Editing IG Farben

{{Short description|Former German chemicals conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = I.G. Farbenindustrie AG
| logo = I.G. Farben logo.svg
| logo_size = 50px
| image = IG-Farben-Haus.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = [[IG Farben Building]], Frankfurt, completed in 1931 and seized by the Allies in 1945 as the headquarters of the [[Supreme Allied Commander|Supreme Allied Command]]. In 2001 it became part of the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]].
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]]
| fate = [[Liquidation|Liquidated]]
| predecessors = {{hlist
   | [[Agfa-Gevaert|Agfa]]
   | [[BASF]]
   | [[Bayer]]
   | {{Interlanguage link|Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron|de}}
   | [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]]
   | [[Weiler-ter-Meer]]
   }}
| successors =  {{hlist
   | [[Agfa-Gevaert|Agfa]]
   | [[BASF]]
   | [[Bayer]]
   | [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (now [[Sanofi]])
   | [[General Analine and Film, GAF ]]
   }}
| foundation = {{Start date|1925|12|02|df=y}}
| founders={{Plainlist|
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carl Duisberg]]
*[[Edmund ter Meer]]
*[[Hermann Schmitz]]
*[[Arthur von Weinberg]]
}}
| defunct = 1952 (liquidation started)<br/>{{Start date|2012|10|31|df=y}} (liquidation accomplished)
| location = [[Frankfurt]], Germany
| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]]
| num_employees = 330,000 in 1943, including slave labour{{sfn|Hayes|2001|pp=xxi–xxii}}
| parent = 
| subsid = 
}}

'''I. G. Farbenindustrie AG''',{{efn|The name is short for ''Interessengemeinschaft (der) Farbenindustrie'', meaning "dye industry syndicate". "AG" is an abbreviation of ''[[Aktiengesellschaft]]''.}} commonly known as '''IG Farben''', was a German [[Chemical industry|chemical]] and [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]. It was formed on December 2, 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies: [[Agfa-Gevaert|Agfa]], [[BASF]], [[Bayer]], [[:de:Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron|Griesheim-Elektron]], [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], and [[Weiler-ter-Meer]].<ref name="Tammen 1978 195"/> It was seized by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] after [[World War II]] and split into its constituent companies; parts in [[East Germany]] were nationalized.{{efn|name=seized|[[Peter Hayes (historian)|Peter Hayes]] (2001): "[O]ne of the first acts of the American occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for 'knowingly and prominently&nbsp;... building up and maintaining German war potential'. Two years later, twenty-three of the firm's principal officers went on trial&nbsp;... By the time [[John J. McCloy|John McCloy]], the American high commissioner [for Germany], pardoned the last of them in 1951, IG&nbsp;Farben scarcely existed. Its holdings in the [[German Democratic Republic]] had been nationalized; those in the [[Federal Republic of Germany|Federal Republic]] had been divided into six, later chiefly three, separate corporations: [[BASF]], [[Bayer]], and [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]]."{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=xxii}}{{pb}}
Also see {{cite news |title=Law No. 9 |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf |publisher=[[Allied Control Council]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922015412/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}}}

IG Farben was once the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world.{{sfn|Hager|2006|p=74}} IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. [[Otto Bayer]] discovered the [[polyaddition]] for the synthesis of [[polyurethane]] in 1937,{{sfn|Nicholson|2006|p=61}} and three company scientists became [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]]: [[Carl Bosch]] and [[Friedrich Bergius]] in 1931 "for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods",<ref name=BoschBergiusNobel/> and [[Gerhard Domagk]] in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of [[prontosil]]".<ref name=DomagkNobel/>

In the 1920s, the company had ties to the liberal nationalist [[German People's Party]] and was accused by the [[Nazis]] of being an "international capitalist Jewish company".{{sfn|Bäumler|1988|p=277ff}} A decade later, it was a [[Nazi Party]] donor and, after the [[Nazi seizure of power|Nazi takeover]] of Germany in 1933, a major government contractor, providing significant material for the German war effort. Throughout that decade it purged itself of its Jewish employees; the remainder left in 1938.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=196}} Described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]]",{{sfn|Spicka|2018|p=233}} in the 1940s the company relied on slave labour from [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], including 30,000 from [[Auschwitz]],<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|2001|pp=xxi–xxii}}; {{harvnb|Dickerman|2017|p=440}}</ref> and was involved in medical experiments on inmates at both Auschwitz and [[Mauthausen concentration camp|Mauthausen]].{{sfn|Lifton|Hackett|1998|p=310}}<ref name="Other doctor-perpetrators">{{cite web |title=Other doctor-perpetrators |url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/medical-experiments/other-doctor-perpetrators/ |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062104/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/medical-experiments/other-doctor-perpetrators/ |archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> One of its [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] supplied the poison gas [[Zyklon B]], which killed over one million people in [[gas chamber]]s during [[the Holocaust]].{{efn|Peter Hayes (2001): "[I]t was Zyklon B, a granular vaporizing pesticide, that asphyxiated the Jews of Auschwitz, and a subsidiary of IG, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung MbH (German Vermin-Combating Corporation), or Degesch, that controlled the manufacture and distribution of the Zyklon. IG's 42.5 percent of the stock in Degesch translated into three seats on its Administrative Committee, occupied by members of Farben's own ''Vorstand'' [board of directors], [[Heinrich Hörlein|Heinrich Hoerlein]], [[Carl Wurster]], and [[Wilhelm Rudolf Mann|Wilhelm R. Mann]], who acted as chairman. But this body ceased to meet after 1940. Though Mann continued to review the monthly sales figures for Degesch, he could not necessarily have inferred from them the uses to which the Auschwitz camp was putting the product&nbsp;..."{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=361}}}}<ref>{{harvnb|Bartrop|2017|pp=742–743}}; {{harvnb|Neumann|2012|p=115}}.</ref>

The Allies seized the company at the end of the war in 1945{{efn|name=seized}} and the US authorities put its directors on trial. Held from 1947 to 1948 as one of the [[subsequent Nuremberg trials]], the [[IG Farben trial]] saw 23 IG Farben directors tried for war crimes and 13 convicted.<ref name=UNWarCrimes/> However, by 1951 all of them were released from prison early after the U.S. military instituted good time credits in its war crime program.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwartz|2001|p=439}}; {{cite news |last1=Finder |first1=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Finder |title=Ultimate Insider, Ultimate Outsider |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/12/books/ultimate-insider-ultimate-outsider.html |work=The New York Times |date=12 April 1992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heller |first=Kevin Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UajoIHEUKw4C&dq=Ernst+Bohle+mccloy&pg=PT329 |title=The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law |date=2012-10-11 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-165286-8 |language=en}}</ref> What remained of IG Farben in the West was split in 1951 into its six constituent companies, then again into three: BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst.{{efn|name=seized}} These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel{{cn|reason=None of the two referenced sources use the word cartel (German: Kartell). Forming cartels is illegal, so claiming that these companies form an (even if "informal") cartel definitely needs a strong reliable source to support it|date=January 2025}} and played a major role in the West German ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''. Following several later mergers the main successor companies are Agfa, BASF, Bayer and [[Sanofi]]. In 2004, the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]], housed in the former [[IG Farben Building|IG Farben head office]], set up a permanent exhibition on campus, the [[Norbert Wollheim]] [[Wollheim Memorial|memorial]], for the slave labourers and those killed by Zyklon B.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norbert Wollheim Memorial |url=https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/68260851/wollheim-memorial |publisher=Goethe Universität Frankfurt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180924072541/https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/68260851/wollheim-memorial |archive-date=24 September 2018}}{{pb}}
{{cite web | url=http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de/info/ig-farben-haus.htm |title = IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart|publisher=[[Fritz Bauer Institute]] |language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314121616/http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de/info/ig-farben-haus.htm|archive-date=14 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early history==
===Background===
At the beginning of the 20th century, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic [[dye]]s. Three major firms [[BASF]], [[Bayer]] and [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], produced several hundred different dyes. Five smaller firms, [[Agfa-Gevaert|Agfa]], [[Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur Aktiengesellschaft|Cassella]], {{ill|Kalle & Co.|de|Chemische Fabrik Kalle}}, Chemische Fabrik [[Elektron (alloy)|Griesheim-Elektron]] and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler-ter Meer, concentrated on high-quality specialty dyes. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad.<ref>{{Harvnb|Aftalion|Benfey|1991|p=104}}; {{Harvnb|Chandler|2004|p=475}}</ref> The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials, and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as [[Drug|pharmaceuticals]], [[photographic film]], [[agrochemical|agricultural chemicals]] and [[Electrochemistry|electrochemicals]]. Contrary to other industries, the founders and their families had little influence on the top-level decision-making of the leading German chemical firms, which was in the hands of professional salaried managers.{{sfn|Chandler|2004|pp=474–485}} Because of this unique situation, the economic historian [[Alfred D. Chandler Jr.|Alfred Chandler]] called the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises".{{sfn|Chandler|2004|p=481}}

[[File:Nicola Perscheid - Carl Duisberg vor 1930.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Carl Duisberg]], chairman of [[Bayer]], argued in 1904 for a merger of Germany's dye and pharmaceutical companies.{{sfn|Beer|1981|pp=124–125}}]]
With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. Although [[cartel]]s were attempted, they lasted at most for a few years. Others argued for the formation of a profit pool or ''Interessen-Gemeinschaft'' (abbr. IG, lit. "community of interest").<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandler|2004|p=479}}</ref> In contrast, the chairman of Bayer, [[Carl Duisberg]], argued for a merger. During a trip to the United States in the spring of 1903, he had visited several of the large American [[Trust (19th century)|trusts]] such as [[Standard Oil]], [[U.S. Steel]], [[International Paper]] and [[Alcoa]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beer|1981|pp=124–125}}</ref> In 1904, after returning to Germany, he proposed a nationwide merger of the producers of dye and pharmaceuticals in a memorandum to Gustav von Brüning, the senior manager at Hoechst.{{sfn|Duisberg|1923}}{{page needed|date=September 2018}}

Hoechst and several pharmaceutical firms refused to join. Instead, Hoechst and Cassella made an alliance based on mutual equity stakes in 1904. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. In October 1904 an ''Interessen-Gemeinschaft'' between Bayer, BASF and Agfa was formed, also known as the ''Dreibund'' or little IG. Profits of the three firms were pooled, with BASF and Bayer getting 43 percent each and Agfa 14 percent of all profits.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beer|1981|pp=125–134}}</ref> The two alliances were loosely connected with each other through an agreement between BASF and Hoechst to jointly exploit the patent on the Heumann-Pfleger [[Heumann indigo synthesis|indigo synthesis]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tammen|1978|p=11}}</ref>

Within the ''Dreibund'', Bayer and BASF concentrated on dye, while Agfa increasingly concentrated on photographic film. Although there was some cooperation between the technical staff in production and accounting, there was little cooperation between the firms in other areas. Neither were production or distribution facilities consolidated nor did the commercial staff cooperate. In 1908 Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 percent of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. As Hoechst, Cassella and Kalle were connected by mutual equity shares and were located close to each other in the [[Frankfurt Rhine Main Region|Frankfurt area]], this allowed them to cooperate more successfully than the ''Dreibund'', although they also did not rationalize or consolidate their production facilities.{{sfn|Chandler|2004|p=480}}
<!--
IG Farben during World War I, expansion into ammonia, nerve gases, war production, formation of IG in 1916-->
<!--IG Farben from 1918 to 1925, economic crisis-->

===Foundation===
{{see also|IG Farben Building}}
{{wide image|IG Farben Gebaeude Uni Frankfurt.jpg|800px|Completed in 1930, the [[IG Farben Building]] in Frankfurt was seized by the Americans after the war. In 1996 it was transferred to the German government and in 2001 to the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]].}}
[[File:IG Farben AG 1925.jpg|thumb|left|Share of the I. G. Farbenindustrie AG, issued in December 1925]] Following a contract signed by all concerned parties on November 21, 1925, IG Farben was founded on December 2, 1925 as a merger of six companies: [[BASF]] (27.4 percent of equity capital); [[Bayer]] (27.4 percent); [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], including [[Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur Aktiengesellschaft|Cassella]] and Chemische Fabrik Kalle (27.4 percent); [[Agfa-Gevaert|Agfa]] (9 percent); Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (6.9 percent); and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent).<ref name="Tammen 1978 195">{{Harvnb|Tammen|1978|p=195}}</ref> The supervisory board members became widely known as, and were said to call themselves jokingly, the "Council of Gods" (''Rat der Götter'').<ref>Kaiser, Arvid (16 August 2015). [http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/die-weltmarktfuehrer-von-gestern-a-1037371-7.html "Die Weltmarktführer von gestern"], ''manager magazin''.</ref> The designation was used as the title of an [[East Germany|East German]] film, ''[[The Council of the Gods]]'' (1950).

[[File:IGFarbenGoetterrat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Painting from [[Hermann Groeber]], The IG Farben [[supervisory board]], commonly known as the "Council of Gods", in 1926{{efn|Standing, left to right: [[Arthur von Weinberg]], Carl Müller, [[Edmund ter Meer]], [[Adolf Haeuser]], [[Franz Oppenheim]]. Seated: [[Theodor Plieninger]], [[Ernst von Simson]], [[Carl Bosch]], [[Walther vom Rath]], [[Wilhelm Kalle]], [[Carl von Weinberg]] and [[Carl Duisberg]].}}]]
In 1926, IG Farben had a [[market capitalization]] of {{Reichsmark|1.4 billion|link=yes}} (equivalent to {{Inflation|DE|1.4|1926}} billion {{Inflation-year|DE}} euros) and a workforce of 100,000, of which 2.6 percent were university educated, 18.2 percent were salaried professionals and 79.2 percent were workers.<ref name="Tammen 1978 195"/> BASF was the nominal survivor; all shares were exchanged for BASF shares. Similar mergers took place in other countries. In the United Kingdom [[Brunner Mond]], [[Nobel Enterprises|Nobel Industries]], [[United Alkali Company]] and [[British Dyestuffs Corporation|British Dyestuffs]] merged to form [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] in September 1926. In France [[Établissements Poulenc Frères]] and Société Chimique des Usines du Rhône merged to form [[Rhône-Poulenc]] in 1928.<ref>{{Harvnb|Aftalion|Benfey|1991|pp=140, 143}}</ref> The [[IG Farben Building]], headquarters for the conglomerate in [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany, was completed in 1931. In 1938, the company had 218,090 employees.{{sfn|Fiedler|1999|p=49}}

{{confusing section|reason=see talk page|date=December 2020}}
IG Farben was controversial on both the far left and far right, partly for the same reasons, related to the size and international nature of the conglomerate and the Jewish background of several of its key leaders and major shareholders {{citation needed|date=May 2023}}. Far-right newspapers of the 1920s and early 1930s, accused it of being an "international capitalist Jewish company". The liberal and business-friendly [[German People's Party]] was its most pronounced supporter. Not a single member of the management of IG Farben before 1933 supported the Nazi Party; four members, or a third, of the IG Farben [[supervisory board]] were themselves Jewish.{{sfn|Bäumler|1988|p=277ff}}

Throughout the 1930s, the company underwent a process of [[Aryanization (Nazism)|Aryanization]], and the company ended up being the "largest single contribution" to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933;{{sfn|Borkin|1978|p=71}} there is also evidence of "secret contributions" to the party in 1931 and 1932.{{sfn|Sasuly|1947|p=66}}
By 1938 the Jews on the board had resigned and the remaining Jewish employees had been dismissed after [[Hermann Göring]] issued a decree, as part of the Nazis' [[Four Year Plan]] (announced in 1936), that the German government would make foreign exchange available to German firms to fund construction or purchases overseas only if certain conditions were met, which included making sure the company employed no Jews.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=196}}

===Products===
[[File:IG Farben 1932.jpg|thumb|left|IG Farben facilities in Germany, 1932]]
IG Farben's products included [[dye|synthetic dyes]], [[nitrile rubber]], [[polyurethane]], [[prontosil]], and [[chloroquine]]. The [[nerve agent]] [[Sarin]] was first discovered by IG Farben.{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=669}} The company is perhaps best known for its role in producing the [[poison gas]] [[Zyklon B]]. One product crucial to the operations of the [[Wehrmacht]] was [[synthetic fuel]], made from [[lignite]] using the [[coal liquefaction]] process.

IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry. [[Otto Bayer]] discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of [[polyurethane]] in 1937.{{sfn|Nicholson|2006|p=61}} Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a [[Nobel Prize]]. [[Carl Bosch]] and [[Friedrich Bergius]] were awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1931 "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods".<ref name=BoschBergiusNobel>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=27 October 2008}}; {{cite web |title=Carl Bosch |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1931/bosch/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}{{pb}} {{cite web |title=Carl Bosch (1874–1940) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/carl_bosch_18741940 |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182510/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/carl_bosch_18741940 |archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gerhard Domagk]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of [[prontosil]]".<ref name=DomagkNobel>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=27 October 2008}}; {{cite web |title=Gerhard Domagk |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1939/domagk/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref><!--not much involvement with IG Farben:[[Kurt Alder]] was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (with [[Otto Diels]]) in 1950 "for his [their] discovery and development of the diene synthesis".<ref name=AdlerNobel>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=27 October 2008}}; {{cite web |title=Kurt Alder |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1950/alder/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>-->

==World War II and the Holocaust==
===Growth and slave labour===
{{further|Monowitz concentration camp#Buna Werke}}
{{multiple image
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 | header = 
 | image1 = IG Farben 1943.jpg
 | caption1 = IG Farben facilities in Germany, 1943
 | image2 = Map of Auschwitz and environs, 1944.jpg
 | caption2 = Map of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] complex in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|German-occupied Poland]], showing Auschwitz I, II and III, and the IG Farben plant
 | image5=Auschwitz-Birkenau Complex - Oswiecim, Poland - NARA - 305897.jpg
 | caption5=Aerial photograph of Auschwitz, June 1944, showing the IG Farben plant
}}
<!--needs source: During the planning of the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|occupation of Czechoslovakia]] and the [[German invasion of Poland|invasion of Poland]], the company cooperated closely with Nazi officials and directed which chemical plants should be secured and delivered to IG Farben.
-->IG Farben has been described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]]".{{sfn|Spicka|2018|p=233}} When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe.{{sfn|van Pelt|Dwork|1996|p=198}} In February 1941, Reichsführer-SS [[Heinrich Himmler]] signed an order{{sfn|Schmaltz|2018|p=215}} supporting the construction of an IG Farben [[Nitrile rubber|Buna-N]] (synthetic rubber) plant—known as Monowitz Buna Werke (or Buna)—near the [[Monowitz concentration camp]], part of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] complex in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|German-occupied Poland]]. (Monowitz came to be known as Auschwitz III; Auschwitz I was the administrative centre and Auschwitz II-Birkenau the extermination camp.) The IG Farben plant's workforce consisted of slave labour from Auschwitz, leased to the company by the SS for a low daily rate.{{sfn|Dickerman|2017|p=440}} One of IG Farben's subsidiaries supplied the poison gas, [[Zyklon B]], that killed over one million people in gas chambers.{{sfn|Bartrop|2017|pp=742–743}}

Company executives said after the war that they had not known what was happening inside the camps. According to the historian [[Peter Hayes (historian)|Peter Hayes]], "the killings were an open secret within Farben, and people worked at not reflecting upon what they knew."{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=346}}

In 1978, Joseph Borkin, who investigated the company as a United States Justice Department lawyer, quoted an American report: "Without I.G.'s immense productive facilities, its far-reaching research, varied technical expertise and overall concentration of economic power, Germany would not have been in a position to start its aggressive war in September 1939."<ref>{{harvnb|Borkin|1978|p=1}}; for more on Borkin, {{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Richard |title=Joseph Borkin, Antitrust Lawyer, Author Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1979/07/06/joseph-borkin-antitrust-lawyer-author-dies/91347fc6-35dc-4043-b2df-c6d857acd16e/  |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 July 1979}}</ref> The company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government's disposal. The minutes of a meeting of the Commercial Committee on 10 September 1937 noted:

{{blockquote|It is generally agreed that under no circumstances should anybody be assigned to our agencies abroad who is not a member of the [[German Labour Front|German Labor Front]] and whose positive attitude towards the new era has not been established beyond any doubt. Gentlemen who are sent abroad should be made to realize that it is their special duty to represent [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]].&nbsp;... The Sales Combines are also requested to see to it that their agents are adequately supplied with National Socialist literature.{{sfn|IG Farben trial|pp=1281–1282}}}}

This message was repeated by [[Wilhelm Rudolf Mann]], who chaired a meeting of the Bayer division board of directors on 16 February 1938, and who in an earlier meeting had referred to the "miracle of the birth of the German nation": "The chairman points out our incontestable being in line with the National Socialist attitude in the association of the entire 'Bayer' pharmaceutica and insecticides; beyond that, he requests the heads of the offices abroad to regard it as their self-evident duty to collaborate in a fine and understanding manner with the functionaries of the Party, with the [[German Labour Front|DAF]] (German Workers' Front), et cetera. Orders to that effect again are to be given to the leading German gentlemen so that there may be no misunderstanding in their execution."{{sfn|IG Farben trial|p=1282}}

By 1943, IG Farben was manufacturing products worth three billion [[Reichsmark|mark]]s in 334 facilities in occupied Europe; almost half its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. Altogether its annual net profit was around {{Reichsmark|500 million|link=yes}} (equivalent to {{Inflation|DE|0.5|1943}} billion {{Inflation-year|DE}} euros).{{sfn|Hayes|2001|pp=xxi–xxii}} In 1945, according to [[Raymond G. Stokes]], it manufactured all the synthetic rubber and methanol in Germany, 90 percent of its plastic and "organic intermediates", 84 percent of its explosives, 75 percent of its [[nitrogen]] and [[solvent]]s, around 50 percent of its pharmaceuticals, and around 33 percent of its [[synthetic fuel]].{{sfn|Stokes|1994|p=70}}

===Medical experiments===
Staff of the [[Bayer]] group at IG Farben conducted medical experiments on concentration-camp inmates at Auschwitz and at the [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex|Mauthausen concentration camp]].{{sfn|Lifton|Hackett|1998|p=310}}<ref name="Other doctor-perpetrators"/> 
At Auschwitz they were led by Bayer employee [[Helmuth Vetter]], an Auschwitz camp physician and SS captain, and Auschwitz physicians [[Friedrich Entress]] and [[Eduard Wirths]]. Most of the experiments were conducted in Birkenau in Block 20, the women's camp hospital. The patients were suffering from, and in many cases had been deliberately infected with, [[typhoid]], [[tuberculosis]], [[diphtheria]] and other diseases, then were given preparations named Rutenol, Periston, B-1012, B-1034, B-1036, 3582 and P-111. According to prisoner-physicians who witnessed the experiments, after being given the drugs the women would experience circulation problems, bloody vomiting, and painful diarrhea "containing fragments of mucus membrane". Of the 50 typhoid sufferers given 3852, 15 died; 40 of the 75 tuberculosis patients given Rutenol died.{{sfn|Strzelecka|2000|p=362}}

For one experiment, which tested an anaesthetic, Bayer had 150 women sent from Auschwitz to its own facility. They paid RM 150 per woman, all of whom died as a result of the research; the camp had asked for RM 200 per person, but Bayer had said that was too high.<ref>{{harvnb|Strzelecka|2000|p=363}}; {{harvnb|Rees|2006|p=179}}; {{harvnb|Jacobs|2017|pp=312–314}}.{{pb}}{{cite news |last1=Worthington |first1=Daryl |title=IG Farben Opens Factory at Auschwitz |url=https://www.newhistorian.com/ig-farben-opens-factory-at-auschwitz/3822/ |work=New Historian |date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522040626/https://www.newhistorian.com/ig-farben-opens-factory-at-auschwitz/3822/ |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> A Bayer employee wrote to [[Rudolf Höss]], the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price."<ref>{{harvnb|Strzelecka|2000|p=363}}, citing
[[Jan Sehn|Sehn, Jan]] (1957). ''Konzentrationslager Oswiecim-Brzezinka: Auf Grund von Dokumentation und Beweisquellen''. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, p. 89ff; also see {{harvnb|Rees|2006|p=179}}; for Höss, {{harvnb|Jeffreys|2008|p=278}}.</ref><!--needs to be checked: Apart from the Auschwitz plant, IG Farben ran four other plants that produced [[Nitrile rubber|Buna N]] by the [[Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev|Lebedev]] process,<ref>{{cite web |title=Summaries: Microfilm 2, U.S. Government Technical Oil Mission |url=http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Tom%20Reels/Linked/TOM%20143/TOM-143-0028-0042%20Reel%202%20Summaries.pdf  |format=PDF |page=15|access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref> facilities that were bombing targets of the [[Oil Campaign of World War II]]. There were two facilities in Frankfurt: the [[IG Farben building]] and a [[Hoechst AG]] chemical factory, the latter bombed by the RAF on 26 September 1944.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The company ran several plants in [[Ludwigshafen#World War II|Ludwigshafen and Oppau]]. In 1937 in  Pölitz, north Germany (today [[Police, Poland]]), IG Farben, Rhenania-Ossag, and [[Esso|Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft]] founded the Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG [[Bergius process|synthetic fuel plant]].{{sfn|Karlsch|Stokes|2003|p=193ff}} which by 1943 produced 15 percent (577,000 tons) of Germany's synthetic fuels.{{sfn|Karlsch|Stokes|2003|p=196}} There was another IG Farben plant in [[Waldenburg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Summaries: Microfilm 2, U.S. Government Technical Oil Mission |url=http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Tom%20Reels/Linked/TOM%20143/TOM-143-0028-0042%20Reel%202%20Summaries.pdf  |format=PDF |publisher=fischer-tropsch.org |page=6 |access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref>-->

===Zyklon B===
Between 1942 and 1945, a [[hydrogen cyanide|cyanide]]-based pesticide, [[Zyklon B]], was used to kill over one million people, mostly Jews, in [[gas chamber]]s in Europe, including in the [[Auschwitz II]] and [[Majdanek]] extermination camps in German-occupied Poland.{{sfn|Neumann|2012|p=115}} The poison gas was supplied by an IG Farben subsidiary, [[Degesch]] (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung MbH, or German Company for Pest Control).{{sfn|Bartrop|2017|pp=742–743}} Degesch originally supplied the gas to Auschwitz to fumigate clothing that was infested with lice, which carried [[typhus]]. Fumigation took place within a closed room, but it was a slow process, so Degesch recommended building small gas chambers, which heated the gas to over 30&nbsp;°C and killed the lice within one hour. The idea was that the inmates would be shaved and showered while their clothes were being fumigated.{{sfn|van Pelt|Dwork|1996|pp=219–221}} The gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz (650 Soviet POWs and 200 others) in September 1941.<ref>{{harvnb|Hilberg|1998|p=84}}; also see {{harvnb|Hayes|2001|p=362}}.</ref>

Peter Hayes compiled the following table showing the increase in Zyklon B ordered by Auschwitz (figures with an asterisk are incomplete). One ton of Zyklon B was enough to kill around 312,500 people.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=362}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Production and sales of Zyklon B, 1938–1945
|-
!   !! 1938 !! 1939 !! 1940 !! 1941 !! 1942 !! 1943 !! 1944
|-
| Sales (thousands of [[Reichsmark|marks]]) || 257 || 337 || 448 || 366 || 506 || 544 || 
|-
| Percentage of total [[Degesch]] earnings || 30 || 38 || 57 || 48 || 39 || 52 || 
|-
| Production ([[short ton]]s) || 160 || 180 || 242 || 194 || 321 || 411 || 231
|-
| Volume ordered by [[Auschwitz]] (short tons) ||  ||  || ||  || 8.2 || 13.4 || 2.2*
|-
| Percentage of production ordered by Auschwitz ||  ||  ||  ||  || 2.5 || 3.3 || 1.0*
|-
| Volume ordered by [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex|Mauthausen]]<br/>(not an extermination camp) ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0.9 || 1.5 || 
|}

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| header            = 
| image1            = Zyklon B Container.jpg
| caption1          = [[Zyklon B]] container in the Auschwitz museum
| image2            = Heinrich Himmler, IG Farben Auschwitz plant, July 1942.jpeg
| caption2          = [[Heinrich Himmler]] ''(second left)'' visits the IG Farben Auschwitz plant, July 1942.
| image5            = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0056, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg
| caption5          = IG Farben Auschwitz factory
}}

Several IG Farben executives said after the war that they did not know about the gassings, despite the increase in sales of Zyklon B to Auschwitz. IG Farben owned 42.5 percent of Degesch shares, and three members of Degesch's 11-person executive board, [[Wilhelm Rudolf Mann]], [[Heinrich Hörlein]] and [[Carl Wurster]], were directors of IG Farben.{{sfn|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949|p=24}} Mann, who had been an [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]-[[Sturmführer]],<ref name=MannWollheim/> was the chair of Degesch's board. Peter Hayes writes that the board did not meet after 1940, and that although Mann "continued to review the monthly sales figures for Degesch, he could not necessarily have inferred from them the uses to which the Auschwitz camp was putting the product".{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=361}} IG Farben executives did visit Auschwitz where only a smaller gas chamber existed,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/visiting/permanent-exhibition/gas-chamber-i | title=Gas chamber I / Permanent Exhibition / Visiting / Auschwitz-Birkenau }}</ref> but not [[Auschwitz II-Birkenau]], where the industrial gas chambers were located.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=363}}

Other IG Farben staff appear to have known. Ernst Struss, secretary of the IG Farben's managing board, testified after the war that the company's chief engineer at Auschwitz had told him about the gassings.{{sfn|Maguire|2010|p=146}} The general manager of Degesch is said to have learned about the gassings from [[Kurt Gerstein]] of the SS.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=363}} According to the post-war testimony of [[Rudolf Höss]], the Auschwitz commandant, he was asked by {{ill|Walter Dürrfeld|de}}, technical manager of the IG Farben Auschwitz plant, whether it was true that Jews were being cremated at Auschwitz. Höss replied that he could not discuss it and thereafter assumed that Dürrfeld knew.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=364}} Dürrfeld, a friend of Höss, denied knowing about it.<ref name=DürrfeldWollheim>{{cite web |title=Walther Dürrfeld (1899–1967) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/walther_duerrfeld_18991967 |publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325013129/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/walther_duerrfeld_18991967 |archive-date=25 March 2016}}</ref><!--[[Bruno Tesch]], a chemist who had been involved in the development of [[Zyklon B]], reportedly told a secretary around June 1942 that Wehrmacht officers had talked about gassings; Tesch was hanged by the British in 1946.-->

Hayes writes that the inmates of Auschwitz III, which supplied the slave labour for IG Farben, were well aware of the gas chambers, in part because of the stench from the Auschwitz II crematoria, and in part because IG Farben supervisors in the camp spoke about the gassings, including using the threat of them to make the inmates work harder.<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|2001|p=364}}; also see Benedikt Kautsky, hearing of witness, 29 January 1953. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (HHStAW), Sec. 460, No. 1424 (Wollheim v. I.G. Farben), Vol. II, pp. 257–264.</ref> [[Charles Coward]], a British POW who had been held at Auschwitz III, told the [[IG Farben trial]]:

{{blockquote|The population at Auschwitz was fully aware that people were being gassed and burned. On one occasion they complained about the stench of the burning bodies. Of course all of the Farben people knew what was going on. Nobody could live in Auschwitz and work in the plant, or even come down to the plant, without knowing what was common knowledge to everybody.<ref>{{harvnb|IG Farben trial|p=606}}; {{harvnb|Borkin|1978|p=144}}; {{harvnb|Maguire|2010|p=146}}.</ref>}}

Mann, Hörlein and Wurster (directors of both IG Farben and Degesch) were acquitted at the [[IG Farben trial]] in 1948 of having supplied Zyklon B for the purpose of mass extermination. The judges ruled that the prosecution had not shown that the defendants or executive board "had any persuasive influence on the management policies of Degesch or any significant knowledge as to the uses to which its production was being put".{{sfn|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949|p=24}} In 1949, Mann became head of pharmaceutical sales at [[Bayer]].<ref name=MannWollheim>{{cite web |title=Wilhelm Rudolf Mann (1894–1992) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/wilhelm_rudolf_mann_18941992 |publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126234732/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/wilhelm_rudolf_mann_18941992 |archive-date=26 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Hörlein became chair of Bayer's supervisory board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philipp Heinrich Hörlein (1882–1954) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/philipp_heinrich_hoerlein_18821954 |publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052329/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/philipp_heinrich_hoerlein_18821954 |archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Wurster became chair of the IG Farben board, helped to reestablish [[BASF]] as a separate company, and became an honorary professor at the [[University of Heidelberg]].<ref name=WursterWollheim>{{cite web |title=Carl Wurster (1900–1974) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/carl_wurster_19001974 |publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035443/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/carl_wurster_19001974 |archive-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> Dürrfeld was sentenced to eight years, but had his sentence commuted to time served in 1951 by [[John J. McCloy|John McCloy]], the US High Commissioner for Germany, under massive political pressure, after which he joined the management or supervisory boards of several chemical companies.<ref name=DürrfeldWollheim/>

===Seizure by the Allies===
{{further|Allied-occupied Germany}}
[[File:Germany occupation zones with border.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|[[Allied-occupied Germany|Occupation zones of Germany]], 1945 (American, British, French and Soviet)]]
The company destroyed most of its records as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. In September 1944, [[Fritz ter Meer]], a member of IG Farben's supervisory board and future chair of Bayer's board of directors, and Ernst Struss, secretary of the company's managing board, are said to have made plans to destroy company files in Frankfurt in the event of an American invasion.{{sfn|Borkin|1978|p=134}} As the [[Red Army]] approached Auschwitz in January 1945 to [[Liberation of Auschwitz|liberate it]], IG Farben reportedly destroyed the company's records inside the camp,<ref>{{harvnb|Borkin|1978|p=134}}; {{harvnb|Hilberg|2003|p=1049}}.</ref> and in the spring of 1945, the company burned and shredded 15 tons of paperwork in Frankfurt.{{sfn|Borkin|1978|p=134}}

The Americans seized the company's property under "General Order No. 2 pursuant to Military Government Law No. 52", 2 July 1945, which allowed the US to disperse "ownership and control of such of the plants and equipment seized under this order as have not been transferred or destroyed". The French followed suit in the areas they controlled.{{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=337}} On 30 November 1945, [[Allied Control Council]] Law No. 9, "Seizure of Property owned by I.G. Farbenindustrie and the Control Thereof", formalized the seizure for "knowingly and prominently&nbsp;... building up and maintaining German war potential".<ref name=LawNo9>{{cite news |title=Law No. 9 |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf |publisher=Allied Control Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922015412/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}{{pb}}
{{cite news|title=Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 9 |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de45-49/kr-gesetz9.htm |website=Verfassungen der Welt |publisher=www.verfassungen.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103942/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de45-49/kr-gesetz9.htm |archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Hayes|2001|pp=xxi–xxii}} The division of property followed the division of Germany into four zones: [[American occupation zone|American]], [[British occupation zone|British]], [[French occupation zone|French]] and [[Soviet occupation zone|Soviet]].{{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=337}}

In the Western occupation zone, the idea of destroying the company was abandoned as the policy of [[denazification]] evolved,{{sfn|Spicka|2018|p=233}} in part because of a need for industry to support reconstruction, and in part because of the company's entanglement with American companies, notably the successors of [[Standard Oil]]. In 1951, the company was split into its original constituent companies. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} In January 1955, the [[Allied High Commission]] issued the I.G. Liquidation Conclusion Law,<ref name=LiquidationWollheim/> naming IG Farben's legal successor as ''IG Farbenindustrie AG in Abwicklung'' (IGiA){{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=335}} ("I.G. Farbenindustrie AG in Liquidation).<ref name=LiquidationWollheim>{{cite web |title=I.G. Farben in Liquidation from the 1950s to 1990 |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ig_farben_il_bis_1990_en |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609162803/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ig_farben_il_bis_1990_en |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref><!--Add Norbert Wollheim case, 1953 decision, Claims Conference, IGF Liquidation Act of 21 January 1955, protests-->

===IG Farben trial===
{{further|IG Farben trial}}
In 1947, the American government put IG Farben's directors on trial. ''The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al.'' (1947–1948), also known as the IG Farben trial, was the sixth of 12 trials for [[war crime]]s the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany ([[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]]) against leading industrialists of [[Nazi Germany]]. There were five counts against the IG Farben directors:

[[File:IG Farben Defendants.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The defendants in the dock on the first day of the [[IG Farben trial]], 27 August 1947]]
{{blockquote|
*"the planning, preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression and invasions of other countries;
*"committing war crimes and crimes against humanity through the plunder and spoliation of public and private property in countries and territories that came under German occupation;
*"committing war crimes and crimes against humanity through participating in the enslavement and deportation for slave labor of civilians from German-occupied territories and of German nationals;
*"participation by defendants [[Christian Schneider]], [[Heinrich Bütefisch|Heinrich Buetefisch]], and [[Erich von der Heyde]] in the SS, a recently-declared criminal organization; and
*"participation in a common plan or conspiracy to commit crimes against peace".<ref name=TrialUSHHM>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #6, The IG Farben Case|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/subsequent-nuremberg-proceedings-case-6-the-ig-farben-case |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045138/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/subsequent-nuremberg-proceedings-case-6-the-ig-farben-case|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>}}

Of the 24 defendants [[arraignment|arraigned]], one fell ill and his case was discontinued. The [[indictment]] was filed on 3 May 1947; the trial lasted from 27 August 1947 until 30 July 1948. The judges were [[Curtis Grover Shake]] (presiding), [[James Morris (North Dakota judge)|James Morris]], [[Paul M. Hebert]], and Clarence F. Merrell as an alternate judge. [[Telford Taylor]] was the chief counsel for the prosecution. Thirteen defendants were found guilty,<ref name=TrialUSHHM/> with sentences ranging from 18 months to eight years.{{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=339}} All were cleared of the first count of waging war.<ref name=TrialUSHHM/> The heaviest sentences went to those involved with Auschwitz,{{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=339}} which was IG Farben's [[Upper Rhine]] group.{{sfn|Abelshauser|von Hippel|Johnson|Stokes|2003|p=340}}  Ambros, Bütefisch, Dürrfeld, Krauch and ter Meer were convicted of "participating in&nbsp;... enslavement and deportation for slave labor".{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}}

All defendants who were sentenced to prison received early release. Most were quickly restored to their directorships and other positions in post-war companies, and some were awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Federal Cross of Merit]].{{sfn|Jeffreys|2008|pp=321–341}} Those who served prison sentences included:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;"

|-
! Director !! IG Farben position !! Sentence<br/>(years)!! Post-sentence !! Sources
|-
|[[Carl Krauch]] || Chair of the [[supervisory board]], member of [[Hermann Göring|Göring]]'s Office of the [[Four Year Plan|Four-Year Plan]] || Six{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Joined supervisory board of the Bunawerke Hüls GmbH||
|-
| [[Hermann Schmitz (industrialist)|Hermann Schmitz]] || [[CEO]], [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] member || Four{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}}|| Board member, [[Deutsche Bank]] in Berlin; Honorary chair, Rheinische Stahlwerke AG board|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/hermann_schmitz_18811960 |title=Hermann Schmitz (1881–1960)|publisher=Wollheim Memorial|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes>{{harvnb|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949}}.</ref>
|-
| [[Fritz ter Meer]] || Supervisory board member || Seven{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Chair, [[Bayer AG]] board; board member of several firms || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/fritz_friedrich_hermann_ter_meer_18841967 |title=Fritz (Friedrich Hermann) ter Meer (1884–1967) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|-
| [[Otto Ambros]] || Supervisory board member, manager of IG Farben Auschwitz || Eight{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Board member of [[Chemie Grünenthal]] (active during the [[thalidomide]] scandal), Feldmühle, and Telefunken; economic consultant in [[Mannheim]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/otto_ambros_19011990 |title=Otto Ambros (1901–1990) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|-
| [[Heinrich Bütefisch]] || Supervisory board member, head of fuel sector at IG Farben Auschwitz || Six{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Board member for Deutsche [[Gasolin AG]], Feldmühle, and Papier- und Zellstoffwerke AG; consultant and board member for Ruhrchemie AG Oberhausen|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/heinrich_buetefisch_18941969 |title=Heinrich Bütefisch (1894–1969) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|-
| {{ill|Walter Dürrfeld|de}} || Technical manager of IG Farben Auschwitz || Eight{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} ||<ref name=DürrfeldWollheim/> || 
|-
| [[Georg von Schnitzler]] || Chair, Chemical Committee || Five{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || President, Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanische Gesellschaft || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/georg_von_schnitzler_18841962 |title=Georg von Schnitzler (1884–1962)  |publisher=Wollheim Memorial|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|-
| [[Max Ilgner]] || Supervisory board member || Three{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Chair of the board of a chemistry firm in [[Zug]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/max_ilgner_18991966 |title=Max Ilgner (1899–1966)  |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|-
| [[Heinrich Oster]]|| Alternate board member; [[BASF]] board member || Two{{sfn|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''|p=7}} || Gelsenberg AG board member|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/heinrich_oster_18781954 |title=Heinrich Oster (1878–1954) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=UNWarCrimes/>
|}

Those [[acquitted]] included:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;"
|-
! Director !! IG Farben position !! Outcome !! Post-sentence !! Source
|-
| [[Carl Wurster]] || Board member, head of IG Farben's Upper Rhine Business Group || Acquitted || IG Farben board chair and led the reestablishment of [[BASF]]. After retiring joined or chaired supervisory boards in [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], Degussa and [[Allianz]].|| <ref name=WursterWollheim/>
|-
| [[Fritz Gajewski]] || Board member, manager of Agfa division  || Acquitted || Chair of the board of [[Dynamit Nobel]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/friedrich_fritz_gajewski_18851965 |title=Friedrich (Fritz) Gajewski (1885–1965) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Christian Schneider (chemist)|Christian Schneider]] ||  || Acquitted || Joined supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim. || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/christian_schneider_18871972 |title=Christian Schneider (1887–1972)|publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hans Kühne]] || || Acquitted || Took a position at [[Bayer]], [[Elberfeld]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/hans_kuehne_18801969 |title=Hans Kühne (1880–1969) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Carl Lautenschläger]] || || Acquitted || Research associate at Bayer, Elberfeld || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/carlludwig_lautenschlaeger_18881962 |title=Carl-Ludwig Lautenschläger (1888–1962) |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wilhelm Rudolf Mann]] || Head of pharmaceutical sales for the Bayer [[Division (business)|division]] of IG Farben, member of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' || Acquitted || Resumed his position at Bayer. Also presided over the GfK (Society for Consumer Research) and the Foreign Trade Committee of the BDI, Federation of German Industry. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/wilhelm_rudolf_mann_18941992 |title=Wilhelm Rudolf Mann (1894–1992)  |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Heinrich Gattineau]] ||  || Acquitted || Joined the board and supervisory council of WASAG Chemie-AG and Mitteldeutsche Sprengstoff-Werke GmbH. || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/heinrich_gattineau_19051985 |title=Heinrich Gattineau (1905–1985)  |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|}<!--needs to be checked: ==Relationship with Standard Oil==
In 1941 an investigation exposed a "marriage" cartel between [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s United States-based [[Standard Oil]] Co. and IG Farben.{{sfn|Higham|1983|pp=32–62}}{{sfn|Sutton|2000}}{{efn|The Senate Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization (Kilgore Committee), headed by Senator Harley M. Kilgore, held several hearings throughout the second half of 1945 that focused on German economic penetration of neutral countries, elimination of German resources for war, German's resources for a third world war, etc. Archives are at NARA's Center for Legislative Archives in the Archives I building. See the [https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/military/rg-226-1.html#14 National Archives finding aid] for [[Holocaust]] research.}} It also brought new evidence concerning complex price and marketing agreements between [[DuPont]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} a major investor in and producer of [[Tetraethyllead|leaded gasoline]], [[United States Industrial Alcohol Company]] and its subsidiary, Cuba Distilling Co. The investigation was eventually dropped, like dozens of others in many different kinds of industries, due to the need to enlist industry support in the war effort.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} However, the top directors of many oil companies agreed to resign, and oil industry stocks in molasses companies were sold off as part of a compromise.{{sfn|Sasuly|1947}}{{sfn|Sutton|2000}}-->

==Liquidation==
[[Agfa]], [[BASF]] and [[Bayer]] remained in business; [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] spun off its chemical business in 1999 as [[Celanese|Celanese AG]] before merging with [[Rhône-Poulenc]] to form [[Aventis]], which later merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form [[Sanofi]]. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based [[Clariant]]. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Although IG Farben was officially put into [[liquidation]] in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. The purpose of a corporation's continuing existence, being "in liquidation", is to ensure an orderly wind-down of its affairs. As almost all its assets and all its activities had been transferred to the original constituent companies, IG Farben was from 1952, largely a shell company with no real activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business actors in armed conflict: towards a new humanitarian agenda |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/irrc-887-slim.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Poelzigbau-ffm001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[IG Farben building]] in 2007]]
In 2001, IG Farben announced that it would formally wind up its affairs in 2003. It had been continually criticized over the years for failing to pay compensation to the former labourers; its stated reason for its continued existence after 1952 was to administer its claims and pay its debts. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers for its inability to be legally dissolved and have the remaining assets distributed as reparations.<ref name=BBC1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1549092.stm "IG Farben to be dissolved"], BBC News, 17 September 2001.</ref>

On 10 November 2003, its liquidators filed for [[insolvency]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/0,1518,273365,00.html |title=Ehemalige Zwangsarbeiter gehen leer aus|work=Der Spiegel |date=10 November 2003}}</ref> but this did not affect the existence of the company as a legal entity. While it did not join a national compensation fund set up in 2001 to pay the victims, it contributed 500,000 [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] (£160,000 [[Pound sterling|stg]] or €255,646) towards a foundation for former captive labourers under the Nazi regime. The remaining property, worth DM&nbsp;21 million (£6.7 million or €10.7 million), went to a buyer.<ref>Charles, Jonathan (10 November 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3257403.stm "Former Zyklon-B maker goes bust"], BBC News.</ref> Each year, the company's annual meeting in Frankfurt was the site of demonstrations by hundreds of protesters.<ref name=BBC1/> Its stock (denominated in [[Reichsmark]]s) traded on German markets until early 2012. {{As of|2012}}, it still existed as a corporation in liquidation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marek|first=Michael|url=http://www.dw.de/norbert-wollheim-gegen-ig-farben/a-16373141 |title=Norbert Wollheim gegen IG Farben |work=Deutsche Welle |date=20 November 2012}}</ref> The company's shares were delisted from German stock exchanges in March 2012, and it was removed from the commercial register in Frankfurt am Main on October 31, 2012, marking the formal end of its legal existence.

==IG Farben in media==
{{cite section|reason=This section is missing any citation. Every bullet point should have at least one reference, otherwise it should be removed as "not notable" or "undue"|date=January 2025}}  
'''Film and television'''
* IG Farben is the company said to be supporting German terror activities and research of uranium ores in Brazil after World War II in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[film noir]] ''[[Notorious (1946 film)|Notorious]]'' (1946).
* ''[[The Council of the Gods]]'' (1951), produced by ([[DEFA]] director [[Kurt Maetzig]]), is an East German film about IG Farben's role in World War II and the subsequent trial.
* IG Farben is the name of the arms dealer played by [[Dennis Hopper]] in the 1987 [[independent film]] ''[[Straight to Hell (film)|Straight to Hell]]'' directed by Alex Cox.<ref>[http://www.pogues.com/Print/BostonGlobe/StrtHell.html Carr, Jay. "'Straight to Hell' Bypasses Substance," ''The Boston Globe'', Wednesday, July 1, 1987.] Retrieved February 4, 2020</ref>
* In one of the deleted scenes from [[Repo Man (film)|Repo Man]], repo man Bud uses a phony business card with IG Farben as a company name to distract a man while his daughter's car is repossessed. 
* In [[Foyle's War (series eight)|''Foyle's War'' series eight]], episode 1 ("[[Foyle's War (series eight)#High Castle|High Castle]]"), Foyle tours Monowitz as part of his investigation of the murder of a London University professor, who as a translator for the [[Nuremberg Trials]] becomes involved with an American industrialist who owns a petroleum company, and a German war criminal named Linz, who also turns up dead, in his cell. Linz's firm, IG Farben, had hired from the SS forced laborers incarcerated at Monowitz.

'''Literature'''
* IG Farben plays a prominent role in [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s novel ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'', primarily as the manufacturer of the elusive and mysterious plastic product "Imipolex G."
* The company also plays a prominent role in [[Philip K. Dick]]'s [[Alternate history|alternative history]] novel ''[[The Man in the High Castle]]''.
* IG Farben is the German consortium that buys Du Pont in the [[Kurt Vonnegut]] novel ''Hocus Pocus''.

'''Games'''
* In ''the [[Hearts of Iron]] series'' (developed by [[Paradox Interactive]]), IG Farben is one of several Design Companies that may be selected to provide a bonus to technology research for Germany; other options include [[Siemens]] and [[Krupp]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of design companies |url=https://hoi4.paradoxwikis.com/List_of_design_companies |website=HOI4 Wiki |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2022}}

==See also==
* [[American IG]]
* [[Bernard Bernstein]]
* [[Interhandel]] (I.G. Chemie)
* [[Nuremberg Trials bibliography]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|26em}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|26em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Abelshauser |first1=Werner |author-link1=Werner Abelshauser|last2=von Hippel |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Johnson |first3=Jeffrey Allan |last4=Stokes |first4=Raymond G. |author-link4=Raymond G. Stokes|title=German Industry and Global Enterprise. BASF: The History of a Company |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York }}
*{{cite book|last1=Aftalion|first1=Fred |first2=Otto Theodor |last2=Benfey |title=A History of the International Chemical Industry|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia, PA|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8122-8207-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |author-link1=Paul R. Bartrop |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor2-last=Dickerman |editor2-first=Michael |title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |pages=742–743 |chapter=Zyklon B}}
* {{cite book|last=Bäumler|first=Ernst|title=Die Rotfabriker: Familiengeschichte eines Weltunternehmens (Hoechst)|publisher=Piper|location=Munich and Zürich|year=1988|isbn=978-3-492-10669-6|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Beer|first=John Joseph|title=The Emergence of the German Dye Industry|publisher=Ayer Company Publishers|location=Manchester, NH|year=1981|isbn=978-0-405-13835-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Borkin|first=Joseph|title=The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben |url=https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmento0000bork|url-access=registration|publisher=The Free Press, division of Macmillan Publishing Co.|location=New York, London|year=1978|isbn=978-0-02-904630-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Alfred DuPont|author-link=Alfred D. Chandler Jr.|title=Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|year=2004|isbn=978-0-674-78995-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dickerman |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor2-last=Dickerman |editor2-first=Michael |title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |pages=439–440 |chapter=Monowitz}}
* {{cite book |last1=Duisberg |first1=Carl |author-link1=Carl Duisberg |title=Abhandlungen, Vorträge und Reden aus den Jahren 1882–1921 |date=1923 |orig-year=1904 |location=Berlin |pages=343–369 |chapter=Denkschrift über die Vereinigung der deutschen Farbenfabriken}}
* {{cite book |last2=Dwork |first2=Deborah |last1=van Pelt |first1=Robert Jan |author-link2=Debórah Dwork |author-link1=Robert Jan van Pelt|title=Auschwitz, 1270 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/auschwitz1270top00dwor |url-access=registration |date=1996 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |location=New York and London |isbn=9780393039337 }}
* {{cite book | last=Evans |first= Richard J.| author-link=Richard J. Evans |title = The Third Reich at War | year = 2008 | location=London |publisher=Penguin |title-link= The Third Reich at War}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fiedler|first=Martin|year=1999|title=Die 100 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland&nbsp;– nach der Zahl ihrer Beschäftigten&nbsp;– 1907, 1938, 1973 und 1995|journal=Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte|volume=44|issue=1|pages=32–66|language=de|doi=10.1515/zug-1999-0104|s2cid=165110552}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hager |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Hager|title=The Demon under the Microscope |date=2006 |publisher=Harmony Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-8214-8 |title-link=The Demon under the Microscope }}
* {{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Peter|title=Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2001|orig-year=1987}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Hayes (historian) |title=Auschwitz, Capital of the Holocaust |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=Fall 2003 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=330–350|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcg005 }}
* {{cite book|last=Hilberg|first=Raul|author-link=Raul Hilberg|year=2003|orig-year=1961|title=The Destruction of the European Jews|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|title-link=The Destruction of the European Jews}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hilberg |first1=Raul |editor1-last=Berenbaum |editor1-first=Michael|editor1-link=Michael Berenbaum |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Yisrael|editor2-link=Yisrael Gutman |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1 |url-access=limited |date=1998 |orig-year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington|chapter=Auschwitz and the Final Solution|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1/page/81 81]–92|isbn=9780253208842 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=Steven Leonard |author-link1=Steven L. Jacobs |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor2-last=Dickerman |editor2-first=Michael |title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |pages=312–314 |chapter=I G Farben}}
* {{cite book|last=Jeffreys|first=Diarmuid|title=Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitlers War Machine|publisher=Metropolitan Books-Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8050-9143-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lifton |first1=Robert Jay |author-link=Robert Jay Lifton|first2=Amy |last2=Hackett|editor1-last=Berenbaum |editor1-first=Michael|editor1-link=Michael Berenbaum |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Yisrael|editor2-link=Yisrael Gutman |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1 |url-access=limited |date=1998 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington|chapter=Nazi Doctors|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00gutm_1/page/301 301]–316|isbn=9780253208842 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Schmaltz |first1=Florian |editor1-last=Megargee |editor1-first=Geoffrey P. |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume 1 |date=2018 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |pages=215–220 |chapter=Auschwitz III—Monowitz Main Camp [aka Buna]|title-link=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Neumann |first1=Boaz |editor1-last=Stone |editor1-first=Dan |title=The Holocaust and Historical Methodology |date=2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |chapter=National Socialism, Holocaust, and Ecology}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=John W.|title=The Chemistry of Polymers|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-85404-684-3}} 
* {{cite web |title=Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials, United States of America v Carl Krauch et al. (Case VI) |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m892.pdf |publisher=National Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720034800/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m892.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2017|ref={{sfnref|''United States of America v Carl Krauch et al.''}}|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last = Rees|first = Laurence|author-link1=Laurence Rees|title = Auschwitz: A New History |publisher = PublicAffairs|year = 2006 |orig-year=2005 |location = New York }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sasuly |first1=Richard |title=IG Farben |date=1947 |publisher=Boni & Gaer |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Thomas Alan |editor1-last=Diefendorf |editor1-first=Jeffrey M. |editor2-last=Frohn |editor2-first=Axel |editor3-last=Rupieper |editor3-first=Hermann-Josef |title=American Policy and the Reconstruction of Germany, 1945–1955 |date=2001|orig-year=1994|publisher=German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and New York |pages=433–454 |chapter=John J. McCloy and the Landsberg Cases}}
* {{cite book|last=Spicka|first=Mark E.|editor-first=John J.|editor-last=Michalczyk|title=Nazi Law: From Nuremberg to Nuremberg|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GU08DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|date=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London and New York|isbn=978-1-350-00724-6|chapter=The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I.G. Farben at Nuremberg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Raymond |author-link=Raymond G. Stokes|title=Opting for Oil: The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry, 1945–1961 |date=1994 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Strzelecka|first=Irena|editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper|title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume 2: The Prisoners, their Life and Work |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945|date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Experiments}}
* {{cite book|last=Tammen|first=Helmuth|title=Die I.G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft (1925–1933): Ein Chemiekonzern in der Weimarer Republik|publisher=H. Tammen|location=Berlin|year=1978|isbn=978-3-88344-001-9|language=de}}
* {{cite journal |title=Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, October 1946&nbsp;– April 1949 |publisher=Nuernberg Military Tribunals, United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=VIII: "The I. G. Farben Case" |date=1952 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-VIII.pdf|ref={{sfnref|IG Farben trial}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. Volume X: The I.G. Farben and Krupp trials |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf |author=The United Nations War Crimes Commission|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211085726/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2008 |location=London |date=1949|pages=1–67|ref={{sfnref|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949}}|author-link=United Nations War Crimes Commission }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Books and articles'''
{{Refbegin|26em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_gaUtAAAAMAAJ#page/n1|title=Elimination of German Resources for War|first1=Bernard |last1=Bernstein|author-link=Bernard Bernstein|publisher=[[United States Department of War]], United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C. |date=1946}}
* {{cite book|last=Borkin|first=Joseph|title=Germany's Master Plan: The Story of the Industrial Offensive|url=https://archive.org/details/germanysmasterpl0000bork|url-access=registration|publisher=Duell, Sloan And Pearce|location=New York|year=1943}}
* {{cite book|last=Borkin|first=Joseph|title=Die unheilige Allianz der IG Farben. Eine Interessengemeinschaft im Dritten Reich|publisher=Campus Verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main|year=1990|isbn=978-3-593-34251-1|language=de}}
* {{cite book |last= Bower |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Bower |year= 1995 |orig-year= 1981 |title= Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America and the Purging of Nazi Germany—A Pledge Betrayed |edition= 2nd revised |location= London |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Little, Brown]] }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cornwell |first1=John |author-link1=John Cornwell (writer) |title=Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780142004807 |url-access=registration |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Dubois Jr.|first=Josiah E.|author-link=Josiah E. DuBois Jr.|year=1952|title=The Devil's Chemists|url=http://arcticbeacon.com/books/The_Devils_Chemists_Josiah_DuBois(1952).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409133038/http://arcticbeacon.com/books/The_Devils_Chemists_Josiah_DuBois(1952).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-09|location=Boston,&nbsp;MA|publisher=Beacon Press|asin=B000ENNDV6}}
*Du Bois, Josiah Ellis; Johnson, Edward (1953). ''Generals in Grey Suits: The Directors of the International 'I. G. Farben' Cartel, Their Conspiracy and Trial at Nuremberg''. London: Bodley Head.
* {{cite book|last=Higham|first=Charles|title=Trading With the Enemy|publisher=Delacorte Press|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=978-0-440-09064-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tradingwithenemy00char}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karlsch |first1=Rainer |last2=Stokes |first2=Raymond G |author-link2=Raymond G. Stokes|year=2003 |title=Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859–1974 |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich|isbn=978-3-406-50276-7|language=de}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kreikamp|first=Hans-Dieter|year=1977|title=Die Entflechtung der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. und die Gründung der Nachfolgegesellschaften|journal=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte|publisher=Oldenbourg Verlag|location=Munich|volume=25|issue=2|pages=220–251|language=de|url=http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1977_2.pdf|access-date=27 October 2008}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Lesch |editor1-first=John E. |title=The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht}}
* {{cite news |last=Moonman|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Moonman|title=Shares spoil (letter) |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 1990 |page=18}}
* {{cite journal |last1=López-Muñoz |first1=F. |last2=García-García |first2=P. |last3=Alamo |first3=C. |date=2009 |title=The pharmaceutical industry and the German National Socialist Regime: I.G. Farben and pharmacological research |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00972.x |pmid=19125905|s2cid=6922723 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Maguire |first1=Peter |title=Law and War: International Law and American History |date=2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York }}
* {{cite book|last=Plumpe|first=Gottfried|title=Die I.G. Farbenindustrie AG: Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik 1904–1945|edition=Schriften zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|location=Berlin|year=1990|isbn=978-3-428-06892-0|language=de}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sandkühler |first1=Thomas |last2=Schmuhl |first2=Hans-Walter |title=Noch einmal: Die I. G. Farben und Auschwitz |journal=Geschichte und Gesellschaft |date=1993 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=259–267|jstor=40185695|language=de}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Raymond |title=Divide and Prosper: The Heirs of I.G. Farben under Allied Authority, 1945–1951 |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}
* Tenfelde, Klaus (2007). ''Stimmt die Chemie? : Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer-Konzerns''. Essen: Klartext. {{ISBN|978-3-89861-888-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=John |author-link1=John A. Tully |title=The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber |date=2011 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Wagner |editor1-first=Bernd C. |editor2-last=Frei |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Steinbacher |editor3-first=Sybille |editor4-last=Grotum |editor4-first=Thomas |editor5-last=Parcer |editor5-first=Jan |title=Darstellungen und Quellen zur Geschichte von Auschwitz, 4 volumes |date=2000 |publisher=K.G. Saur |location=Munich}}
* {{cite journal |last=White |first=Joseph Robert  |title="Even in Auschwitz... Humanity Could Prevail": British POWs and Jewish Concentration-Camp Inmates at IG Auschwitz, 1943–1945 |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=266–295|date=1 October 2001 |doi=10.1093/hgs/15.2.266 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/011650|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
* {{Official website|http://www.basf.com}} of the IG Farben successor [[BASF]]
* {{Official website|http://www.bayer.com}} of the IG Farben successor [[Bayer]]
* {{Official website|http://www.hoechst.com}} of the IG Farben successor [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (now [[Sanofi-Aventis]])
* [https://archive.today/20130210172023/http://tool.boerse.de/IGFarbenindustrie_AG_iA-Aktie-575907-kurshighlights Stock Market Prices] of IG Farben
* {{cite journal |title=Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, October 1946&nbsp;– April 1949 |publisher=Nuernberg Military Tribunals, United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=VIII: "The I. G. Farben Case" |date=1952 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-VIII.pdf}}
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{{IG Farben}}
{{The Holocaust}}
{{Nuremberg Trials}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:IG Farben| ]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1925]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Companies involved in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies disestablished in 1951]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1925]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Infrastructure of the Holocaust]]