chrysler]]'s [[MOPAR]] Division in 1957. It replaced a huge [[tub file]] which was part of MOPAR's parts inventory control and order processing system.

During the [[1960 Winter Olympics|1960 Olympic Winter Games]] in [[Squaw Valley Ski Resort|Squaw Valley]] (USA), IBM provided the first electronic data processing systems for the  Games. The system featured an IBM RAMAC 305 computer, punched card data collection, and a central printing facility.

More than 1,000 systems were built. Production ended in 1961; the RAMAC computer lost front-runner status in 1962 when the [[IBM 1405]] Disk Storage Unit for the [[IBM 1401]] was introduced, and the 305 was withdrawn in 1969.

==Overview==
The first hard disk unit was shipped September 13, 1956.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/hard-disk-changed-world-108939 Steven Levy, "The Hard Disk That Changed the World" ''Newsweek'', August 7, 2006]</ref> The additional components of the computer were a card punch, a central processing unit, a power supply unit, an operator's console/card reader unit, and a printer. There was also a manual inquiry station that allowed direct access to stored records. IBM <!--305 RAMAC Manual of Operation (ref 4) says "In effect, the machine stores the equivalent of 62,500 80-column IBM cards", not sure there is a conflict, maybe other number adds drum memory to it?): --> touted the system as being able to store the equivalent of 64,000 [[punched card]]s.<ref name=film/>

The 305 was one of the last [[vacuum tube]] computers that IBM built. It weighed over a ton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm03.html#IBM-305-RAMAC|title=IBM 305 RAMAC|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=March 1961|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems|at=See ''SUNOCO Philadelphia''}}</ref>

The [[IBM 350]] disk system stored 5 million [[alphanumeric]] characters recorded as six data bits, one [[parity bit]] and one space bit for eight bits recorded per character.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/RAMAC/IBM-227-3534-0-305-RAMAC-r.pdf |title=RAMAC 305 Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction <!-- at least not part of the actual title (right part was substituted): Theory Of Operations--> |work= IBM Corp., 1959 |pages=7–8 and 85}}</ref> It had fifty {{convert|24|in|mm|adj=mid|-diameter}} disks. Two independent access arms moved up and down to select a disk, and in and out to select a recording track, all under [[Servomechanism|servo]] control. Average time to locate a single record was 600 milliseconds. Several improved models were added in the 1950s. The IBM RAMAC 305 system with 350 disk storage leased for US$3,200 ({{Inflation|US|3200|1957|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) per month.

[[Image:RAMAC 305 disk.JPG|thumb|right|One RAMAC storage disk showing [[head crash]] damage]]
[[File:BRL61-IBM 305 RAMAC.jpeg|thumb|IBM 305 at [[U.S. Army]] Red River Arsenal. Foreground: two 350 disk drives. Background: 380 console and 305 processing unit]]
The original 305 RAMAC computer system could be housed in a room of about 9&nbsp;m (30&nbsp;ft) by 15&nbsp;m (50&nbsp;ft); the 350 disk storage unit measured around {{convert|1.5|m2|sqft|sp=us}}. Currie Munce, research vice president for [[Hitachi Global Storage Technologies]] (which has acquired IBM's hard disk drive business), stated in a ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' interview<ref>Lee Gomes, "Talking Tech" ''The Wall Street Journal'', August 22, 2006</ref> that the RAMAC unit weighed over a ton, had to be moved around with forklifts, and was delivered via large cargo airplanes. According to Munce, the storage capacity of the drive could have been increased beyond five megabytes, but IBM's marketing department at that time was against a larger capacity drive, because they did not know how to sell a product with more storage.
[[Image:IBM 350 RAMAC.jpg|thumb|RAMAC mechanism at Computer History Museum]]

Programming the 305 involved not only writing [[machine language]] instructions to be stored on the [[drum memory]], but also almost every unit in the system (including the computer itself) could be programmed by inserting wire jumpers into a [[plugboard]] control panel.

==Architecture==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2013}}

System architecture was documented in the ''305 RAMAC Manual of Operation''.<ref name=manual>[http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/305_ramac/22-6264-1_305_RAMAC_Manual_of_Operation_Apr57.pdf 305 RAMAC Manual of Operation], IBM, April 1957.</ref>
The 305 was a character-oriented [[variable word length computer|variable "word" length]] decimal ([[Binary-coded decimal#IBM|BCD]]) computer with a [[drum memory]] rotating at 6000&nbsp;[[revolutions per minute|RPM]] that held 3200 [[alphanumeric]] characters.  A [[core memory]] buffer of 100 characters was used for temporary storage during data transfers.

Each character was six bits{{snd}} plus one [[Parity bit|odd parity]] bit ("R"){{snd}} composed of two zone bits ("X" and "O") and remaining four binary bits for the value of the digit in the following format:
 X O 8 4 2 1 R

[[Instruction set|Instructions]] could only be stored on 20 tracks of the drum memory and were fixed length (10 characters), in the following format:
:T<sub>1</sub> A<sub>1</sub> B<sub>1</sub> T<sub>2</sub> A<sub>2</sub> B<sub>2</sub> M N P Q
{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|-
!Field positions
!Function
|-
|T<sub>1</sub> A<sub>1</sub> B<sub>1</sub>
|Source operand address &ndash; Track, low order AB character
|-
|T<sub>2</sub> A<sub>2</sub> B<sub>2</sub>
|Destination operand address &ndash; Track, low order AB character
|-
|M N
|Length of operands (each operand must be entirely on its specified track)
|-
|P
|Program exit code; used to select test conditions, perform jumps, and initiate input/output. The 305's control panel programming determines the action(s) performed.
|-
|Q
|Control code; modifies the operation (similar to an [[op code]]), the default operation being a copy from source to destination. Other operations were: "1" Compare, "2" Field compare, "3" Compare & Field compare, "5" Accumulator reset, "6" Blank transfer test, "7" Compress & Expand, "8" Expand, "9" Compress
|-
|}
{{clear|left}}

[[Fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point]] data "words" could be any size from one decimal digit up to 100 decimal digits, with the X bit of the least significant digit storing the sign ([[signed number representations|signed magnitude]]).

Data records could be any size from one character up to 100 characters.

===Drum memory===
The drum memory was organized into 32 tracks of 100 characters each.

The color code of this table is:

* Yellow &ndash; Storage
* Blue &ndash; Arithmetic
* Green &ndash; Input/output
* Red &ndash; Special function

{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|-
!Track specifier
!Source function
!Destination function
|- BGCOLOR="yellow"
|''W X Y Z''
|colspan=2|General storage
|- BGCOLOR="yellow"
|''0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<br>& A B C D E F G H I''
|colspan=2|Instruction storage, general storage
|- BGCOLOR="lightblue"
|''L''
|Read accumulator
|Add to accumulator
|- BGCOLOR="lightblue"
|''M''
|Read & clear accumulator
|Subtract from accumulator
|- BGCOLOR="lightblue"
|''V''
|colspan=2|Multiplicand (1 to 9 characters) or divisor (1 to 9 characters)
|- BGCOLOR="lightblue"
|''N''
| {{N/A}}
|Multiply (1 to 11 characters)<br>Stores 2 to 20 character product<br>in accumulators 0 & 1
|- BGCOLOR="lightblue"
|''P''
| {{N/A}}
|Divide (option)
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''K''
|380 Punched card input
| {{N/A}}
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''S T''
| {{N/A}}
|323 Punched card output,<br>370 Printer Output,<br>407 Printer output
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''Q''
|colspan=2|380 Inquiry input/output
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''J''
| {{N/A}}
|350 File Address
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''R''
|colspan=2|350 File data input/output
|- BGCOLOR="pink"
|''-''
|Core buffer
|Character selector
|- BGCOLOR="lightgreen"
|''$''
|colspan=2|382 Paper tape input/output (option)
|-
|}
{{clear|Left}}
<code>L</code> and <code>M</code> select the same track, containing ten 10-character "[[Accumulator (computing)|Accumulator]]s". As a destination ''L'' specifies addition, ''M'' specifies subtraction. (Numbers in these accumulators were stored in [[ten's complement]] form, with the X bit of the most significant digit storing the sign. The sign of each accumulator was also held in a [[relay]]. However the 305 automatically converted between its standard signed magnitude format and this format without the need for special programming.)

<code>J</code>, <code>''R''</code>, and <code>-</code> do not select tracks on the drum, they specify other sources and destinations.

===Jumps===
The 305's instruction set does not include any jumps, instead these are programmed on the control panel:

* Unconditional jump &ndash; the program exit code (P field) specifies a ''Program exit hub'' on the control panel, which has a wire plugged into it and, via distributors, to ''Program entry hubs'' specifying the first, second and third address digit of the instruction to jump to.
* Conditional jump &ndash; the program exit code (P field) specifies a ''Program exit hub'' on the control panel, which has a wire plugged into it and the appropriate ''Condition selector common hub'' to be tested, the corresponding  two ''Condition selector output hub''s have wires plugged into them and the ''Program entry hub''s specifying the instructions to jump to or the ''Program advance hub'' to continue in sequence. Complicated conditions involving many ''Condition selectors'' could be wired to execute in a single instruction (e.g., Testing the sign and zero states of multiple accumulators), with one of several ''Program entry hub''s activated.
* Multi-way jump &ndash; the destination track (T<sub>2</sub> field) is set to <code>-</code> and the appropriate ''Character selector hub''s on the control panel have wires plugged into them and the ''Program entry hub''s specifying the instructions to jump to or the ''Program advance hub'' to continue in sequence.

===Timing===
All timing signals for the 305 were derived from a factory recorded ''clock track'' on the drum. The clock track contained 816 pulses 12&nbsp;μs apart with a 208&nbsp;μs gap for sync.

Reading or writing a character took 96&nbsp;μs.

The 305's typical instruction took three revolutions of the drum (30&nbsp;ms): one (''I phase'') to fetch the instruction, one (''R phase'') to read the source operand and copy it to the core buffer, and one (''W phase'') to write the destination operand from the core buffer. If the P field (Program exit code) was not blank, then two (''D phase'' and ''P phase'') additional revolutions of the drum (20&nbsp;ms) were added to the execution time to allow relays to be picked. The ''Improved Processing Speed'' option could be installed that allowed the three instruction phases (''IRW'') to immediately follow each other instead of waiting for the next revolution to start; with this option and well optimized code and operand placement a typical instruction could execute in as little as one revolution of the drum (10&nbsp;ms).

Certain instructions though took far longer than the typical 30&nbsp;ms to 50&nbsp;ms. For example, multiply took six to nineteen revolutions of the drum (60&nbsp;ms to 190&nbsp;ms) and divide (an option) took ten to thirty seven revolutions of the drum (100&nbsp;ms to 370&nbsp;ms). Input/Output instructions could interlock the processor for as many revolutions of the drum as needed by the hardware.

==Hardware implementation==
The logic circuitry of the 305 was built of one- and two-tube pluggable units and relays.

==Related peripheral units==
[[File:IBM 305 RAMAC system (2).jpg|thumb|IBM 305 with [[IBM 370 printer|370 printer]] and 380 console]]
[[File:IBM 380 console (1).jpg|thumb|IBM 380 console]]
A basic system was composed of the following units:

* IBM 305 – Processing unit, the magnetic process drum, magnetic core register and electronic logical and arithmetic circuits
* [[History of IBM magnetic disk drives#IBM 350|IBM 350]] – Disk storage unit
* [[IBM 370 printer|IBM 370]] – Printer
* IBM 323 – Card punch
* IBM 380 – Console, the card reader and [[IBM Electric typewriter]] model B1
* IBM 340 – Power supply

== In popular culture ==
RAMAC Park in [[Santa Teresa, San Jose|the Santa Teresa neighborhood]] of San Jose, California is named after the IBM 305 RAMAC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-29 |title=RAMAC Park and the Origin of the Disk Drive - Breakfast Bytes - Cadence Blogs - Cadence Community |url=https://community.cadence.com/cadence_blogs_8/b/breakfast-bytes/posts/ramac-park |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=community.cadence.com |language=en}}</ref> The RAMAC was designed in the San Jose Research Laboratory at 99 Notre Dame Street in [[Downtown San Jose]]. IBM then moved their San Jose campus from 99 Notre Dame Street to the new IBM Cottle Road Campus, which stood on the present-day RAMAC Park land. The former employee lounge and cafeteria is still standing today adjacent to the park, although abandoned and neglected. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Building 11 |url=https://www.preservation.org/e8-2023/ibm-building-11 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=PAC*SJ |language=en}}</ref> 

==See also==
* [[List of vacuum tube computers]]
* [[History of hard disk drives]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm03.html#IBM-305-RAMAC IBM 305 RAMAC Data Processing System]
* [https://www.ibm.com/history/ramac IBM Archives on the 305]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100129071535/http://chmhdd.wetpaint.com/page/IBM+350+RAMAC IBM 350 RAMAC] site originally prepared under the supervision of the Storage Special Interest Group of the [[Computer History Museum]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyWsdS1h-TM Youtube video]

{{IBM vacuum tube computers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibm 305 Ramac}}
[[Category:IBM vacuum tube computers|305]]
[[Category:Decimal computers]]
[[Category:Variable word length computers]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1956]]