Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Iapodes
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{Distinguish|Iazyges|Iapyges}} The '''Iapodes''' (or '''Iapydes''', '''Japodes'''; {{langx|el|Ἰάποδες}}; {{Langx|sh|Japodi}}) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the [[Liburnians]], off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the [[Istria]]n peninsula. They occupied the interior of the country between the ''Colapis'' ([[Kupa (river)|Kupa]]) and ''Oeneus'' ([[Una (Sava)|Una]]) rivers, and the [[Velebit]] mountain range (''Mons Baebius'') which separated them from the coastal Liburnians.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Their territory covered the central inlands of modern [[Croatia]] and Una River Valley in today's [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Archaeological documentation confirms their presence in these countries at least from 9th century BC, and they persisted in their area longer than a millennium. The ancient written documentation on inland Iapodes is scarcer than on the adjacent coastal peoples (Liburni, Delmatae, etc.) that had more frequent maritime contacts with ancient Greeks and Romans. The Iapodes had their maximal development and territorial expansion from the 8th to 4th centuries BC. They settled mostly in inland mountain valleys between Pannonia and the coastal Adriatic basin, but in disputation with southern ''Liburni'' they periodically reached also the northern Adriatic coast at [[Vinodol valley]] (classical ''Valdevinum''). Knowledge of the Iapodes' culture is largely nebulous due to a lack of material evidence. The Iapodes are believed to have been [[Illyrians]], probably a subgroup of [[Pannonians]], or a mixed group with connections to the Pannonians, [[Celt]]s,<ref>A Classical Dictionary: Containing The Principle Proper Names Mentioned In Ancient Authors Part One by Charles Anthon, 2005, page 539: "... Tor, " elevated," " a mountain. " (Strabo, 293); the Iapodes (Strabo, 313), a Gallo-Illyrian race occupying the val. leys of ..."</ref><ref>Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,{{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, page 79,"along with the evidence of name formulae, a Venetic element among the Japodes. A group of names identified by Alföldy as of Celtic origin: Ammida, Andes, Iaritus, Matera, Maxa,"</ref><ref>The origins of the Europeans: classical observations in culture and personality by William Scott Shelley,1997,{{ISBN|1573092207}}, page 222, The Transalpine Iapydes, a Pannonian tribe, was both strong and savage</ref> and/or [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]].<ref>Wilkes, J.J. ''The Illyrians''. Blackwell, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 79. "...along with the evidence of name formulae, a Venetic element among the Japodes. A group of names identified by Alföldy as of Celtic origin: Ammida, Andes, Iaritus, Matera, Maxa,..."</ref> A major scholar of the Japodi was archaeologist [[Branka Raunig]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sjećanje na Branku Raunig (1935-2008)|url=https://www.zemaljskimuzej.ba/bs/vijesti/sje%C4%87anje-na-branku-raunig-1935-2008|date=2018-06-13|website=Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine|language=bs|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> [[File:Liburnia 5th BC.png|thumb|250px|Iapodes territory in cca 5th century BC]] ==Origin and affinity== [[File:Japodske kape i druga materijalna kultura.jpg|thumb|Iapodian metalwork]] The exact origin of early Iapodes is uncertain; archaeological documentation suggests mixed affinities to early ''[[Pannonians#Pannonians|Pannonii]]'' and other [[Illyrians]]. The first written mention of an Illyrian tribe is from Greek writers from the 6th century BC. They are provisionally described by [[Strabo]] as a mixed race of [[Celts]] and Illyrians, who used Celtic weapons, [[tattoo]]ed themselves, and lived chiefly on [[spelt]] and [[millet]];{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} however, Strabo's suggestion of a mixed Celtic-Illyrian Iapodes culture is not confirmed by archaeology. Originally, Iapodes existed at least from the 9th century BC, and Celtic influence reached the region in the 4th century BC when Iapodes entered a decline. Archeological evidence of typical Celtic culture is documented only in the marginal contact zone of the Iapodes and the Celtic ''[[Taurisci]]'' along the [[Kupa (river)|Kupa]] river valley (now the [[Slovenia]]n-[[Croatia]]n border). Elsewhere, and especially in the main Iapodian area of the [[Lika]] highlands in [[Croatia]], definite Celtic artifacts are scarce and explicable merely by commercial exchanges. ==Roman conquest== Romans said of the Iapodes that they were a warlike race addicted to plundering expeditions,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} but other archaeological documentation confirms their main economical activity was mining and metallurgy. That attracted the pragmatic Romans to conquer their country, whose river valleys were also a natural way for strategic communications between the Adriatic and Pannonia. Therefore, induced conflicts started from 171 BC, when consul [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 BC)|Gaius Cassius Longinus]] first attacked Iapodes. In 129 BC, Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus attacked the Iapodes and was nearly defeated, but [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus|Decimus Iunius Brutus]] arrived and rescued him, and he celebrated a [[triumph (Roman)|triumph]].<ref>''CIL'' I<sup>2</sup> 48176</ref> [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (consul 119 BC)|Lucius Aurelius Cotta]] and [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus|Gaius Caecilius Metellus]] undertook another expedition against the Iapodes in 119, which concluded with a triumph in 117. In 78–76 BC they were also attacked by [[Gaius Cosconius]] as part of a war against the Dalmatians.<ref>J. J. Wilkes, ''Dalmatia'' (1969), 30-34, 46.</ref> They had a ''[[foederati|foedus]]'' from 56 BC with Rome and paid a ''tributum'', but then from 52–47 BC rebelled. In 34 BC they were finally conquered by [[Augustus Caesar]]. Then they conserved a partial autonomy with a domestic ''praepositus Iapodum''. ==Culture and society== Due to the rich and extensive forests of their mountainous country, their houses were mostly wooden huts, and they rarely used stone constructions except in some major fortifications. Their settlements were mostly on hilltops, including between 400–3,000 dwellers, and the main Iapodian settlements in Roman times were ''[[Metulum]]'', ''[[Terpon]]'', ''[[Arupium]]'' and ''[[Avendo]]''. They cultivated chiefly cereals and grapes, and kept varied cattle. Their early metallurgy developed a half millennium before Celtic influence that induced here minor modifications. Their society was simple including warriors, villagers, herdsmen, miners, and metalworkers. In that early phase neither leaders nor elite were indicated, and these independent Iapodes had no detectable collective political organisation. Under the Romans, a Romanized elite emerged, led by the ''praepositus Iapodum'' installed by Romans. Their classical culture was a varied mixture of Pannonian, Illyrian, Greek and Roman influences, mostly without proper peculiarities. Their figural art included the frequent metal decorations in the form of triangles and spirals, and [[Illyrian amber jewellery|large amber pearls and amber figurines]]. The Iapodian language before the Romans is mostly unknown: the only indications available are their toponyms and necropolis inscriptions from Roman times. These scarce onomastic indications suggest the Iapodian tongue may be correlated with other Illyrian and Pannonian tribes. During their independence, the Iapodes appear to have been completely illiterate and left no inscriptions before the Roman conquest. ==Religion== {{main|Illyrian religion}} The original religion of Iapodes is scarcely known, and it appears to be similar with other eastward Illyrians. They knew the divine pair of water-deities ''Vidassus'' (as Roman [[Silvanus (mythology)|Sylvanus]]) and ''Thana'' (as Roman [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]),<ref>{{cite book |title=Pre-Roman Divinities of the Eastern Alps and Adriatic |first=Marjeta |last=Šašel Kos |publisher=Narodni Muzej Slovenije |date=1999 |page=25 |isbn=9789616169110 |quote=It is certain that Vidasus and Thana were local and, most probably, water dieties. [sic]}}</ref> whose rocky reliefs persist today at some springs in their area. They worshiped the [[Horse worship|holy horse]] as their tribal [[Totemism|totem]], and also the [[Snake worship|holy snakes]] as the symbol of their ancestors. Their early tombs were usually in caves, and then in Roman times often in wooden sarcophagi and also incinerated in ceramic urns. [[Japodian burial urns]] were art a unique form influenced to a degree by the [[Situla (vessel)|Situla]] art of northern Illyria and Italy and by Greek art.<ref>[[Aleksandar Stipčević|Stipčević, Aleksandar]] (1977). ''The Illyrians: history and culture''. Noyes Press. p. 203. {{ISBN|978-0-8155-5052-5}}.</ref> ==Archaeogenetics== A [[archaeogenetic]] studies published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (2022) examined 8 samples from three Early Iron Age Iapodes sites. All five tested men belonged to the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA haplogroup]] patrilineal line J2b2a1-L283 (> J-Y86930<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/J-Y86930/|title=J-Y86930 YTree v10.04.00 (ID: I23911, I23995, I24638, I24639, I24882)|date=4 July 2022|publisher=YFull.com|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>). The [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mtDNA haplogroup]]s fell under H, H1, 2x H3b, H5, T2a1a, T2b and U5a1g.<ref name="Patterson2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Nick|last2=Isakov|first2=Michael|last3=Booth|first3=Thomas|display-authors=1|date=2022|title=Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04287-4_reference.pdf|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=601|issue=7894|pages=588–594|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4|pmid=34937049|pmc=8889665 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..588P |s2cid=245509501}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Plate LXX.jpg|Iapodian ceramics and metalwork File:NHM - Prozor Spiralfibel.jpg|Pre-Roman bronze spiral booch File:Zagreb-Archeological museum-Urn-20140524.jpg|Fluted urn and lid with jewellery, 8th century BC. File:Zagreb-Archeological museum-Garlands-20140524.jpg|Necklaces, Early Iron Age, VI th-V th centuries BC). File:Zagreb-Archeological museum-Pectoral-20140524.jpg|Pectoral of amber beads. File:Zagreb-Archeological museum-Pendant-20140524.jpg|Artefacts from the Grave of Gospić-Lipe, late Bronze Age, Eighth century BC. File:Zagreb-Archeological museum-Pottery-20140524.jpg|Potteries and fibula from the Grave of Gospić-Lipe, late Bronze Age, Eighth century BC. </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} {{Commons|Illyria and Illyrians}} * [[Lika]] *[[Bindus (Illyrian god)]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *Mitja Gustin et al.: ''Keltoi in Yugoslavia (Die Kelten und ihre Zeitgenossen auf dem Gebiet Jugoslawiens).'' Narodni muzej, Ljubljana 1984. *Radoslav Katicic: ''Zur Frage der keltischen und pannonischen Namengebiete im römischen Dalmatien.'' Godisnjak (Annuaire) 3, 55 p., Centar za balkanoloske studije, Sarajevo 1965. *{{EB1911|wstitle=Iapydes|volume=14|page=215}} {{Illyrians}} [[Category:Historical Celtic peoples]] [[Category:Gauls]] [[Category:Illyrian tribes]] [[Category:Celtic tribes of Illyria]] [[Category:Ancient tribes in Croatia]] [[Category:Ancient history of Slovenia]] [[Category:Ancient tribes in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Category:Foederati]] [[Category:Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page
(
help
)
:
Template:Cite book
(
edit
)
Template:Cite journal
(
edit
)
Template:Cite web
(
edit
)
Template:Commons
(
edit
)
Template:Distinguish
(
edit
)
Template:EB1911
(
edit
)
Template:ISBN
(
edit
)
Template:Illyrians
(
edit
)
Template:Langx
(
edit
)
Template:Main
(
edit
)
Template:Portal
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:Sfn
(
edit
)
Template:Sister project
(
edit
)