Editing Ibex

{{Short description|Type of mammal}}
{{Other uses}}

[[File:Capra ibex ibex.jpg|thumb|Male Alpine ibex]]
An '''ibex''' ({{IPAc-en |aɪ|b|ɛ|k|s|}} {{plural form}}: ibex, ibexes or ibices) is any of several species of wild [[Capra (genus)|goat (genus ''Capra'')]], distinguished by the male's large recurved [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]], which are transversely ridged in front. Ibex are found in [[Eurasia]], [[North Africa]] and [[East Africa]].

==Taxonomy==
The name ''ibex'' comes from Latin, borrowed from [[Iberians|Iberian]] or [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]], akin to Old Spanish ''bezerro'', 'bull', modern Spanish ''becerro'', 'yearling'. Ranging in height from {{Convert|27|to(-)|43|in|cm|-1|order=flip}} and weighing {{Convert|200|to(-)|270|lb|-1|order=flip}} for males, ibex can live up to 20 years. Three closely related varieties of goats found in the wild are not usually called ibex: the [[markhor]], [[West Caucasian tur|western tur]], and [[East Caucasian tur|eastern tur]].

A male ibex is referred to as a buck, a female is a doe, and young juveniles are called kids.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siberian Ibex|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/siberian-ibex/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=AZ Animals|date=16 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> An ibex buck is commonly larger and heavier than a doe. The most noticeable difference between the sexes is the larger size of a buck's horns. The doe grows a pair of smaller, thinner horns which develop considerably more slowly than those of a buck. The ibex's horns appear at birth and continue to grow through the rest of its life.

==Known ibex==
[[Species]] of wild goats that are called ibex are:

* The [[Siberian ibex|Asian ibex]] also known as the Siberian ibex (''Capra sibirica'') is a wild goat inhabiting long mountain systems in central Asian deserts and the northwestern [[Himalayas]]. The animal is 80–100&nbsp;cm high at shoulder, and weighs an average 60&nbsp;kg. The adult males have long pointed beards and scimitar-shaped horns with prominent ridges on the frontal surface. The coat is dark brown with greyish underparts, and a dorsal stripe runs from the neck to tail. Adult males also have grey saddle patches on their backs. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, as the females are smaller with small straight horns that are widely separated at the base. Asiatic ibex is widely distributed over an area stretching from the [[Hindu Kush Mountains]] in Afghanistan to [[Sayan Mountains]] in Mongolia. The animals are found most frequently at elevations ranging from 3000 to 5300&nbsp;m above sea level, but are also known to occur in areas as low as 1000&nbsp;m in the [[Altai Mountains]]. They have a predilection for rugged terrain as an anti-predator strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namgail |first=T |date=2006 |title=Winter Habitat Partitioning between Asiatic Ibex and Blue Sheep in Ladakh, Northern India |url=http://www.mountainecology.org/IBEX8/pdf/namgail.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127191132/http://www.mountainecology.org/IBEX8/pdf/namgail.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-27 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Journal of Mountain Ecology |page=8: 7-13 |no-pp=y}}</ref>
* The [[Alpine Ibex]] (''Capra ibex'') is found in the [[Europe|European]] [[Alps]]. Alpine ibex are found in France, Bulgaria, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Germany and Slovenia, and have been introduced to ranches in the United States, Canada and Argentina.
* The [[Spanish ibex|Iberian ibex]] (''Capra pyrenaica''), formerly called Spanish ibex, is restricted to mountainous enclaves of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in Spain, Portugal and the French [[Pyrenees]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garnier |first1=A. |last2=Besnard |first2=A. |last3=Crampe |first3=J. P. |last4=Estèbe |first4=J. |last5=Aulagnier |first5=S. |last6=Gonzalez |first6=G. |date=2021 |title=Intrinsic factors, release conditions and presence of conspecifics affect post-release dispersal after translocation of Iberian ibex |journal=Animal Conservation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=626–636 |doi=10.1111/acv.12669 |s2cid=234219572 |issn=1367-9430|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021AnCon..24..626G }}</ref> but in the past it also occurred in southern [[France]]. There are approximately 50,000 Iberian ibex living. Two subspecies have become extinct. One of those, the [[Pyrenean Ibex]], was cloned in 2003, but the resulting individual died very quickly.<ref>Richard Gray and Roger Dobson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090201152052/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html ''Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning''], Telegraph.co.uk, 31/1/2009.</ref>
* The [[Nubian ibex]] (''Capra nubiana'') inhabits the desert regions of the [[Middle East]], as well as the [[Itbay]] region of [[Sudan]] and [[Egypt]]. They are the smallest ibex species and adapted for arid environments with a tan color, white underbelly and rump, black legs, and dark tail. This species is [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]], with less than 4,500 individuals in the wild. The population is declining through most of its range.<ref>Ross, S., Elalqamy, H., Al Said, T. & Saltz, D. 2020. ''Capra nubiana''. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2020: e.T3796A22143385. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3796A22143385.en}}. Accessed on 25 March 2023.</ref>
* The [[Walia ibex|Walia or Ethiopian ibex]] (''Capra walie'') is found only in the [[Semien Mountains|Simien Mountains]] of the [[Ethiopian Highlands]], where it was updated from critically endangered to endangered in 2008, and later updated to vulnerable in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Capra walie (Walia Ibex) |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3797/178652661 |website=IUCN Red List}}</ref> It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Alpine Ibex. The Ibex was also a national emblem of the [[Axumite Empire]].
* The [[wild goat]] (''Capra aegagrus''), also known as West Asian ibex,{{cn|date=May 2022}} is found in [[Turkey]] and the [[Caucasus]] in the west to [[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] in the east, and is the ancestor of the [[Domestic Goat|domestic goat]].

==History==
Evidence of the ibex is widely present in the [[archaeological]] record. The earliest known artifacts featuring the ibex are from the Harappan civilization and are rare. A seal from the Harappan region of [[Cholistan]] has been dated between 2500–2000 [[Common_Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=8 February 2012 |title=Rare Ibex Seal of Indus Valley Era Unearthed in Pakistan |url=https://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/indus-steatite-seal |website=Archeology Online |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Twin Ibexes are seen under the seat of the 'Pashupati' figure on a seal from [[Mohenjodaro]],  ca. 2000–1900 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fairservis Jr. |first=Walter |date=July 1986 |title=Cattle and the Harappan Chiefdoms of the Indus Valley |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/cattle-and-the-harappan-chiefdoms-of-the-indus-valley/ |website=Penn Museum |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> An ibex also features in a composite seal along with other animals, described by Dr J.M. Kenoyer on page 194 of his 1998 book titled "Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization".<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Composite Seal|url=https://www.harappa.com/slide/composite-seal |website=Harappa.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

Ibex motifs are very common on [[cylinder seal]]s and pottery, both painted and embossed, from the [[Near East]] and [[Mediterranean]] regions. Excavations from [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] [[Crete]] at [[Knossos]], for example, have yielded specimens from {{circa|1800&nbsp;BCE}}, including one [[cylinder seal]] depicting an ibex defending himself from a [[hunting dog]].<ref>{{cite web |first=C. Michael |last=Hogan |title=Knossos fieldnotes |date=2007 |publisher=Modern Antiquarian  |url=http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes}}</ref> From the similar age a gold [[jewelry]] ibex image was found at the [[Akrotiri (prehistoric city)|Akrotiri]] archaeological site<ref>{{cite book |first1=A.G. |last1=Karydas |first2=X. |last2=Brecoulaki |first3=Th. |last3=Pantazis |first4=E. |last4=Aloupi |first5=V. |last5=Argyropoulos |first6=D. |last6=Kotzamani |first7=R. |last7=Bernard |first8=Ch. |last8=Zarkadas |first9=Th. |last9=Paradellis |chapter=Importance of in-situ EDXRF Measurements in the Preservation and Conservation of Material Culture |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-3581-0_2 |editor-last=Uda |editor-first=M. |editor2-last=Demortier |editor2-first=G. |editor3-last=Nakai |editor3-first=I. |title=X-rays for Archaeology |publisher=Springer |date=2005 |isbn=1-4020-3581-0 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3581-0_2 |pages=27–53, See pp. 35, 42–44}}</ref> on [[Santorini]] in present day [[Greece]].
An [[Iron Age]] ''Capra ibex'' specimen was recovered at the [[Aq Kupruk]] Archaeological site in present day [[Afghanistan]], illustrating either domestication or hunting of the ibex by these early peoples.{{Clarify me|date=August 2009}} <!--Not so very early in this context: goats were domesticated long before the Iron Age.-->However, archaeological records of ibex can be difficult to separate from those of domestic [[goats]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard H. |last=Meadow |chapter=Prehistoric Wild Sheep and Sheep Domestication on the Eastern Margin of the Middle East |chapter-url= |editor-first=Pam J. |editor-last=Crabtree |editor2-first=Douglas V. |editor2-last=Campana |editor3-first=Kathleen |editor3-last=Ryan |title=Early Animal Domestication and Its Cultural Context |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology |date=1989 |isbn=0-924171-96-0 |pages=24–36 |oclc=1357619096}}</ref>
 
Earlier evidence of domestication or hunting of the ibex was found identified through DNA analysis of the contents of the stomach of [[Ötzi]], the [[natural mummy]] of a  [[Chalcolithic]] man discovered in the  [[Ötztal Alps]] in 1991, who lived between [[34th century BC|3400]] and [[3100 BCE]].  According to DNA reconstruction, the man's penultimate meal contained ibex.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rollo F, Ubaldi M, Ermini L, Marota I |title=Otzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12594–9 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12244211 |pmc=130505 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192184599 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912594R }}</ref> There is a myth that says Ibex used to have wings in a time and they used to fly back in dates, by time their wings disappeared and they started climbing the mountain.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In [[Yemen]], the ibex is a longstanding symbol of national identity, representing many positive attributes of the Yemeni people. Numbers of the animal – primarily the [[Nubian ibex]] – declined significantly from the late 20th century, due to hunting. In 2022, activists and intellectuals urged the declaration of an annual National Ibex Day, on 22 January, along with calls for greater protection of the animal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nubian Ibex |date= |publisher=San Diego Zoo |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/nubian-ibex }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Hamdan |last=Alaly |title=Ibex in the Yemeni civilization: a historical symbolism being revived |date=22 January 2022 |publisher=Global Voices |url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/01/24/ibex-in-the-yemeni-civilization-a-historical-symbolism-being-revived/ }}</ref>

Further Information: {{See section|Nubian ibex|Cultural Significance and Human Exploitation}}

==Rescue from extinction==
When firearms spread in the 15th century, the large population of ibex that spanned many of Europe's mountains decreased as they became easy targets for hunters. The ibex was often hunted for its meat, with other body parts used for medicine. The ibex horns were highly sought after as a remedy for impotence, while its blood was used for treating [[kidney stone]]s.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The relentless hunting of the alpine ibex might have led to its extinction were it not for the foresight of the dukes of Savoy. [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles-Felix]], Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, banned the hunting of the ibex across his estates of the Gran Paradiso after being persuaded by a report on the animal's endangered state. The ban was implemented on 12 September 1821 and its law was soon extended to the rest of the kingdom. In 1856, [[Victor Emmanuel II]], succeeding Charles-Felix as the king, inducted the [[Gran Paradiso National Park|Gran Paradiso]] as a protected hunting estate along with appointed gamekeepers to patrol the area.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cousquer|first=Glen|date=2013|title=A mountain to climb-the new threat facing ibex|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262698653|journal=Veterinary Times|pages=4–5|via=researchgate.net}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Francke, A. H. (1914). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96793 Antiquities of Indian Tibet]''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Capra ibex|''Capra ibex''}}

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[[Category:Capra (genus)]]
[[Category:Goats]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammal common names]]