Editing Ibycus

{{Short description|6th century BC Greek lyric poet}}
{{For|the gastropod genus|Ibycus (gastropod)}}
'''Ibycus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|b|ɪ|k|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἴβυκος|Ἴβυκος]]}}; {{Floruit|2nd half of 6th century BC}}) was an [[Greek lyric|Ancient Greek lyric poet]], a citizen of [[Rhegium]] in [[Magna Graecia]], probably active at [[Samos]] during the reign of the tyrant [[Polycrates]]<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 305</ref> and numbered by the scholars of [[Hellenistic]] [[Alexandria]] in the [[canon (fiction)|canonical]] list of [[nine lyric poets]]. He was mainly remembered in antiquity for [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic]] verses, but he also composed lyrical narratives on mythological themes in the manner of [[Stesichorus]].<ref name="David A. Campbell 1991 page 8">David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 8</ref> His work survives today only as quotations by ancient scholars or recorded on fragments of papyrus recovered from archaeological sites in Egypt, yet his extant verses include what are considered some of the finest examples of Greek poetry.<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 306, referring to fragments 286 and 287</ref> 

As is the case with many other major poets of ancient Greece, Ibycus became famous not just for his poetry but also for events in his life, largely the stuff of legend: the testimonia are difficult to interpret and very few biographical facts are actually known.<ref name="David A. Campbell 1991 page 8"/>

==Life==
The [[Byzantium under the Macedonians|Byzantine]] encyclopaedia [[Suda]] represents a good example of a problematic biography, here translated by David Campbell:
{{Quotation|Ibycus: son of Phytius; but some say son of the historian Polyzelus of Messana, others son of Cerdas; of Rhegium by birth. From there he went to Samos when it was ruled by the father of the tyrant Polycrates. This was in the time of [[Croesus]], in the 54th Olympiad (564–60 BC). He was completely crazed with love for boys, and he was the inventor of the so-called ''sambyke'', a kind of triangular [[cithara]]. His works are in seven books in the Doric dialect. Captured by bandits in a deserted place he declared that the cranes which happened to be flying overhead would be his avengers; he was murdered, but afterwards one of the bandits saw some cranes in the city and exclaimed, "Look, the avengers of Ibycus!" Someone overheard and followed up his words: the crime was confessed and the bandits paid the penalty; whence the proverbial expression, "the cranes of Ibycus".<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), pages 209–11</ref>}}

Suda's chronology has been dismissed as "muddled" since it makes Ibycus about a generation older than [[Anacreon]], another poet known to have flourished at the court of Polycrates, and it is inconsistent with what we know of the Samian tyrant from [[Herodotus]].<ref>Herodotus 3.39, cited by C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprinted 2000), page 248</ref> [[Eusebius]] recorded the poet's first experience of fame ("agnoscitur") somewhere between 542 and 537 BC<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 211, note 2:''the given range of dates reflects differences between manuscripts''</ref> and this better fits the period of Polycrates' reign. Suda's account seems to be corroborated by a papyrus fragment (''P.Oxy.''1790), usually ascribed to Ibycus, glorifying a youthful Polycrates, but this was unlikely to have been the Polycrates of Samos and might instead have been his son, mentioned in a different context by [[Himerius]] as Polycrates, governor of Rhodes.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997), page 188, referring to Himerus ''Or.'' 29.22 ff. Colonna</ref> Suda's list of fathers of Ibycus also presents problems:<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 208, notes 2–4</ref> there were no historians in the early 6th century and ''Cerdas'' looks like an invention of the comic stage (it has low associations).

There was a [[Pythagoras|Pythagorean]] lawgiver of Rhegium known as Phytius, but the early 6th century is too early for this candidate also. Ibycus gives no indication of being a Pythagorean himself, except in one poem he identifies the Morning Star with the Evening Star, an identity first popularized by Pythagoras.<ref>Scholiast on Basil, ''Genesis'', cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 283</ref><ref>C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprinted 2000), page 241</ref> 

Ibycus provided the first attestation of an historical Thracian or Thraco-Dacian bard [[Orpheus]], purported composer of the ''[[Orphic Hymns]]''; ("The earliest literary reference to [[Orpheus]] is a two-word fragment of the 6th century BC lyric poet Ibycus of [[Samos]]: onomaklyton Orphēn ('Orpheus famous-of-name')."), whose name might indicate an origin in slavery {[[Orpheus#Etymology]]}. Not incidentally, enslavement of Thraco-Dacians in [[Samos]], in particular, is also (dimly) attested by the history of another such personnage who rose to prominence among the pre-Hellenistic Greeks: namely, X/[[Zalmoxis]], reputedly a Thraco-Dacian slave in the household of reputed-one-time [[Hierophant]] of [[Eleusis]], [[Pythagoras]] (also of [[Samos]]). X/[[Zalmoxis]] apparently achieved some form of apprenticeship with that most famous practitioner of [[Pythagoreanism]], and evidently goes on to earn his freedom as well as a reputation as a great healer of 'body and soul (psyche),' via [[Plato]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Plato]] |title=[[Charmides (dialogue)|Charmides]] |type=dialogue |at=lines 156 D – 157 B}}</ref> (see [[Zalmoxis#"Religion of the Getae"]]) ...Plato attributes an [[holistic health|holistic]] approach to healing body and soul (psyche)... in the latter case, not unlike [[Orpheus]]..who ended up with a cave-based oracle in nearby [[Lesbos]] island, in the region of Ionia's northern neighbors, the [[Aeolians]]. Notably, Using music to relieve lustful urges was a [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]] remedy{{sfn|Watts|2017|page=75}} stemming from an anecdote from the life of [[Pythagoras]] claiming that, when he encountered some drunken youths trying to break into the home of a virtuous woman, he sang a solemn tune with long [[spondee]]s and the boys' "raging willfulness" was quelled. {{sfn|Deakin|2007|page=62}}{{sfn|Watts|2017|page=75}}

[[File:Heinrich Schwemminger - Die Kraniche des Ibykus - 3739 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|thumb|''The Cranes of Ibycus'', by [[Heinrich Schwemminger]], illustrating Schiller's poem of that name]]
Suda's extraordinary account of the poet's death is found in other sources, such as [[Plutarch]]<ref>Plutarch, ''De Garrulitate'' 14 ([[Stephanus pagination|Steph.]] 509 E-F)</ref> and [[Antipater of Sidon]]<ref>''Palatine Anthology'' 7.745: Antipater of Sidon xix Gow-Page</ref> and later it inspired [[Friedrich Schiller]] to write a ballad called "[[Die Kraniche des Ibykus|The Cranes of Ibycus]]"<ref>Campbell, David David A. ''Greek Lyric Poetry.'' MacMillan 1967, p. 305 – 306.</ref> yet the legend might be derived merely from a play upon the poet's name and the Greek word for the bird {{lang|grc|ἶβυξ}} or ''ibyx''—it might even have been told of somebody else originally.<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 211, note 12</ref><ref group="nb">However, according to [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]] ([[Sub_voce#sub_verbo|s.v.]] ''[[iota]]'' 138) {{lang|grc|ἶβυξ}} is a form of [[ibis]], while the common Greek word for "[[crane (bird)|crane]]" ({{lang|grc|γέρανος}}, ''geranos'') is used of the birds associated with the death of Ibycus</ref> Another proverb associated with Ibycus was recorded by [[Diogenianus]]: "more antiquated than Ibycus" or "more silly than Ibycus". The proverb was apparently based on an anecdote about Ibycus stupidly or nobly turning down an opportunity to become tyrant of Rhegium in order to pursue a poetic career instead<ref>Diogen.2.71, cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 213</ref> (one modern scholar however infers from his poetry that Ibycus was in fact wise enough to avoid the lure of supreme power, citing as an example Plato's quotation from one of his lyrics: "I am afraid it may be in exchange for some sin before the gods that I get honour from men").<ref>Plato, [[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]] (242D), cited by C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprinted 2000), page 245</ref> There is no other information about Ibycus' activities in the West, apart from an account by Himerius, that he fell from his chariot while travelling between [[Catana]] and [[Himera]] and injured his hand badly enough to give up playing the lyre "for some considerable time."<ref>Himer.''Or.''69.35, cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 291</ref>  

Some modern scholars have found in the surviving poetry evidence that Ibycus might have spent time at [[Sicyon]] before journeying to Samos—mythological references indicate local knowledge of Sicyon and could even point to the town's alliance with [[Sparta]] against [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] and Athens.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997), page 189</ref> His depiction of the women of Sparta as "thigh-showing" (quoted by Plutarch as proof of lax morals among the women there) is vivid enough to suggest that he might have composed some verses in Sparta also.<ref>Plut.''comp.Lyc. et Num.'', cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 289; see also comment page 7</ref> It is possible that he left Samos at the same time as Anacreon, on the death of Polycrates, and there is an anonymous poem in the [[Palatine Anthology]] celebrating Rhegium as his final resting place, describing a tomb located under an elm, covered in ivy and white reeds.<ref>''Anth.Pal.''7.714, cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 215</ref>

==Poetry==
Ibycus' role in the development of Greek lyric poetry was as a mediator between eastern and western styles: 
{{quotation|[[Sappho]] and [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]] wrote while [[Stesichorus]] was developing the different art of the choral ode in the West. They owed nothing to him, and he owed nothing to them. But soon afterwards the art of the West was brought to [[Ionia]], and the fusion of the two styles marked a new stage in Greek poetry. For Stesichorus left a disciple, who began by writing in the master's manner and then turned to other purposes and made his poetry the vehicle for his own private, or public, emotions. — [[Cecil Maurice Bowra]]<ref name="C.M.Bowra, 1961, page 241">C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprint 2000), page 241</ref>}}
Although scholars like Bowra have concluded that his style must have changed with his setting, such a neat distinction is actually hard to prove from the existing verses, which are an intricate blend of
the public, "choral" style of Stesichorus, and the private, "soloist" style of the Lesbian poets.<ref>[[Gregory Hutchinson (academic)|G. O. Hutchinson]], ''Greek Lyric Poetry: a commentary on selected larger pieces'', Oxford University Press (2001), page 234</ref><ref name="D.A.Campbell, 1991 page 7">D.A.Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 7</ref> It is not certain that he ever in fact composed monody (lyrics for solo performance), but the emotional and erotic quality of his verse, and the fact that his colleague in Samos was Anacreon, who did compose monody, suggest that Ibycus did too.<ref>D.A.Campbell, "Monody", in P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 214</ref> On the other hand, some modern scholars believe that 'choral' lyrics were actually performed by soloists and therefore maybe all Ibycus' work was monody.<ref>Gregory Nagy, ''Greek Literature Vol.7: Greek Literature in the Hellenistic Period'', Routledge (2001), page 287</ref> He modelled his work on the "choral" lyrics of Stesichorus at least in so far as he wrote narratives on mythical themes (often with original variations from the traditional stories) and structured his verses in triads (units of three stanzas each, called "strophe", "antistrophe" and "epode"), so closely in fact that even the ancients sometimes had difficulty distinguishing between the two poets<ref>D.A.Cambell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 305</ref><ref group="nb">Cambell elsewhere (''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb, page 63) cites this comment by Athenaeus (4.172de): "but Stesichorus or Ibycus had previously said in a poem entitled ''Funeral Games''&nbsp;..."</ref> Whereas however ancient scholars collected the work of Stesichorus into twenty-six books, each probably a self-contained narrative that gave its title to the whole book,<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 254</ref> they compiled only seven books for Ibycus, which were numbered rather than titled and whose selection criteria are unknown.<ref name="D.A.Campbell, 1991 page 7"/> Recent papyrus finds suggest also that Ibycus might have been the first to compose 'choral' [[Epinikion|victory odes]] (an innovation usually credited to [[Simonides]]).<ref>D.A.Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), pages 8–9</ref><ref group="nb">Cambell cites P.Oxy.2637 and  finds also a [[pindar]]ic/epinikion tone in a quote from [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (''comment. in Ptolem. harmon.'' iv):"with the gluttonous mouth of Strife will one day arm for battle against me."; translated by Cambell, Loeb III, page 271</ref>

Until the 1920s, all that survived of Ibycus' work were two large-ish fragments (one seven, the other thirteen lines long) and about fifty other lines scraped together from a variety of ancient commentaries. Since then, papyrus finds have greatly added to the store of Ibycean verses – notably, and controversially, forty-eight continuous lines addressed to Polycrates, whose identification with Polycrates of Rhodes (son of Polycrates, the Samian tyrant) requires a careful selection of historical sources.<ref>John P. Barron, 'Ibycus:Gorgias and other poems', ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' Vol.31 Issue 1 (Dec. 1984), pages 13–24, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1984.tb00526.x/abstract online here]</ref> Authorship of the poem is attributed to Ibycus on textual and historical grounds but its quality as verse is open to debate: "insipid", "inept and slovenly"<ref>David A. Campbell,  ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 306–7</ref> or, more gently, "not an unqualified success"<ref name="C.M.Bowra, 1961, page 241"/> and optimally "the work of a poet realizing a new vision, with a great command of epic material which he could manipulate for encomiastic effect."<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, citing opinions of Barron (1969) and Sisti (1967), ''A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997), page 191</ref>  In the poem, Ibycos parades the names and characteristics of heroes familiar from Homer's Trojan epic, as types of people the poem is '''not''' about, until he reaches the final stanza, where he reveals that his real subject is Polycrates, whom he says he will immortalize in verse. This "puzzling" poem has been considered historically significant by some scholars as a signal from Ibycus that he is now turning his back on epic themes to concentrate on love poetry instead: a new vision or ''recusatio''.<ref>D.A.Campbell, 'Monody', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 216</ref>    

He composed like Stesichorus in a literary language, largely [[Epic Greek|Epic]] with some [[Doric Greek|Doric]] flavouring, and with a few [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolisms]] that he borrowed from the love poetry of Sappho and Alcaeus.<ref>David A. Campbell,  ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 307</ref> It is possible however that the Doric dialect was added by editors in Hellenistic and Roman times, when the poet's home town, Rhegium, had become more Doric than it had been in the poet's own time.<ref>Giuseppe Ucciardello, 'Sulla tradizione del testo di Ibico' in 'Lirica e Teatro in Grecia: Il Testo e la sua ricezione—Atti del 11 incontro di Studi, Perugia, 23–24 gennaio 2003', ''Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane'' (2005), pages 21–88. See English summary online in [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-08-56.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review]</ref> In addition to this "superficial element of Doric dialect", the style of Ibycus features mainly dactylic rhythms (reflecting the Epic traditions he shared with Stesichorus), a love theme and accumulated epithets.<ref>C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprint 2000), page 250</ref> His use of imagery can seem chaotic but it is justified as an artistic effect.<ref>Malcolm Davies, 'Symbolism and Imagery in the Poetry of Ibycus', ''Hermes'' Vol.114, No.4 (4th Qtr 1986), pages 399–405,  [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4476524 online here]</ref> His style has been described by one modern scholar as "graceful and passionate."<ref>Smyth, Herbert Weir, ''Greek Melic Poets'' Biblo and Tannen, 1963, page 271</ref> The ancients sometimes considered his work with distaste as a lecherous and corrupting influence<ref group="nb">D.A.Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb (1991) page 8: "His love poetry was what later generations particularly remembered, sometimes with distaste", citing as proof [[Philodemus]] and [[Cicero]], translated on page 217:
#Philodemus ''On Music'', here commenting on the arguments of the Stoic [[Diogenes of Sinope|Diogenes]]: "And he did not show that Ibycus, Anacreon and the like corrupted young men by their melodies but rather by their ideas."
#Cicero''Tusc.'' 4.33: "Finally, what revelations do the greatest scholars and finest poets make about themselves in their poems and songs? Alcaeus was recognised as a valiant hero in his city, but look at what he writes about love for youths! Anacreon's poetry of course is all erotic. More than any of them Ibycus of Rhegium was ablaze with love, as his writings demonstrate. And we see that the love of all these is lustful."</ref> but they also responded sympathetically to the pathos he sought to evoke—his account of [[Menelaus]]'s failure to kill [[Helen of Troy]], under the spell of her beauty, was valued by ancient critics above [[Euripides]]'s account of the same story in his play [[Andromache (play)|Andromache]].<ref>C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprint 2000), page 244</ref>

=== Example ===
The following lines, dedicated to a lover, Euryalus, were recorded by [[Athenaeus]] as a famous example of amorous praise:
:::{{lang|grc|Εὐρύαλε Γλαυκέων Χαρίτων θάλος, <Ὡρᾶν>}}
:::{{lang|grc|καλλικόμων μελέδημα, σὲ μὲν Κύπρις}}
:::{{lang|grc|ἅ τ' ἀγανοβλέφαρος Πει-}}
:::{{lang|grc|θὼ ῥοδέοισιν ἐν θρέψαν.}}

The rich language of these lines, in particular the accumulation of epithets, typical of Ibycus, is shown in the following translation: 
:::Euryalus, offshoot of the blue-eyed [[Graces]], darling of the lovely-haired [[Horae|Seasons]], the [[Aphrodite|Cyprian]] and soft-lidded [[Peitho|Persuasion]] nursed you among rose-blossoms.<ref>Fragment 288, cited and translated by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric III'', Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 256-7</ref>
This mythological account of his lover recalls [[Hesiod]]'s account of [[Pandora]],<ref>''Op.'' lines 73–100, especially: 

: {{lang|grc|ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ Χάριτές τε θεαὶ καὶ πότνια Πειθὼ}}
: {{lang|grc|ὅρμους χρυσείους ἔθεσαν χροΐ, ἀμφὶ δὲ τήν γε}}
: {{lang|grc|Ὧραι καλλίκομοι στέφον ἄνθεσιν εἰαρινοῖσιν·}}</ref> who was decked out by the same goddesses (the Graces, the Seasons and Persuasion) so as to be a bane to mankind—an allusion consistent with Ibycus's view of love as unavoidable turmoil.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997), page 196</ref>

===Fragment 286===
The following poem was quoted by the ancient scholar Athenaeus in his wide-ranging discourses [[Deipnosophistae|''Scholars at Dinner'']] and it demonstrates some of the characteristics of Ibycean verse:
:::In spring the [[Kydonia]]n
:::apple trees, watered by flowing
:::streams there where the [[Nymphs|Maidens]]
:::have their unravished garden, and vine buds,
:::growing under the shadowy branches
:::of the vines, bloom and flourish. For me, however, love
:::is at rest in no season
:::but like the [[Thrace|Thracian]] [[Etesian|north wind]],
:::ablaze with lightning,
:::rushing from [[Aphrodite]] with scorching
:::fits of madness, dark and unrestrained,
:::it forcibly convulses from their very roots
:::my mind and heart.<ref>Andrew M.Miller (translator), ''Greek Lyric: an anthology in translation'', Hackett Publishing Company Inc. (1996), page 97</ref>
The poem establishes a contrast between the tranquility of nature and the ever restless impulses to which the poet's desires subject him, while the images and epithets accumulate almost chaotically, communicating a sense of his inner turmoil. In the original Greek, initial tranquility is communicated by repeated vowel sounds in the first six lines.<ref>D.A.Campbell, 'Monody', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 215</ref> His love of nature and his ability to describe it in lively images are reminiscent of Sappho's work.<ref>C.M.Bowra, ''Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides'', Oxford University Press (1961, reprint 2000), page 265</ref>

==Reception==
*In book four of [[Apollonius Rhodius]]'s ''[[Argonautica]]'', the goddess Hera reveals that [[Achilles]] is destined to marry [[Medea]] in the Elysian Fields (''Argonautica'' 4.811–15). A [[scholiast]] on the passage comments that this account was first put forward by Ibycus, and that it was also taken up by [[Simonides of Ceos]]. In another scholium, it is said that the Argonautica's account of [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]'s abduction by an amorous Zeus (''Argonautica'' 3.114–17) was also modelled on a version by Ibycus (in Homer's earlier account, Zeus abducted the youth to be his wine-pourer: ''Iliad'' 20.234), and that Ibycus, moreover, described the abduction of [[Tithonus]] by Dawn ([[Eos]]).<ref>fr. 289 and 291, D. Cambell, ''Greek Lyric'' III, Loeb Classical Library (1991) page 259</ref> Apollonius Rhodius represented Eros as a child of Aphrodite (''Argonautica'' 3.25–6) and there is a relevant scholium on that passage too, according to which [[Sappho]] made Eros the son of Earth and Heaven, Simonides made him the son of Aphrodite and Ares, and Ibycus made him the son of&nbsp;...? The section is lost, but it has been suggested that he made Eros the son of Aphrodite and [[Hephaestus]]<ref>fr. 324, D. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric'' III, Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 279</ref>
*[[Parmenides]] seems to have admired Ibycus's work because he cites him in [[Plato]]'s [[Parmenides (dialogue)|dialogue of the same name]].
*[[Friedrich Schiller]] based his 1797 ballad [[Die Kraniche des Ibykus]] (The Cranes Of Ibycus) on the rendition of the poet's murder.

==See also==
* ''[[Ode to Polycrates]]''

==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>

==References==
<references/>

==Sources==
* {{citation|last=Deakin|first=Michael A. B.|date=2007|title=Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6X1DJ7UIb4C&pg=PA135|location=Amherst, NY|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-59102-520-7}}
* {{citation|last=Watts|first=Edward J.|date=2017|title=Hypatia: The Life and Legend of an Ancient Philosopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KL_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190659141}}

==External links==
{{NSRW Poster}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120212233258/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POXY/VExhibition/images/1790.jpg Papyrus fragment of a poem by Ibycus]

{{Lyric poets}}

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