Editing ISABELLE

{{other uses|Isabelle (disambiguation)}}
'''ISABELLE''' (also known later as '''Colliding Beam Accelerator''', '''CBA''') was a 200+200 [[Electronvolt|GeV]] [[proton]]–proton colliding beam [[particle accelerator]] partially built by the [[United States]] government at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] in [[Upton, New York]], before it was cancelled in July, 1983.

==Colliding beam accelerators==
A colliding beam, [[storage ring]] [[Particle accelerator|accelerator]] was first proposed by [[Gerard K. O'Neill|Gerard O'Neill]] of [[Princeton University|Princeton]] in 1956, who built an [[electron]]-electron system beginning in 1957 (operational in 1962, first collisions in 1964) with assistance from [[Burton Richter]], William C. Barber and Bernard Gittelman.<ref>{{cite web | author=Burton Richter | title=Autobiography | publisher=Nobel Foundation | year=2005 | url=http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1976/richter-autobio.html }}</ref> The [[ADA collider|AdA]] accelerator, an electron-[[positron]] system, stored its first beam in 1961 at [[Frascati]] National Laboratories, [[Italy]] and was later moved to [[Orsay]] Laboratory, [[France]], where in 1964 it recorded first e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> collisions.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carlo Bernardini | title=AdA: the First Electron-Positron Collider | journal=Physics in Perspective | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=156 | publisher=CERN, Geneva | date=Jun 6, 2004 | bibcode=2004PhP.....6..156B | doi=10.1007/s00016-003-0202-y | s2cid=122534669 }}</ref> 
At the same time, two colliding-beam experiments were conceived and built by [[Gersh Budker|Budker]] and his group at the [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics|Institute of Nuclear Physics]] in [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]], [[Soviet Union]]: electron-electron VEP-1 (first collisions in 1964) and electron-positron VEPP-2 (first collisions in 1965).

The idea of using alternating gradient synchrotron (AGS) technology
<ref>{{cite web | author=Brookhaven National Laboratory | title=Alternating Gradient Synchrotron | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy | year=2004 | url=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/AGS_history.asp }}</ref> to build [[storage ring]]s for a [[proton]]-proton colliding beam accelerator was considered at a summer study held at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory|Brookhaven]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web | author=Brookhaven National Laboratory | title=The long road from ISABELLE to RHIC | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy | year=2004 | url=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/RHIC_history.asp }}</ref> The [[Intersecting Storage Rings]] (ISR) facility at [[CERN]], a 30+30 [[Electronvolt|GeV]] proton-proton system, opened in 1971 and became the first high energy hadron collider. The [[SPEAR]] collider at the [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]], a 3+3 GeV electron-positron system, was completed in 1972 and soon contributed to discoveries of the [[J/ψ particle|ψ]] meson and [[Tau lepton|τ]] lepton, both recognized in [[Nobel Prize]]s. The ψ had previously been found in a fixed-target experiment at the Brookhaven AGS, where it was called the [[J/ψ particle|J]], but it was better measured with SPEAR.

==The ISABELLE project==
A design study for a [[proton]] storage ring system was completed at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory|Brookhaven]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Frederick E. Mills | title=ISABELLE Design Study | journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science | volume=20 | issue=3 | pages=1036–1038 | year=1973 | url=http://epaper.kek.jp/p73/PDF/PAC1973_1036.PDF | bibcode=1973ITNS...20.1036M | doi=10.1109/TNS.1973.4327320 }}</ref> In 1974 the U.S. [[Particle physics|High Energy Physics]] Advisory Panel recommended that ISABELLE (the '''I'''ntersecting '''S'''torage '''A'''ccelerator + "belle") should be built at Brookhaven. It was to be a 200+200 [[Electronvolt|GeV]] proton-proton system using [[Superconductivity|superconducting]] [[magnet]]s. [[New York (state)|New York]] politicians, spurred by the sometimes impetuous Sen. [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan|Moynihan]], pushed through funding before development of [[magnet]] [[technology]] had been completed. Construction began in 1978. The following year a prototype magnet was successfully tested. In 1981, however, production models of magnets failed at less than the [[magnetic field]] intensity needed for operation.<ref>{{cite web | author=John G. Cramer | title=Big Bangs in the Lab | publisher=Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, Seattle, WA | date=Sep 30, 1990 | url=http://www.npl.washington.edu/av/altvw46.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Walter Sullivan | title=Troubles continue for L.I. accelerator | work=New York Times | date=Jun 7, 1981 | url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/physics/index.html?s=oldest&offset=10& | accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref>

Delays in the project led to competitive evaluation against a proposal for a much larger machine, eventually called the [[Superconducting Super Collider|Superconducting Supercollider]], a proton-proton system aimed at 20,000+20,000 [[Electronvolt|GeV]]; while developments in [[Europe]] at [[CERN]], including discovery of the [[W and Z bosons]], appeared to make ISABELLE redundant.<ref>{{cite web | author=Robert P. Crease | title=CERN, the US and the W | publisher=PhysicsWeb | date=Sep 2004 | url=http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/9/2 }}</ref> In July, 1983, the U.S. [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] cancelled the ISABELLE project after spending more than US$200 million on it.<ref>{{cite news | author=William J. Broad | title=Big accelerator on Long Island gets 'NO' vote | work=New York Times | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F1FFD3E5D0C778DDDAE0894DB484D81& | date=1983-07-14 | accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> Cancellation of ISABELLE accelerated the United States fall from dominance in high energy physics and proved a [[wikt:harbinger|harbinger]] for the much more costly cancellation of the [[Superconducting Super Collider|Superconducting Supercollider]] in October, 1993.<ref>{{cite news | author=Michael Wines | title=House Kills the Supercollider and Now it Might Stay Dead | work=New York Times | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00616F7385E0C738EDDA90994DB494D81 | date=1993-10-20 | accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> After years of planning and development, parts of the tunnel, experimental hall and magnet infrastructure built for ISABELLE were salvaged and reused by the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] (RHIC), a US$617 million joint project of the U.S. [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] and [[National Science Foundation]] which was approved in 1991 and began operation in 2000.<ref>{{cite web | author=Gregory H. Friedman | title=Audit Report on Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Project | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy | date=Mar 6, 2002 | url=http://www.ig.doe.gov/pdf/ig-0543.pdf | access-date=April 29, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016092146/http://www.ig.doe.gov/pdf/ig-0543.pdf | archive-date=October 16, 2004 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of accelerators in particle physics]]
* [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]], newest U.S. high energy facility, opened 1972, Tevatron closed 2011<ref>{{cite web | author=Steve Holmes | title=Fermilab Accelerator R&D Overview | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy | date=Feb 15, 2006 | url=http://accelerator-rd.org/FNAL/AARD_Holmes.pdf | access-date=April 30, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082610/http://accelerator-rd.org/FNAL/AARD_Holmes.pdf | archive-date=September 30, 2007 | url-status=dead }} See "Strategic Framework"</ref>
* [[Super Proton Synchrotron]], accelerator at [[CERN]] used to discover the [[W and Z bosons]]
* [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]], accelerator also at CERN, operated from 1989 to 2000
* [[Large Hadron Collider]], accelerator built in the CERN LEP tunnel, began operation in 2009

==References==
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[[Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory]]
[[Category:Particle accelerators]]
[[Category:United States Department of Energy national laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in New York (state)]]