Editing Illative case

{{Short description|Grammatical case used in languages such as Finnish, Lithuanian, and Hungarian}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
In [[grammar]], the '''illative case''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|l|ə|t|ɪ|v}}; [[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''ill'''}}; from {{langx|la|illatus}} "brought in") is a [[grammatical case]] used in the [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Hungarian language]]s. It is one of the [[locative case|locative]] cases, and has the basic meaning of "into (the inside of)". An example from Hungarian is {{lang|hu|a házba}} ('into the house', with {{lang|hu|a ház}} meaning 'the house'). An example from Estonian is {{lang|et|majasse}} and {{lang|et|majja}} ('into the house'), formed from {{lang|et|maja}} ('house'). An example from Finnish is {{lang|fi|taloon}} ('into the house'), formed from {{lang|fi|talo}} ('a house'), another from Lithuanian is {{lang|lt|laivan}} ('into the boat') formed from {{lang|lt|laivas}} ('boat'), and from Latvian {{lang|lv|laivā}} ('into the boat') formed from {{lang|lv|laiva}} ('boat').

==In Finnish==
The case is formed by adding ''-hVn'', where 'V' represents the last vowel, and then removing the 'h' if a simple [[long vowel]] would result. For example, {{lang|fi|talo}} + ''Vn'' becomes {{lang|fi|taloon}} with a simple long 'oo'; cf. {{lang|fi|maa}} + ''hVn'' becomes {{lang|fi|maahan}}, without the elision of 'h'. This unusually complex way of adding a suffix can be explained by its reconstructed origin: a [[voiced palatal fricative]]. (Modern Finnish has lost [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] and [[fricative]]s other than 'h' or 's'.) In some dialects spoken in [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]], notably [[South Ostrobothnia]], the 'h' is not removed; one says {{lang|fi|talohon}}. Some dialects of [[Finland Proper (historical province)|Finland Proper]] and [[Kymenlaakso]] also have a similar feature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jälkitavujen vokaalien välinen h|url=http://sokl.uef.fi/aineistot/aidinkieli/murteet/vokval-h.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=sokl.uef.fi|language=fi}}</ref> In some instances {{lang|fi|-seen}} is added, e.g. {{lang|fi|huone}} (room) and {{lang|fi|Lontoo}} (London) thus {{lang|fi|huoneeseen}} and {{lang|fi|Lontooseen}} respectively.

The other locative cases in Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian are:
*[[Inessive case]] ("(to be) in")
*[[Elative case]] ("out of")
*[[Adessive case]] ("(to be) on")
*[[Allative case]] ("onto")
*[[Ablative case]] ("from, off")

==In Lithuanian==
The illative case, denoting direction of movement, is now less common in the standard language but is common in the spoken language, especially in certain dialects. Its singular form, heard more often than the plural, appears in books, newspapers, etc. Most Lithuanian nouns can take the illative ending, indicating that from the descriptive point of view the illative still can be treated as a case in Lithuanian. Since the beginning of the 20th century it isn't included in the lists of standard Lithuanian cases in most grammar books and textbooks, and the prepositional construction į+[[Accusative case|accusative]] is more frequently used today to denote direction. The illative case was used extensively in older Lithuanian; the first Lithuanian grammar book, by [[Daniel Klein (grammarian)|Daniel Klein]], mentions both illative and į+accusative but calls the usage of the illative "more elegant". Later, it has often appeared in the written texts of the authors who grew up in [[Dzūkija]] or Eastern [[Aukštaitija]], such as [[Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius]].

The illative case in Lithuanian has its own [[ending (linguistics)|ending]]s, which are different for each declension paradigm, although quite regular, compared with some other Lithuanian cases. An ending of the illative always ends with {{lang|lt|-n}} in the singular, and {{lang|lt|-sna}} is the final part of an ending of the illative in the plural.

Certain fixed phrases in the standard language are illatives, such as {{lang|lt|patraukti atsakomybėn}} ("to arraign"), {{lang|lt|dešinėn!}} ("turn right"), {{lang|lt|vardan}} ("for the sake of" or "in the name of", e.g., in the name of the political party "Vardan Lietuvos", [[Union of Democrats "For Lithuania"|"For Lithuania"]]).

{| class=wikitable
|+ Examples of the illative case in Lithuanian
|-
| rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 scope="col" | Nominative !! colspan=2 scope="col" | Illative !! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Gloss
|-
! scope="col" | Singular !! scope="col" | Plural !! scope="col" | Singular !! scope="col" | Plural 
|-
! rowspan=3 cope="row" | {{abbr|masc.|Masculine}}
| {{wikt-lang|lt|karas}} || {{lang|lt|karai}} || {{lang|lt|karan}} || {{lang|lt|karuosna}} || war(s)
|-
| {{wikt-lang|lt|lokys}} || {{lang|lt|lokiai}} || {{lang|lt|lokin}} || {{lang|lt|lokiuosna}} || bear(s)
|-
| {{wikt-lang|lt|akmuo}} || {{lang|lt|akmenys}} || {{lang|lt|akmenin}} || {{lang|lt|akmenysna}} || stone(s)
|-
! rowspan=3 scope="row" | {{abbr|fem.|Feminine}}
| {{wikt-lang|lt|upė}} || {{lang|lt|upės}} || {{lang|lt|upėn}} || {{lang|lt|upėsna}} || river(s)
|-
| {{wikt-lang|lt|jūra}}  || {{lang|lt|jūros}} || {{lang|lt|jūron}} || {{lang|lt|jūrosna}} || sea(s)
|-
| {{wikt-lang|lt|obelis}} || {{lang|lt|obelys}} || {{lang|lt|obelin}} || {{lang|lt|obelysna}} || apple tree(s)
|}

==In Tungusic languages==

[[Tungusic languages]] have a rich case system, and as shown below the allative is among them:<ref name=vovin-tungusic-encyclopedia>{{Cite book 
 | last=Vovin
 | first=Alexander
 | chapter=Tungusic Languages
 | editor-last=Brown
 | editor-first=Keith
 | title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
 | date=2010-04-06
 | publisher=Elsevier
 | pages=143-145
 | isbn=978-0-08-087775-4
 | language=en
 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Languages_of_the/F2SRqDzB50wC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Tungusic+Languages+A+Vovin+encyclopedia&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover
}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Declension Table
|-
! Case !! Vowel stem !! Plosive stem !! Nasal stem
|-
| Nominative || bira || dət || oron
|-
| Accusative || bira-βa || dət-pe || oron-mo
|-
| Indefinite accusative || bira-ja || dət-je || oron-o
|-
| Dative–locative || bira-dū || dət-tū || oron-dū
|-
| Allative || bira-tki || dət-tiki || oron-ti
|-
| Illative || bira-lā || dət-[tu]lə̄ || oron-dulā
|-
| Prolative || bira-lī || dət-[tu]lī || oron-dulī
|-
| Allative-locative || bira-kla || dət-iklə || oron-ikla
|-
| Elative || bira-duk || dət-tuk || oron-duk
|-
| Ablative || bira-git || dət-kit || oron-njít
|-
| Instrumental || bira t || dət-it || oron-di
|}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/ba-be-illative.aspx Hungarian illative case] from www.HungarianReference.com

{{Grammatical cases}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]