Editing Ifugao

{{Short description|Province in Cordillera, Philippines}}
{{About|the province|the ethnic group|Ifugao people|the language|Ifugao language|other uses}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Ifugao
| native_name              = 
| other_name               = 
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|image1              = Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, Philippines.jpg
|image2              = Traditional stilt houses in Bangaan of the Ifugao people.jpg
|image3              = Rice Terraces of Bangaan (40879929533).jpg
|image4              = VIEW OF BANAUE RICE TERRACES.jpg
|image5              = TAPPIYA FALLS.jpg
}}
'''Clockwise from the top''': [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras|Batad Rice Terraces]], [[Banaue|Bangaan Rice Terraces]], [[Batad, Ifugao|Tappiya Falls]], [[Banaue Rice Terraces]], [[Ifugao people|Ifugao stilt houses]]
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| map_caption              = Location in the Philippines
| coordinates              = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}}
| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = {{PH wikidata|country}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{PH wikidata|region}}
| established_title        = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| established_date         = June 18, 1966
| seat_type                = Capital
| seat                     = {{PH wikidata|seat}}
| leader_party             = 
| leader_title             = [[Governor]]
| leader_name              = [[Jerry Dalipog|Jerry U. Dalipog]] ([[Lakas–CMD|Lakas]])
| leader_title1            = [[Vice Governor]]
| leader_name1             = Glenn D. Prudenciano ([[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]])
| leader_title2            = [[Sangguniang Panlalawigan|Legislature]]
| leader_name2             = [[Ifugao Provincial Board]]
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="nscblist">{{Cite web |title=List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117174921/http://nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=December 20, 2013 |website=PSGC Interactive |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board}}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = {{PH wikidata|area}}
| area_rank                = 50th out of 81
| elevation_max_m          = 2,928
| elevation_max_point      = [[Mount Pulag]]
| population_footnotes     = {{PH census|current|CAR}}
| population_total         = {{PH wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of         = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_rank          = 72nd out of 81
| population_est           = 210,669<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Population Projections by Region, Province, Cities and Municipalities, 2020-2025 |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/15619 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514203439/https://doh.gov.ph/node/15619 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=Department of Health}}</ref>
| pop_est_as_of            = 2020
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_density_rank  = 74th out of 81
| population_demonym       = {{hlist|Ifugao|Ifugaoan}}
| demographics_type1       = Divisions
| demographics1_title1     = [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|Independent&nbsp;cities]]
| demographics1_info1      = 0
| demographics1_title2     = [[Cities of the Philippines|Component cities]]
| demographics1_info2      = 0
| demographics1_title3     = [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]
| demographics1_info3      = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle              = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke;
| title                   = 11
 | {{PH wikidata|municipalities}}
}}
| demographics1_title4     = [[Barangay]]s
| demographics1_info4      = [[List of barangays in Ifugao|176]]
| demographics1_title5     = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Districts]]
| demographics1_info5      = [[Legislative district of Ifugao]]
| timezone                 = [[Philippine Standard Time|PHT]]
| utc_offset               = +8
| postal_code_type         = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]]
| postal_code              = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}
| area_code_type           = {{areacodestyle}}
| area_code                = {{PH wikidata|area_code}}
| iso_code                 = {{PH wikidata|iso_code}}
| blank_name_sec1          = Spoken languages
| blank_info_sec1          = {{hlist | [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] | [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] | [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] | [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] | [[English language|English]] }}
| website                  = 
| seat1                    = [[Alfonso Lista]]
| seat1_type               = Largest Municipality
| image_map1               = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}}
}}

'''Ifugao''', officially the '''Province of Ifugao''' ({{langx|ilo|Probinsia ti Ifugao}}; {{langx|tl|Lalawigan ng Ifugao}}), is a landlocked [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of the [[Philippines]] in the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] in [[Luzon]]. Its capital is [[Lagawe, Ifugao|Lagawe]] and it borders [[Benguet]] to the west, [[Mountain Province]] to the north, [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] to the east, and [[Nueva Vizcaya]] to the south.

The [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras]] and [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] are the main [[tourist attractions]] in the province. These [[Terrace (earthworks)|terraces]] are believed to have been hand-carved into the mountains 2,000 years ago to plant rice. However, recent research by [[carbon dating]] suggests that they were built much later.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cabreza |first=Vincent |date=July 15, 2013 |title=For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/445493/for-ifugao-rice-terraces-age-should-not-matter |access-date=August 15, 2022}}</ref> In 1995, the [[Rice Terraces]] of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Centre" /> In 2008 and 2015, the ''Hudhud chants of the Ifugao'' and the ''[[Punnuk]] ([[Tugging Rituals and Games|Tugging rituals and games]])'' were inscribed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Respicio |first=Norma A. |date=n.d. |title=Punnuk, the Tugging Ritual in Hungduan, Closing an Agricultural Cycle |url=http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/punnuk-the-tugging-ritual-in-hungduan-closing-an-agricultural-cycle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402234949/http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/punnuk-the-tugging-ritual-in-hungduan-closing-an-agricultural-cycle/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=ICH Courier Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao |url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1735 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=UNESCO |date=December 22, 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

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==Etymology==
Ifugao is named after the term ''i-pugo'' (''"i"'' [from/people] and ''pugo'' [hill]), which translates to ''people of the [[hill]]''.<ref name="PSA-NSCB[2]">{{Cite web |title=Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf_ifugao.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113192746/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf_ifugao.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2015 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] - National Statistical Coordination Board |publisher=[[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] - [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]}}</ref> Alternatively, the province's name may have come from the word ''pugaw'', which means "the cosmic earth",<ref name="nlp">{{Citation |title=Ifugao |url=http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v18.pdf |work=Philippine Ethnography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215011750/http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v18.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2018 |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |mode=cs1 |via=NLP Digital Collections |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''ipugaw'' then referring to "mortals". Finally, the name may have been derived from ''ipugo'', a type of grain in local mythology given to the people by [[Matungulan]], the god of grains.<ref name="nlp" />

==History==
===Spanish colonial [[era]]===
The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] had great difficulty in taking over Ifugao, like most of the Cordilleras due to the fierce belief of the [[Cordillera]] people of their rights since ancient times. The Ifugao battled colonizers for hundreds of years, even after the state was colonized and was transformed into a part of [[Nueva Vizcaya]] province of the Spanish-administered Philippines.<ref name="FastFactsPhilProv">{{Cite book |last=Lancion |first=Conrado M. Jr. |title=Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces |others=Cartography by Rey de Guzman |date=1995 |publisher=Tahanan Books |isbn=971-630-037-9 |edition=The 2000 Millenium |location=Makati, Metro Manila |pages=76–77 |chapter=The Provinces |access-date=January 16, 2015 |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=r0EOAQAAMAAJ }}}}</ref><ref name="attractions">{{Cite web |title=Natural Attractions found in Atok |url=http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261&Itemid=275 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 13, 2013 |website=Province of Benguet |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723053737/http://benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261&Itemid=275 }}</ref> In 1891, the Spanish government established [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Quiangan]] as a ''comandancia-politico-militar''<ref name="7thAnnualReport">{{Cite report |url=https://archive.org/details/report00integoog |title=Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1908 |date=1908 |publisher=Bureau of Printing |location=Manila |pages=17–19 |author-link2=Philippine Commission |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="TamingPhil">{{Cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Felix M. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=A0OsAAAAIAAJ }} |title=Taming Philippine Headhunters: A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon |last2=Keesing |first2=Marie |date=1934 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=69 |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> for the Ifugao area.<ref name="EnthnohistoryNL">{{Cite book |last=Felix M. |first=Keesing |title=The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon |date=1962 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804700498 |page=297 |chapter=The Upper Cagayan Area |access-date=January 2, 2015 |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=P8yrAAAAIAAJ }}}}</ref> The Spanish occupation in the province ended with the outbreak of the [[Philippine Revolution]].

In the [[Northern Philippines]], the [[Ifugao people]] are one of many minority ethnolinguistic groups best [[documented]] by [[ethnohistory]] and [[anthropological]] scholars. However, there is a dearth of historical information in the region particularly during the Spanish conquest. Changes in both demographics and cultural orientation among existing communities were to be expected during the time as certain groups resulted to migration towards the highlands. According to studies, the Ifugao succeeded multiple times resisting against the Spanish at conquest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Lapeña |first1=Queeny G. |last2=Acabado |first2=Stephen B. |date=2017 |title=Resistance Through Rituals: The Role of Philippine "Native Pig" (''sus Scrofa'') in Ifugao Feasting and Socio-Political Organization |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |language=en |volume=13 |pages=583–594 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.009|bibcode=2017JArSR..13..583L }}</ref> The groups that migrated to the highlands were believed to be those that resisted the [[Spanish colonial]] control, which became prevalent in the lowlands. According to Acabado, the rugged nature of the highlands around the Ifugao region did not out rightly provide a hindrance to the [[Spanish conquest]]. Other regions that had similar rugged environment as found in Ifugao were subjected to colonial rule. Archeological research shows Ifugao practices of successful resistance by strengthening their political and economic resources. Spanish conquest and population increase was the source of shifting to wet-rice agriculture.

===American colonial era===
[[File:University of California publications in American archaeology and ethnology (1903) (14766063642).jpg|thumb|left|Participants in Ifugao ''uyauwe'' ceremony, c. 1903]]
On August 18, 1908, Ifugao was separated from Nueva Vizcaya<ref name="Kasaysayan">{{Cite book |last= |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=9MbjAAAAMAAJ }} |title=Kasaysayan, Volume 3, Issues 1-4 |date=1978 |publisher=National Historical Institute |location=Philippines |page=16 |format=Digitized by [[Google]] on September 26, 2009 |quote=(Original file from the University of Michigan) |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> and, along with [[Amburayan]], [[Apayao]], [[Benguet]], Bontoc, [[Kalinga Province|Kalinga]] and Lepanto, was annexed to the newly created [[Mountain Province]] established by the [[Philippine Commission]] with the enactment of ''Act No. 1876''.<ref name="FastFactsPhilProv" /><ref name="7thAnnualReport" /><ref name="1908:TheWay">{{Cite book |last=Ingles |first=Raul Rafael |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=lGHghPeg7qIC }} |title=1908 :The Way it Really Was: Historical Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908-2008 |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |isbn=978-971-542-580-3 |location=Diliman, Quezon City |page=330 |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Act No. 1876 |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/13555 |mode=cs1 |via=Supreme Court E-Library}}</ref>

===Japanese occupation===
Ifugao became the center of warfare in the last year of [[World War II]] when Gen. [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] launched his last stand against the American and [[Philippine Commonwealth]] forces at [[Mount Napulawan]]. He informally surrendered to Captain Grisham of the 6th US Army in the Philippines based in Kiangan,<ref name="FastFactsPhilProv" /> then formally surrendered at [[Camp John Hay (1903–1955)|Camp John Hay]] on September 3, 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bagamaspad |first1=Anavic |title=A People's History of Benguet |last2=Hamada-Pawid |first2=Zenaida |date=1985 |publisher=Baguio Printing & Publishing Company |pages=297–300}}</ref>

===Philippine independence===
On June 18, 1966, ''[[Republic Acts of the Philippines|Republic Act]] No. 4695'' was enacted, and Ifugao was converted into a regular province when the huge [[Mountain Province]] was split into four (the other three being [[Benguet]], Mountain Province, and [[Kalinga-Apayao]]).<ref name="PSA-NSCB[2]" /><ref name="Republic Act No. 4695">{{Citation |title=Republic Act No. 4695 |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/7121 |work=Supreme Court E-Library |mode=cs1}}</ref> Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Cagayan Valley]] region.<ref name="FastFactsPhilProv" /><ref name="ApayaoGov">{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2013 |title=Historical Background |url=http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/2013-04-08-02-34-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104031709/http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/2013-04-08-02-34-10 |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=Provincial Government of Apayao}}</ref> The capital was moved from Kiangan to Lagawe due to the harsh landscape of Kiangan which made it unsuitable for public transportation and as a capital.

====Post-martial law era====
On July 15, 1987, the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] was established by then-President [[Corazon Aquino]] through ''[[Executive order (Philippines)|Executive Order]] 220'', and Ifugao was made one of its provinces.<ref name="FastFactsPhilProv" /><ref name="CountrySTAT">{{Cite web |title=Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) |url=http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022184555/http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14 |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |access-date=September 18, 2014 |website=CountrySTAT Philippines |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref><ref name="DeptAgri">{{Cite web |title=The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) |url=http://ati.da.gov.ph/car/about/cordillera-administrative-region-car |url-status=dead |access-date=September 18, 2014 |website=Department of Agriculture |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220535/http://ati.da.gov.ph/car/about/cordillera-administrative-region-car }}</ref>

===Contemporary===
[[File:PHIL3474a.jpg|thumb|Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing.]]

In 1992, ''[[Republic Act]] No. 07173'' was enacted, separating several [[barangay]]s from [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]] and constituting them under a new municipality known as [[Asipulo, Ifugao|Asipulo]].<ref name="Republic Act No. 7173">{{Citation |title=Republic Act No. 7173 |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/2915 |mode=cs1 |via=Supreme Court E-Library}}</ref><ref name="DILG-CAR[1]">{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2013 |title=Municipality of Asipulo, Ifugao |url=http://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/lgu/car-profile/ifugao/asipulo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206120911/http://dilgcar.com/index.php/lgu/car-profile/ifugao/asipulo |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=January 2, 2015 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government - Cordillera Administrative Region}}</ref>

Since 1992, the province has observed every September 2 as "Victory Day", commemorating the valor of Philippine [[war veteran]]s and the surrender of General Yamashita in the municipality of [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]] on September 2, 1945.<ref name="PIA-CAR">{{Cite news |date=December 9, 2014 |title=PVAO Recognizes Ifugao Town for Promoting Valor and Heroism of Veterans |work=Philippine Information Agency |url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/151418103277/pvao-recognizes-ifugao-town-for-promoting-valor-and-heroism-of-veterans |url-status=dead |access-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102183724/http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/151418103277/pvao-recognizes-ifugao-town-for-promoting-valor-and-heroism-of-veterans |archive-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="WarHistoryOnline">{{Cite news |date=September 3, 2012 |title=Re-Enactment of WWII Episodes Steal Show During Victory Day Celebration in Ifugao |work=War History Online |agency=Philippine Information Agency |url=http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/re-enactment-of-wwii-episodes-steal-show-during-victory-day-celebration-in-ifugao.html |url-status=dead |access-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821035040/http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/re-enactment-of-wwii-episodes-steal-show-during-victory-day-celebration-in-ifugao.html |archive-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SunStar">{{Cite news |last=Bitog |first=Rubyloida |date=August 18, 2012 |title=Ifugaos to Mark Liberation |work=[[Sun.Star]] Baguio |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2012/08/18/ifugaos-mark-liberation-238043 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102184034/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2012/08/18/ifugaos-mark-liberation-238043 }}</ref>

In 1995, the [[Batad Rice Terraces]], [[Bangaan Rice Terraces]] (both in [[Banaue, Ifugao|Banaue]]), [[Mayoyao Rice Terraces]] (in [[Mayoyao, Ifugao|Mayoyao]]), [[Hungduan Rice Terraces]] (in [[Hungduan, Ifugao|Hungduan]]) and [[Nagacadan Rice Terraces]] (in [[Kiangan, Ifugao]]) were inscribed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]] under the collective name "[[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras]]".<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">{{Cite web |title=Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722 |access-date=January 2, 2015 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

In 2001, the [[Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao]] was chosen as one of the 11 [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. It was then formally inscribed as a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] in 2008.<ref name="UNESCOOrg-Hudhud">{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2001 |title=Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/intangible_heritage/phillipines.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413211602/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/intangible_heritage/phillipines.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |website=Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |quote=The hudhud is recited and chanted among the Ifugao people - known for their rice terraces - during the sowing and harvesting of rice, funeral wakes and other rituals. Estimated to have originated before the 7th century, the hudhud - consisting of some 40 episodes - often take three or four days to recite.}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="PhilStar-Hudhud">{{Cite news |last=Bersola |first=Camille |date=January 2, 2011 |title=The Hudhud of Ifugao: Enchanting Chanting |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/good-news/644254/hudhud-ifugao-enchanting-chanting |access-date=April 1, 2016 |quote=Bringing more cultural pride, this Ifugao tradition had also received an accolade from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In 2001, it won the title of “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” given to 19 outstanding cultural forms of expression from the different regions of the world. In Asia, UNESCO honored six masterpieces, among them, the ''hudhud'' chants of the Ifugao of Northern Luzon.}}</ref>

In 2013, the official Intangible Heritage Book of the Philippine was published, and 13 of its elements were from Ifugao.

In 2014, the Philippines joined other Asian nations in establishing the support and submission of the "Tug of war" — a multinational cultural heritage or Tugging rituals and games, an Intangible Cultural Heritage that encompasses tug-of-war games in Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines. The initial move of the Philippines started in 2013. The Philippines' part in the new element is represented by the tug-of-war of the Ifugaos (in Barangay Hapao, Municipality of Hungduan) called the ''punnuk''. The element is expected to be declared as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2015.

Since the 20th century, the province has been central to the archaeological research of various international institutions, mostly from the United States and the Philippines. A major discovery was the archaeological site of [[Kiangan]], which proved the oral tradition of the Ifugao that the first settlement in the province was in Kiangan.<ref name="SunStar-Kiangan">{{Cite news |last=Codamon |first=Daniel B. |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Kiangan as the Heritage Town of Ifugao |work=[[Sun.Star]] Baguio |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2015/05/22/kiangan-heritage-town-ifugao-408815 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |quote=Archaeological studies show Kiangan indeed is the cradle of Ifugao race and civilization. In June 2012, after more than three weeks of excavation, the Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP) reported its findings on the "Old Kiyyangan Village" that constitutes the 1st Field Season of the IAP, a community-led project with the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement (SITMO), the local government of Kiangan, National Museum of the Philippines, University of the Philippines Archaeological Studies Program and the University of Guam.}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ifugao covers a total area of {{convert|2,628.21|km2}}{{PSGC detail|nscb}} occupying the southeastern section of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] in [[Luzon]]. The province is bordered by [[Benguet]] to the west, [[Mountain Province]] to the north, [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] to the east, and [[Nueva Vizcaya]] to the south.

Situated within the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordillera Central]] mountain range, Ifugao is characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests.

===Administrative divisions===
Ifugao comprises 11 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], all encompassed by a [[Legislative district of Ifugao|lone legislative district]].{{PH census|2015|CAR}}{{PSGC detail|nscb}}
[[File:Ph fil ifugao.png|thumb|upright=0.9|{{center|Political divisions}}]]
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! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{PSGC rubric}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Area{{PSGC detail|nscb}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Density
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Barangay|Total number of barangays}}
|-
! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;" colspan="2" |
! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" colspan="2" | {{small|(2020)}}{{PH census|2020|CAR}}
! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" | {{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|CAR}}
! style="border-top:0;" |
! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" | km<sup>2</sup>
! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|sq{{thinsp}}mi}}
! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" | /km<sup>2</sup>
! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|/sq{{thinsp}}mi}}
! style="border-top:0;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.9785|N|121.3269|E|name=Aguinaldo|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Aguinaldo, Ifugao|Aguinaldo]]
| {{percent and number|21,128|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 19,408
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|21,128|2015.3315|19,408}}
| {{convert|538.05|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|21,128/538.05|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.9230|N|121.4864|E|name=Alfonso Lista|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Alfonso Lista, Ifugao|Alfonso&nbsp;Lista]]
| {{percent and number|34,061|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 32,119
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|34,061|2015.3315|32,119}}
| {{convert|347.46|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|34,061/347.46|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.7216|N|121.0677|E|name=Asipulo|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Asipulo, Ifugao|Asipulo]]
| {{percent and number|15,963|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 15,261
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|15,963|2015.3315|15,261}}
| {{convert|182.87|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|15,963/182.87|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.9109|N|121.0616|E|name=Banaue|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Banaue, Ifugao|Banaue]]
| {{percent and number|20,652|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 21,837
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|20,652|2015.3315|21,837}}
| {{convert|191.20|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|20,652/191.20|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.8510|N|121.0996|E|name=Hingyon|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Hingyon, Ifugao|Hingyon]]
| {{percent and number|9,930|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 9,227
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|9,930|2015.3315|9,227}}
| {{convert|62.02|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|9,930/62.02|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.8350|N|121.0030|E|name=Hungduan|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Hungduan, Ifugao|Hungduan]]
| {{percent and number|8,866|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 9,400
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|8,866|2015.3315|9,400}}
| {{convert|260.30|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|8,866/260.30|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.7780|N|121.0863|E|name=Kiangan|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]]
| {{percent and number|17,691|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 17,048
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|17,691|2015.3315|17,048}}
| {{convert|200.00|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|17,691/200.00|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
! scope="row" style="border-width:medium 0 medium medium;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.8002|N|121.1218|E|name=Lagawe|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-width:medium 0 medium;" | [[Lagawe, Ifugao|Lagawe]]
| style="border-width:medium medium medium 0;padding-right:0.7em;" | †
| {{percent and number|18,876|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 19,333
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|18,876|2015.3315|19,333}}
| {{convert|208.91|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|18,876/208.91|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.6506|N|121.2215|E|name=Lamut|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Lamut, Ifugao|Lamut]]
| {{percent and number|26,235|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 25,279
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|26,235|2015.3315|25,279}}
| {{convert|149.45|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|26,235/149.45|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.9732|N|121.2219|E|name=Mayoyao|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Mayoyao, Ifugao|Mayoyao]]
| {{percent and number|15,621|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 17,331
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|15,621|2015.3315|17,331}}
| {{convert|238.05|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|15,621/238.05|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 27
|-
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|16.6016|N|120.9528|E|name=Tinoc|region:PH-IFU_type:city|format=hidden}}
| style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | [[Tinoc, Ifugao|Tinoc]]
| {{percent and number|18,475|207,498|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 16,559
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|18,475|2015.3315|16,559}}
| {{convert|239.70|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|18,475/239.70|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" style="border-right:0;" |
! colspan="3" style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:medium;font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:0.05em;" | Total
! style="text-align:right;" | 207,498
! style="text-align:right;" | 202,802
! style="text-align:right;" | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|207,498|2015.3315|202,802}}
! style="text-align:right;" | 2,628.21
! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|2,628.21|km2|disp=number|2}}
! style="text-align:right;" | {{sigfig|207,498/2,628.21|2}}
! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{sigfig|207,498/2,628.21|2}}|PD/km2|disp=number}}
! style="text-align:center;" | [[List of barangays in Ifugao|176]]
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;line-height:1.3em;border-top:double grey;"
| colspan="2" style="border-width:thin 0 0 thin;" |
| colspan="5" style="border-width:thin 0 0 0;text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0;" | {{Color box|white|†|border=darkgray}}{{thinsp}}Provincial&nbsp;capital
| colspan="6" style="border-width:thin 0 0 0;text-align:left;padding:0.7em 0;" | {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}}{{thinsp}}Municipality
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;line-height:1.3em;font-size:110%;"
| colspan="13" style="border-top:0;text-align:left;padding:0 12em;" |
{{notelist-lr|refs=
{{efn-lr|name=Coord|The ''globe''&nbsp;[[File:WMA button2b.png|frameless|upright=0.1]] icon marks the [[town&nbsp;center]].}}
}}
|}
{{col-break|gap=0.75em}}
{{col-end}}

==Barangays==
The 11 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 176 [[barangay]]s, with ''Santa Maria'' in [[Alfonso Lista, Ifugao|Alfonso Lista (''Potia'')]] as the most populous in 2010, and ''Banga'' in [[Lagawe, Ifugao|Lagawe]] as the least.{{PH census|2010|CAR}}{{PSGC detail|nscb}}

{{Further|List of barangays in Ifugao}}

===Climate===
The rainy season in Ifugao begins in July and runs through January. The weather remains cool from November to February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifugao |url=http://www.govisitphilippines.com/quick-facts.php?province=Ifugao |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126184915/http://www.govisitphilippines.com/quick-facts.php?province=Ifugao |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=Go Visit Philippines}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2022}}

==Demographics==
{{Philippine Census
| align= left
| title= Population census of {{PH wikidata|name}}
| 1903 = {{PH census population|1903}}
| 1918 = {{PH census population|1918}}
| 1939 = {{PH census population|1939}}
| 1948 = {{PH census population|1948}}
| 1960 = {{PH census population|1960}}
| 1970 = {{PH census population|1970}}
| 1975 = {{PH census population|1975}}
| 1980 = {{PH census population|1980}}
| 1990 = {{PH census population|1990}}
| 1995 = {{PH census population|1995}}
| 2000 = {{PH census population|2000}}
| 2007 = {{PH census population|2007}}
| 2010 = {{PH census population|2010}}
| 2015 = {{PH census population|2015}}
| 2020 = {{PH census population|2020}}
| 2025 = 
| 2030 = 
| footnote = Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015|CAR}}{{PH census|2010|CAR}}{{PH census|2010}}
}}
{{bar box
| title    = Population by ethnicity (2000)<ref name="CensusGov-Archvd" />
| titlebar = #CCCCFF
| left1    = Ethnicity
| right2   = Number
| barwidth = 6.5em
| float    = right
| bars     =
{{bar pixel | [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]]                | #000040| 67.91| | {{number and percent | 109,659 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar pixel | [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]              | #404070| 13.73| | {{number and percent |  22,171 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar pixel | [[Kalanguya people|Kalanguya/Ikalahan]] | #707094|  8.64| | {{number and percent |  13,946 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar pixel | [[Ayungan people|Ayungan]]              | #9494AF|  6.15| | {{number and percent |   9,935 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar pixel | [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]]          | #C3C3D2|  0.64| | {{number and percent |   1,037 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar gap|<hr/>}}
{{bar pixel | ''Other foreign ethnicity''             | #DEDEE6|  0.01| | {{number and percent |      21 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
{{bar pixel | ''Others''                              | #AFAFC3|  2.60| | {{number and percent |   4,192 | 161,483 | 2 | pad=yes}} }}
{{bar pixel | ''Not Reported''                        | #D2D2DE|  0.32| | {{number and percent |     522 | 161,483 | 2}} }}
}}

The population of Ifugao in the 2020 census was 207,498 people,{{PH census|current|CAR}} with a density of {{convert|{{sigfig|207,498/2,628.21|2}}|PD/km2|disp=or}}.

===Ethnicity===
[[File:PHIL2770a.jpg|right|thumb|Ifugao people in their traditional clothing]]
[[File:Traditional Ifugao House.jpg|thumb|A traditional Ifugao house with the Batad rice terraces in the background]]
[[File:Ifugao Fabrics.png|thumb|right|Fabric weaved from Ifugao]]
Based on the 2000 census survey, the [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]] comprised {{percent and number|109,659|161,483|2}} of the total provincial population of 161,483. Other ethnic groups in the province included the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] at {{percent and number|22,171|161,483|2}}, [[Kalanguya people|Kalahan]] at {{percent and number|13,946|161,483|2}}, [[Ayungan people|Ayangan]] at {{percent and number|9,935|161,483|2}}, and [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]] at {{percent and number|1,037|161,483|2}}.<ref name="CensusGov-Archvd">{{Cite press release |title=Ifugao: Five Economically Active Persons Support Four Dependents |date=March 4, 2002 |publisher=census.gov.ph |url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0228tx.html |access-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305165059/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0228tx.html |archive-date=March 5, 2012}}</ref>

The total number of [[Tinguian]] in the province of Ifugao is 2,609. (source: Philippine Statistics Authority){{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}

===Languages===
The main dialects of Ifugao are [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]].

===Religion===
The Ifugao people have an indigenous religion unique to their traditional culture, and highly significant to the preservation of their life ways and valued traditions. They believe in the existence of thousands of gods, which may enter specific sacred objects such as the bul-ul.

[[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]] has a growing influence in the province with approximately 60%{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} of the population being converted by missionaries. In most areas, especially at the east and south of the province, indigenous traditions have degraded due to the influx of Christianity. In 2014, the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe]] recorded a 61.5% Roman Catholic adherence. The most significant religion other than Roman Catholicism is [[Protestantism]] that make up 20%-30%<ref>{{Citation |title=Provincial Summary - Isabela 2009 |url=http://philchal.org/dawn/provinceupdates/Table%201_%20ISABELA_2009.pdf |type=Table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114141816/http://philchal.org/dawn/provinceupdates/Table%201_%20ISABELA_2009.pdf |access-date=November 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 14, 2014 |via=philchal.org |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifugao |url=http://pia.gov.ph/provinces/ifugao |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206205906/http://pia.gov.ph/provinces/ifugao |archive-date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |website=Philippine Information Agency}}</ref> of the population and are mostly found in the central and south-western parts of this province. Other religions includes animism.

== Wet rice cultivation and ritual feasting ==
Shifting to wet rice cultivation is one factor that intensified the social ranking that was already present among the Ifugao society. Those who adopted wet rice cultivation were able to consolidate political resources. “In Ifugao, the adoption of wet-rice agriculture is at the forefront in discussions regarding social ranking vis-à-vis prestige economy.” <ref name=":0" /> The Ifugao social status is based on their rice lands and ability to sponsor feasts. One reason being is that an individual needs to be skilled in mobilizing rice terraces, and because rice terraces require labor-intensive [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.009 work]. Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population, the shift to wet rice cultivation, increase of exotic goods procurement, and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates “political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest.”<ref name=":0" /> In addition, according to Queeny G. Lapeña and Stephen B. Acabado, in order to successfully resist against a colonizing power it requires a constructive military organization within a complete polity. The Spanish took conquest of the Magat Valley and between 1600 CE and 1700 CE it drove the Ifugao to strategically resettle in the interior of the Cordillera Mountains. Wet-rice agriculture was adopted soon after, and extensive rice terraces were built. This was a subsistence shift for the Ifugao because they cultivated taro before the start of the wet rice cultivation. The author emphasizes that the Ifugao people kept their culture and identity alive by spending large amounts of time in rice fields, since they treated them as ritual areas to “reinforce community solidarity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=2018 |title=Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |language=en |volume=52 |pages=180–195 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005 |s2cid=150245254}}</ref>

Furthermore, archeologists state that there was an increase of pig consumption. This increase had to do with the increase in ritual feasting. In the [[Old Kiyyangan Village]], there were morphometric evidence of the vast increase in pig consumption. Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population the shift to wet rice cultivation, increase of exotic goods procurement, and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates “political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest”.<ref name=":0" /> In the article ''Resistance through rituals: The role of Philippine “native pig” (Sus scrofa) in Ifugao feasting and socio-political organization,'' the authors conclude that domesticated pigs were intertwined in the maintenance of a rank social order that came into view from the Ifugao's resistance against Spanish colonialism.

The domestication of pigs and terrace cultivation within the Ifugao region provides a perfect scenario of how societies respond to challenges and needs in their immediate environment. Since wild pigs were considered unfit for rituals, emphasis was placed towards the domestication pigs, which illustrated an individual's social status. The bigger the feast, the higher regard a person was likely to receive from both kin and non-kin members as the ceremony would involve the sharing of sacrificed pig meat.<ref name=":0" /> The relationship between the elites who in this case owned the land and the lower social classes worsened during the period after the Spanish conquest. Social immobility became more apparent, since to have enough rice to trade for a pig, one would need to own a rice terrace and vice versa. The cultural value attached to the pig and rice cultivation guaranteed the survival of the communities, in spite of moving to the highlands as they migrated further from the invading Spanish. The importance of rituals and ceremonies meant that people were pushed into practicing pig domestication not merely as a source of food, but as a way of honoring their culture. On the other hand, the cultivation of rice on the terraces required extensive organization of labor, which led to the creation of socio-political shifts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=2009 |title=A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces: A Case from the Philippines |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=83 |issue=321 |pages=801–814 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00099002 |s2cid=129958991}}</ref>  
{{multiple image
 | total_width = 300
 | image1 = Seated Bulul from Ifugao, narra wood, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg
 | image2 = Filippine, nord dell'isola di luzon, ifugao, figura con una ciotola seduta (bulul), XV sec. 02.JPG
 | footer = [[Bulul]]s, rice granary guardian deities from Ifugao
}}

== Rice culture ==
{{multiple image
|image1 = Hagabi, Banaue Museum.jpg
|image2 = Native dress, Banaue Museum.jpg
|footer = Hagabi (left) and native dress (right) in Banaue Museum
|total_width = 300
}}
The Spanish first described the Ifugao rice terraces in 1801. Though as William Scott notes, "These impressive stone-walled fields, irrigated for both rice and [[taro]], had been known from the time of the first expeditions in to Kiangan in the 1750s..."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William |title=The Discovery of the Igorots |date=1974 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=9711000873 |location=Quezon City |page=199}}</ref><ref name="Scott">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William |title=On the Cordillera |date=1966 |publisher=MCS Enterprises |location=Manila |pages=178–180}}</ref>{{rp|2}}

Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumption. Harvest season calls for grandiose thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites ''tungo'' or ''tungul'' (the day of rest) entail a strict taboo of any agricultural work. Partaking of the rice wine (''bayah''), rice cakes, and ''moma'' (mixture of several herbs, powdered snail shell and betel nut/arecoline which is used as a chewing gum to the Ifugaos) is an indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activities. Agricultural terracing and farming are the principal means of livelihood. Their social status is measured by the number of rice field granaries, family heirlooms, gold earrings, and carabaos (water buffaloes). Prestige is also conferred through time and tradition.

A prayer is said by an elderly woman when harvest begins, directed towards Cabunian, the goddess of rice.  Then, a protective prayer is said before the rice is placed in the granary.<ref name=Scott/>{{rp|21}}

The Ifugao solar calendar included a 365-day year, broken down into 13 months of 28 days each, plus one extra day.<ref name=Scott/>{{rp|37}}

Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. Ifugao are unique among all ethnic groups in the mountain province for their narrative literature such as the ''hudhud'', an epic dealing with hero ancestors sung in a poetic manner. Also unique to the Ifugao is their woodcarving art, most notably the carved granary guardians ''bulul'' and the prestige bench of the upper class, the ''hagabi''. Their textiles are renowned for their sheer beauty, colorful blankets and clothing woven on looms.<ref name="Ifugaos">{{Cite book |last=Sumeg-ang |first=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=9789711011093 |location=Quezon City |pages=71–91,202 |chapter=4 The Ifugaos}}</ref>

Traditional attire for male Ifugaos consists of a simple [[G-string]]. Ifugao women, on the contrary, wear ''tapis'', a wraparound skirt.<ref name=Scott/>{{rp|81–83,89}}

==Economy==
{{PH poverty incidence}}

==Infrastructure==

===Electricity===

[[File:Ifugao electric utilities.svg]]

==UNESCO recognitions in Ifugao==
[[UNESCO]] has inscribed two Ifugao elements in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2008 and 2015, respectively. UNESCO has also inscribed one Ifugao site with five properties in the [[World Heritage Site]] in 1995.

===Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras===
[[File:Rice Terraces of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|An [[Ifugao people|Ifugao man]] harvesting rice at the [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras|Batad Rice Terraces]].]]
In 1995, the ''[[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras]]'' was inscribed in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]]. UNESCO states:

''"For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment."''

The inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces, Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in [[Banaue, Ifugao|Banaue]]), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in [[Mayoyao, Ifugao|Mayoyao]]), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in [[Hungduan, Ifugao|Hungduan]]) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]]), all in the Ifugao Province, the [[Philippines]]. The Banaue Rice Terraces are not included in the inscription, but may be included through an extension nomination to UNESCO, along with other rice terraces sites in other Philippine Cordillera provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

===Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao===
In 2001, the [[Hudhud ni Aliguyon]] (or Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao) became one of the first 11 [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] in 2001. The element was inscribed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2008. UNESCO describes the element as follows:<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |title=Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hudhud-chants-of-the-ifugao-00015 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref>

<blockquote>The Hudhud consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by the Ifugao community, which is well known for its rice terraces extending over the highlands of the northern island of the Philippine archipelago. It is practised during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. Thought to have originated before the seventh century, the Hudhud comprises more than 200 chants, each divided into 40 episodes. A complete recitation may last several days. Since the Ifugao’s culture is matrilineal, the wife generally takes the main part in the chants, and her brother occupies a higher position than her husband. The language of the stories abounds in figurative expressions and repetitions and employs metonymy, metaphor and onomatopoeia, rendering transcription very difficult. Thus, there are very few written expressions of this tradition. The chant tells about ancestral heroes, customary law, religious beliefs and traditional practices, and reflects the importance of rice cultivation. The narrators, mainly elderly women, hold a key position in the community, both as historians and preachers. The Hudhud epic is chanted alternately by the first narrator and a choir, employing a single melody for all the verses. The conversion of the Ifugao to Catholicism has weakened their traditional culture. Furthermore, the Hudhud is linked to the manual harvesting of rice, which is now mechanized. Although the rice terraces are listed as a World Heritage Site, the number of growers has been in constant decline.The few remaining narrators, who are already very old, need to be supported in their efforts to transmit their knowledge and to raise awareness among young people.</blockquote>

===Tugging Games and Ritual: Punnuk of the Ifugao===
The Punnuk of the Ifugao was inscribed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2015 under the multinational inscription of the ''Tugging Rituals and Games'' element.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tugging Rituals and Games |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tugging-rituals-and-games-01080 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Lynn M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ |title=Struggling with Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9780429965623 |orig-date=1998}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*{{OSM relation|52303}}

{{Geographic location
 | Centre    = Ifugao
 | North     = [[Mountain Province]]
 | East      = [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]
 | South     = [[Nueva Vizcaya]]
 | West      = [[Benguet]]
}}

{{Ifugao|state=expanded}}
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[[Category:Ifugao| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Former sub-provinces of the Philippines]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1966]]