Editing IBM System 9000

{{Short description|Early 1980s laboratory computer from IBM}}
{{Distinguish|text=the IBM [[IBM System/390#S/390 computers|Enterprise System/9000]] (ES/9000), a family of mainframe computers}}
{{Infobox Computer
| name   = IBM System 9000 series
| aka    = CS-9000, CS/9000, or CS9000
| os     = 
| successor    = 
| manufacturer = IBM
| discontinued = 1986
| release date = 1982
| related      = 
}}

The '''System 9000''' ('''S9000''') is a family of [[microcomputer]]s from [[IBM]] consisting of the System 9001, 9002, and 9003. The first member of the family, the System 9001 laboratory computer, was introduced in May 1982 as the IBM Instruments Computer System Model 9000.<ref name=CU>{{cite web
|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/cs9000.html
|title=The IBM CS-9000 Instrument Computer
|publisher=Columbia Univ. Computing History}}</ref><ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cen-v062n013.p017 The Enhanced IBM System 9000 Computer] IBM ad in Chem. Eng. News, March 26, 1984, 62 (13), pp 17–19</ref> It was renamed to the System 9001 in 1984 when the System 9000 family name and the System 9002 [[multi-user]] general-purpose business computer was introduced. The last member of the family, the System 9003 industrial computer, was introduced in 1985. All members of the System 9000 family did not find much commercial success and the entire family was discontinued on 2 December 1986. The System 9000 was based around the [[Motorola 68000]] [[microprocessor]] and the Motorola [[VERSAbus]] [[system bus]]. All members had the IBM CSOS [[real-time operating system]] (OS) stored on [[read-only memory]]; and the System 9002 could also run the multi-user [[Microsoft]] [[Xenix]] OS, which was suitable for business use and supported up to four users.

==Features==
There were three versions of the System 9000. The 9001 was the [[benchtop]] (lab) model, the 9002 was the desktop model<ref name="bg26"/> without laboratory-specific features,{{r|clune198402}} and the 9003 was a manufacturing and process control version modified to be suitable for factory environments. The System 9002 and 9003 were based on the System 9001, which was based on around an 8{{nbsp}}MHz [[Motorola 68000]], and the Motorola [[VERSAbus]] [[system bus]] (the System 9000 was one of the few that used the VERSAbus). Input/output ports included three [[RS-232C]] serial ports, an [[IEEE-488]] instrument port, and a bidirectional 8-bit [[parallel port]]. For laboratory data acquisition, analog-to-digital converters that could be attached to its I/O ports were available.<ref name="Derfler">{{Cite magazine |last= Derfler |first= Frank J. Jr. |date=20 March 1984 |title=PC's Powerful Cousin: The IBM CS9000 |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=170{{ndash}}174}}</ref> User input could be via a user-definable 10-key touch panel on the integrated CRT display, a 57-key user-definable keypad, or a 83-key [[Model F keyboard]]. The touch panel and keypad were designed for controlling experiments.<ref name=CU/>

All System 9000 members had an IBM [[real-time operating system]] called CSOS (Computer System Operating System) on 128{{nbsp}}KB of [[read-only memory]] (ROM).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=623&st=1 |title=Old-Computers.com collection |access-date=2011-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124124721/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=623 |archive-date=2009-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=623&st=1 oral history</ref> This was a [[Computer multitasking|multi-tasking]] operating system that could be extended by loading components from disk. IBM also offered [[Microsoft]] [[Xenix]] on the System 9002,{{r|clune198402}} but this required at least 640{{nbsp}}KB of [[main memory]] and a VERSAbus card containing a [[memory management unit]]. The machines shipped with 128{{nbsp}}KB of main memory as standard, and up to 5{{nbsp}}MB could be added to the system using memory boards that plugged into the VERSAbus. Each board could contain up to 1{{nbsp}}MB, which were installed in 256{{nbsp}}KB increments.<ref name="bg26">BYTE Guide to the IBM PC, fall 1984, p.26</ref>

==History==
The System 9000 was developed by IBM Instruments, Inc., an IBM subsidiary established in 1980 that focused on selling scientific and technical instruments as well as the computer equipment designed to control, log, or process these instruments. It was originally introduced as the IBM Instruments Computer System Model 9000 in May 1982.<ref name="morgan198301" /><ref>{{Cite magazine
| author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| date=October 1982
| title=IBM Announces Science Micro
| magazine=[[PC Magazine]]
| volume=1
| issue=6
| department=P-Communications
| page=30
}}</ref><ref name="Wallace">{{Cite magazine
| last=Wallace
| first=Richard
| date=20 January 1986
| title=IBM Stops 9000 Series Production
| magazine=[[Electronic News]]
}}</ref> Its long name led to it being referred to as the ''Computer System 9000'', ''CS-9000'', ''CS/9000'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Library of Congress Subject Headings 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RovhdAusjgwC|last1=Congress|first1=Library of|last2=Office For Subject Cataloging Policy|first2=Library of Congress|year=1998}}</ref>  or ''CS9000''.  Originally, the CS9000 was available for scientific instrument users, it was not offered to customers who wanted to use it for other purposes.  The CS9000 was unsuccessful in this niche; the cheaper [[IBM Personal Computer]] was adequate for many instrumentation tasks, and IBM's larger general-purpose computers were used for more demanding tasks.<ref name="Wallace" />

In 1983 IBM began encouraging [[value-added reseller]]s to sell the CS9000 as an alternative to large computers like [[DEC Professional (computer)|DEC Professional]] and [[Honeywell Level 6]].<ref name="yankee198311">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-11/1983_11_BYTE_08-11_Inside_the_IBM_PC#page/n135/mode/2up | title=Could 1,000,000 IBM PC Users Be Wrong? | work=BYTE | date=November 1983 | accessdate=19 March 2016 |author1=Gens, Frank |author2=Christiansen, Chris | page=135}}</ref> IBM formally repositioned the CS9000 on February 21, 1984<ref>International Business Machines Corporation (February 21, 1984). Announcement Letter 1984-022.</ref> as a family of computers, renaming it to the ''System 9000'', which consisted of the System 9001 and 9002. The 9001 was a renamed CS9000, which retained its focus on the instrumentation market, while the 9002 was a general-purpose business computer that ran the IBM CSOS or [[Microsoft]] [[Xenix]] operating systems and supported one to four users.<ref name="Henkel_1">{{Cite magazine
| last=Henkel
| first=Tom
| date=5 March 1984
| title=IBM moves System 9000 into corporate sector
| magazine=[[Computerworld]]
| volume=XVIII
| issue=10
| pages=79, 82
}}
</ref><ref name="Henkel_2">
{{Cite magazine
| last=Henkel
| first=Tom
| date=5 March 1984
| title=What IBM's move means to users
| magazine=[[Computerworld]]
| volume=XVIII
| issue=10
| department=Micro Bits
| pages=79, 81
}}
</ref>  The 9002 was unsuccessful in the business market, due to the lack of business application software support from software developers other than IBM.<ref name="Wallace" />  IBM finally introduced a new model, the System 9003, in April 1985  as a [[computer-aided manufacturing]] computer,<ref>{{Cite magazine
| author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| date=29 April 1985
| title=IBM System 9003 for manufacturing out
| magazine=[[Computerworld]]
| volume=XIX
| issue=17
| department=Microcomputers
| pages=48
}}
</ref> but it was also unsuccessful. As a result, manufacturing of the System 9000 family was stopped in January 1986,<ref name="Wallace" /> and it remained in limited availability until it was discontinued on 2 December 1986.<ref>IBM Announcement Letter Number 186-165</ref> Reasons cited for the failure of the System 9000 were its poor performance and high price, which led to the IBM PC being used where price was of concern, and to other 32-bit microcomputers being used where performance mattered.<ref name="Wallace" />  IBM closed its Instrument division in January 1987, reassigning the approximately 150 employees that had worked for it to other positions.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/09/business/company-news-ibm-to-shut-instrument-unit.html IBM to Shut Instrument Unit], Technology section, New York Times, January 9, 1987</ref>

==Reception==
Noting the obscurity of its 1982 release, ''[[BYTE]]'' in January 1983 called the System 9000 "IBM's 'Secret' Computer" and stated that it was "in its quiet way, one of the most exciting new arrivals on today's microcomputer scene". The magazine speculated that with some changes it would be "a natural candidate for a business or general-purpose computer".<ref name="morgan198301">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-01/1983_01_BYTE_08-01_Looking_Ahead#page/n109/mode/2up | title=IBM's "Secret" Computer | work=BYTE | date=January 1983 | accessdate=19 October 2013 | author=Morgan, Chris | pages=108}}</ref> A later review by a member of [[Brandeis University]]'s chemistry department criticized several aspects of the hardware and software, but praised the sophisticated BASIC and IBM's customer service. The reviewer concluded that "the CS-9000 is a very fast and powerful laboratory computer [that is] very affordable".<ref name="clune198402">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n279/mode/2up | title=The IBM CS-9000 Lab Computer | work=BYTE | date=February 1984 | accessdate=9 March 2016 | author=Clune, Thomas R. | pages=278}}</ref>

==IBM 9000==
At least some ads by dealers in 1983 referred to "The IBM 9000: Multi-User Micro,"<ref>{{cite magazine
|title=A bright new world for dealers
|magazine=The DEC professional  |date=November 1983  |page=19}}</ref> although the name "IBM Computer System 9000" was also advertised.

IBM also sometimes referred to the System 9000 as "IBM 9000" in their own marketing, at least when referring to their C compiler for the system.<ref>{{cite web
|title=General Software Enhancements for IBM System 9000
| website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=897/ENUS284-307%26infotype=AN%26subtype=CA%26appname=skmwww
|quote=The IBM 9000 C Compiler is derived from Kernighan and Ritchie (1978) and produces optimized, native 68000 code directly from C source code.|date=1984-08-21
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|last=Cooper
|first=James William 
|date=1984
|title=The Laboratory Microcomputer: Programming in Pascal and MC68000 Assembly Language on the IBM System 9000
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
|isbn=9780471810360
}} (A book about the System 9000 and how to use it written by a researcher at [[IBM Research]].)
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/share/SHARE_61_Proceedings_Volume_1_Summer_1983/A002%20The%20CS9000%20Microcomputer%3B%20Sandfelter.pdf The CS9000 Microcomputer], a SHARE paper on the CS9000 by Marty Sandfelder (IBM)
* David J. States, "NUMBER CRUNCHING ON IBM'S NEW S9000. IBM joins with MIT's National Magnet Lab to develop spectrometers for imaging systems" in the ''[https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-09 BYTE Guide to the IBM PC]'', fall 1984, pp.&nbsp;218–230 has a fairly extensive review of S9000 used with CSOS 
* {{cite journal |last1=Stinson |first1=Steve |title=IBM Instruments introduces lab computer |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |date=5 July 1982 |volume=60 |issue=27 |page=12 |doi=10.1021/cen-v060n027.p012}}

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[[Category:IBM computers|System 9000]]
[[Category:IBM workstations|System 9000]]
[[Category:68k-based computers]]
[[Category:32-bit computers]]