Editing Immortal Game

{{Short description|Chess game played in London in 1851}}{{Distinguish|The Immortal (video game){{!}}''The Immortal'' (video game)}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Immortal Game, 1851.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Immortal Game animation. Anderssen shown playing as White.]]

The '''Immortal Game''' was a [[chess]] game played in 1851 between [[Adolf Anderssen]] and [[Lionel Kieseritzky]] during the [[London 1851 chess tournament]], an event in which both players participated. It was itself a {{chessgloss|friendly game|casual}} game, however, not played as part of the tournament. Anderssen won the game by [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrificing]] all of his {{chessgloss|major pieces}} while developing a [[checkmate|mating]] attack with his remaining {{chessgloss|minor pieces}}. Despite losing the game, Kieseritzky was impressed with Anderssen's performance. Kieseritzky published the game shortly thereafer in {{Lang|fr|La Régence}}, a French chess journal which he helped to edit. [[Ernst Falkbeer]] published an analysis of the game in 1855, describing it for the first time with its sobriquet "immortal".

The Immortal Game is among the [[List of chess games|most famous chess games]] ever played. As a {{chessgloss|miniature}} game, it is frequently reproduced in chess literature to teach simple themes of gameplay. Although Kieseritzsky himself indicated that the game ended before checkmate, the Immortal Game is frequently reproduced with a brief {{chessgloss|variation|continuation}} involving a [[queen sacrifice]]—a further loss of material—leading to checkmate. This continuation is commonly presented as part of the complete game, as if the final moves were actually played as part of the real historical game. Some authors also [[Permutation|permute]] certain moves, deviating from Kieseritzky's report, although such permutations typically [[Transposition (chess)|transpose]] to distinct lines of play that eventually return to the moves and positions reported by Kieseritzky.  

Although both players made moves that are regarded as {{chessgloss|sound|unsound}} by modern players, the game is appreciated as an example of the [[romantic chess|Romantic]] school of chess, a style of play that prized bold attacks and sacrifices over deep strategy. The game—especially its mating continuation—is also appreciated for its [[chess aesthetics|aesthetic]] value, as a plausible example of how a player with a significant material deficit but having an advantageous position can give mate. The continuation's mating position is a [[model mate]], a strong form of [[pure mate]] (i.e. all of the attacker's remaining pieces contribute to the checkmate, while the mated king is prevented from moving to any other square for exactly one reason per square). In 1996, [[Bill Hartston]] called the game an achievement "perhaps unparalleled in chess literature".<ref>{{cite book |title=Teach Yourself Chess |last=Hartston |first=Bill |author-link=William Hartston |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=0-340-67039-8 |year=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chess0000hart_g7f1/page/150 150] |url=https://archive.org/details/chess0000hart_g7f1/page/150 }}</ref>

{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

== Overview ==
[[File:Immortal game.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Immortal Game [[checkmate]]]]
Anderssen was one of the strongest players of his time, and many consider him to have been the world's strongest player after his victory in the [[London 1851 chess tournament]]. Kieseritzky lived in France much of his life, where he gave chess lessons and played games for five [[franc]]s an hour at the [[Café de la Régence]] in Paris. His strength was shown most favourably when giving substantial [[Handicap (chess)|odds]] to weak players; against masters, he was less convincing.

The Immortal Game was an informal one, played during a break in a formal tournament in London; the exact venue is uncertain.<ref name="winter">{{cite web |last1=Winter |first1=Edward |title=The Immortal Game (Anderssen v Kieseritzky) |url=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/immortal.html |website=www.chesshistory.com |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> Kieseritzky was very impressed with Anderssen's performance; after the game was over, Kieseritzky [[Telegraphy|telegraphed]] the moves of the game to his Parisian [[chess club]]. The French chess magazine {{Lang|fr|La Régence}} published the game in July 1851. The Austrian [[Ernst Falkbeer]] nicknamed it "The Immortal Game" in 1855.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Game of Chess | author=Sfetcu, Nicolae | year=2014 | pages=47}}</ref>

This game is acclaimed as an exemplar of the 19th-century [[romantic chess|Romantic style]] of chess, where rapid {{chessgloss|development}} and attack were considered the most effective way to win, many [[gambit]]s and countergambits were offered (and not accepting them would be considered slightly ungentlemanly), and {{chessgloss|material}} was often held in contempt. These games, with their rapid attacks and counterattacks, are often entertaining to review, even if some of the moves are no longer considered optimal.

In this game, Anderssen won despite sacrificing a [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] (on move 11), both rooks (starting on move 18), and the queen (on move 22) to produce [[checkmate]] against Kieseritzky, who lost only three pawns. Anderssen later demonstrated the same kind of approach in the [[Evergreen Game]].

Some published versions of the game have errors, as described in the annotations below.

== Publication ==
[[File:The Immortal Game, written by Lionel Kieseritzsky in La Régence, 1851.png|thumb|right|Record of the game, as communicated by Kieseritzky]]
Shortly after the game was played, Kieseritzky is believed<ref>Kasparov (2003), p. 22.</ref> to have telegraphed a report of the game to ''La Régence'', a French chess journal which he helped to edit. The game was reported in an 1851 issue of the journal, with the piece attributed to Kieseritzky himself. ''La Régence'' used an "obscure"<ref>Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 200. ''Kieseritzky''.</ref> and prototypical form of algebraic notation to record chess games. Pawns were denoted using lowercase letters indicating their starting files (a–h), while pieces were denoted using uppercase letters to indicate same (A–H). Squares were described beginning with their rank, then file, e.g. the square "e4" was instead described as "45".

The game has been republished many times, often with inconsistencies about the order of moves.<ref name="bk-common-sense-in-chess">{{cite book|last=Lasker|first=Emanuel|title=Common Sense in Chess|date=1910 |pages=50–52|url=https://archive.org/details/commonsenseinche00laskrich/page/50/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="bk-500-master-games-of-chess">{{cite book|last1=Tartakower|first1=Savielly|last2=du Mont|first2=Julius|year=1952|title=500 Master Games of Chess|pages=291–293|publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=0-486-23208-5|url=https://archive.org/details/500mastergamesof00tart/page/290/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Annotated game ==
White: Adolf Anderssen{{efn|Among the historical sources, there is some confusion as to who used the white pieces, and who used the black pieces.<ref name="winter" />  The convention in chess that [[White and Black in chess|the player controlling the white pieces always moves first]] was not firmly established until the late 19th century.  This article follows Kieseritzky's original account of the game, which agrees with the modern convention in chess: The player who moved first—Anderssen—used the white pieces, while Kieseritzky used the black pieces.}} {{pad|2}} Black: Lionel Kieseritzky {{pad|2}} [[Chess opening|Opening]]: [[King's Gambit#Bishop's Gambit|King's Gambit Accepted: Bishop's Gambit, Bryan Countergambit]] (''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|ECO]]'' C33) 

'''1. e4 e5 2. f4'''
: This is the [[King's Gambit]]: Anderssen offers his [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] in exchange for faster development. This was one of the most popular openings of the 19th century and is still occasionally seen, though defensive techniques have improved since Anderssen's time.

'''2... exf4 3. Bc4'''
: The [[Bishop's Gambit]]; this line allows 3...Qh4+, depriving White of the right to [[castling|castle]], and is less popular than 3.Nf3. This check, however, also exposes Black's queen to attack with a gain of [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] on the eventual Ng1–f3.

{{Chess diagram small
| tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|  |kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|  |pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |pd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|pd|  |qd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |kl|nl|rl
|Position after 4...b5
}}

'''3... Qh4+ 4. Kf1 b5{{chesspunc|?!}}''' (diagram)
: This is the Bryan Countergambit, deeply analysed by Kieseritzky, and which sometimes bears his name. It is not considered a {{chessgloss|sound}} move by most players today.

'''5. Bxb5 Nf6 6. Nf3'''
: This is a common developing move, but in addition the [[Knight (chess)|knight]] attacks Black's queen, forcing Black to move it instead of developing his other pieces.

'''6... Qh6 7. d3'''
: With this move, White solidifies control of the critical {{chessgloss|centre}} of the board. German grandmaster [[Robert Hübner]] recommends 7.Nc3 instead.

'''7... Nh5'''
: This move threatens ...Ng3+, and protects the pawn on f4, but also sidelines the knight to a poor position at the edge of the board, where knights are the least powerful, and does not develop a new piece.

'''8. Nh4 Qg5'''
: Better was 8...g6, according to Kieseritzky.

'''9. Nf5 c6'''
: This simultaneously [[Pin (chess)|unpins]] the {{chessgloss|queen pawn}} and attacks the bishop. Modern [[chess engine]]s suggest 9...g6 would be better, to deal with a very troublesome knight.

{{Chess diagram small
| tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|  |kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|  |  |pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |pd|  |  |nd|  |  
|  |bl|  |  |  |nl|qd|  
|  |  |  |  |pl|pd|pl|  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |kl|rl|  
|Position after 11.Rg1
}}

'''10. g4{{chesspunc|?}} Nf6 11. Rg1{{chesspunc|!}}''' (diagram)
: This is an advantageous {{chessgloss|passive sacrifice|passive piece sacrifice}}. If Black accepts, his queen will be boxed in, giving White a lead in development.

'''11... cxb5?'''
: Hübner believes this was Black's critical mistake; this gains {{chessgloss|material}} but lacks in development, at a point where White's strong development is able to quickly mount an offensive. Hübner recommends 11...h5 instead.

'''12. h4!'''
: White's knight at f5 protects the pawn, which attacks Black's queen.

'''12... Qg6 13. h5 Qg5 14. Qf3'''
: White now has two threats:
:* Bxf4, trapping Black's queen (the queen having no safe place to go);
:* e5, attacking Black's knight at f6 while simultaneously exposing an attack by White's queen on the unprotected black rook on a8.

'''14... Ng8'''
: This deals with the threats, but undevelops Black even further&mdash;now the only black piece not on its starting square is the queen, which is about to be put on the run, while White has control over a great deal of the board.

'''15. Bxf4 Qf6 16. Nc3 Bc5'''
: An ordinary developing move by Black, which also attacks the rook at g1.

'''17. Nd5'''
: White responds to the attack with a counterattack. This move threatens the black queen and also Nc7+, [[fork (chess)|forking]] the king and rook. [[Richard Réti]] recommends 17.d4 followed by 18.Nd5, with advantage to White, although if 17.d4 Bf8 then 18.Be5 would be a stronger move.

{{Chess diagram small
| tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|  |kd|  |nd|rd
|pd|  |  |pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |pd|bd|nl|  |nl|  |pl
|  |  |  |  |pl|bl|pl|  
|  |  |  |pl|  |ql|  |  
|pl|qd|pl|  |  |  |  |  
|rl|  |  |  |  |kl|rl|  
|Position after 17...Qxb2
}}

'''17... Qxb2''' (diagram)
: Black gains a pawn, and threatens to gain the rook on a1 with [[Check (chess)|check]].

'''18. Bd6!'''
: With this move White offers to sacrifice both of his rooks. Hübner comments that, from this position, there are actually many ways to win, and he believes there are at least three better moves than 18.Bd6: 18.d4, 18.Be3, or 18.Re1, which lead to strong positions or checkmate without needing to sacrifice so much material. The ''[[Chessmaster]]'' computer program annotation says "the main point [of 18. Bd6] is to divert the black queen from the a1–h8 diagonal. Now Black cannot play 18...Bxd6? 19.Nxd6+ Kd8 20.Nxf7+ Ke8 21.Nd6+ Kd8 22.Qf8#." [[Garry Kasparov]] comments that the world of chess would have lost one of its "crown jewels" if the game had continued in such an unspectacular fashion. 18. Bd6! is surprising, because White is willing to give up so much material.

'''18... Bxg1?'''
: [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] suggested in 1879 that a better move would be 18...Qxa1+;<ref>Kasparov (2003), p. 24.</ref> likely moves to follow are 19.Ke2 Qb2 20.Kd2 Bxg1.<ref>Several sources give a different move sequence: 18...Qxa1+ 19.Ke2 Bxg1 20.e5.</ref> The continuation played is still winning for White, however, despite having many complications. The variation continues 21.e5! Ba6 22.Bb4! Qxe5 (22...Be3+ 23.Qxe3 +/−; 22...Nh6 23.Nd6+ Kf8 24.g5 +−) 23.Nd6+ Qxd6 24.Bxd6 +/−.

'''19. e5!'''
: This sacrifices yet another white rook. More importantly, this move blocks the queen from participating in the defense of the king, and threatens mate in two: 20.Nxg7+ Kd8 21.Bc7{{chessAN|#}}.

'''19... Qxa1+ 20. Ke2'''
: At this point, Black's attack has run out of steam; Black has a queen and bishop on White's {{chessgloss|back rank}}, but cannot effectively mount an immediate attack on White, while White can storm forward. According to Kieseritzky, he {{chessgloss|resigned}} at this point. Hübner notes that an article by [[Friedrich Amelung]] in the journal ''Baltische Schachblaetter'', 1893, reported that Kiesertizky probably played 20...Na6, but Anderssen then announced the mating moves. ''[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]'' also says that Black resigned at this point, citing an 1851 publication.<ref>Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 180. ''Immortal Game''.</ref> In any case, it is suspected that the last few moves were not actually played on the board in the original game.

'''20... Na6'''
: The black knight covers c7 as White was threatening 21.Nxg7+ Kd8 22.Bc7#. Another attempt to defend is 20...Ba6, allowing the black king to flee via c8 and b7, although White has enough with the continuation 21.Nc7+ Kd8 and 22.Nxa6, where if now 22...Qxa2 (to defend f7 against Bc7+, Nd6+ and Qxf7#) White can play 23.Bc7+ Ke8 24.Nb4, winning; or, if 22...Bb6 (stopping Bc7+), 23.Qxa8 Qc3 24.Qxb8+ Qc8 25.Qxc8+ Kxc8 26.Bf8 h6 27.Nd6+ Kd8 28.Nxf7+ Ke8 29.Nxh8 Kxf8, with a winning [[Chess endgame|endgame]] for White.

{{Chess diagram small
| tright
|
|rd|  |bd|kd|  |  |nd|rd
|pd|  |  |pd|  |pd|nl|pd
|nd|  |  |bl|  |ql|  |  
|  |pd|  |nl|pl|  |  |pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|pl|  |pl|  |kl|  |  |  
|qd|  |  |  |  |  |bd|  
|Position after 22.Qf6+
}}

'''21. Nxg7+ Kd8 22. Qf6+!''' (diagram)
: This [[queen sacrifice]] forces Black to give up his defense of e7.

'''22... Nxf6 23. Be7{{chessAN|#}} {{chessAN|1–0}}'''
: At the end, Black is ahead in material by a considerable margin: a queen, two rooks, and a bishop. But the material does not help Black. White has been able to use his remaining pieces—two knights and a bishop—to force mate.

{{Chess diagram
| tleft
|
|rd|  |bd|kd|  |  |  |rd
|pd|  |  |pd|bl|pd|nl|pd
|nd|  |  |  |  |nd|  |  
|  |pd|  |nl|pl|  |  |pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|pl|  |pl|  |kl|  |  |  
|qd|  |  |  |  |  |bd|  
|Final position after 23.Be7# (a [[pure mate]])
}}
{{clear left}}
<!--== In media ==
* In [[Poul Anderson]]'s 1954 short story of the same name, [[computer chess]] programs reproduce the Immortal Game's moves.<ref name="anderson195402">{{Cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Poul |date=February 1954 |title=The Immortal Game |url=https://archive.org/stream/Fantasy_Science_Fiction_v006n02_1954-02/Fantasy__Science_Fiction_v006n02_1954-02#page/n115/mode/2up |magazine=[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]] |pages=115-124}}</ref>
* [[David Shenk]] provides a move-by-move description of the game intermittently within the narrative of his 2007 work, ''[[The Immortal Game: A History of Chess]], or How 32 Carved Pieces on a Board Illuminated Our Understanding of War, Art, Science and the Human Brain'' ({{ISBN|0385510101}})
* ''[[Dragon Age Inquisition]]'' can have the characters Solas and The Iron Bull play the game move-for-move in their heads in party banter, respectively taking on the roles of Anderssen and Kieseritzky.
* ''[[Blade Runner]]'', 1982 film by director Ridley Scott, uses the last three moves in this game as a way for the Replicant Batty to enter the Tyrell Corporation.
* In the animated music video for [[Gorillaz]]' song "[[Humility (song)|Humility]]", [[Noodle (Gorillaz)|Noodle]] can be seen acting out the final move of the game.
* In ''Fritz and Chester Part 1'', the game shown between Fritz's grandfather and King Black is the Immortal Game.
* In ''The Wandering Inn'', a popular web serial, the Immortal Game is frequently referenced, and plays a role in the character development of several characters
* In [[Maya Deren]]'s 1944 experimental film, ''[[At Land]]'', the game of chess being played at the beginning and end of the film are the Immortal Game.-->

== In popular culture ==
* In [[Maya Deren]]'s 1944 short film [[At Land|''At Land'']].
* In [[Poul Anderson]]'s 1954 short story of the same name, [[computer chess]] programs reproduce the Immortal Game's moves.<ref name="anderson195402">{{Cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Poul |date=February 1954 |title=The Immortal Game |url=https://archive.org/stream/Fantasy_Science_Fiction_v006n02_1954-02/Fantasy__Science_Fiction_v006n02_1954-02#page/n115/mode/2up |magazine=[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]] |pages=115–124}}</ref>
* In the 1982 film ''[[Blade Runner]]'', Sebastian checkmates Tyrell. The game is recognized as The Immortal Game.
* The game is referenced in Season 2 Episode 5 of British spy thriller series [[Slow Horses]], based on the ''Slough House'' series of novels by [[Mick Herron]].
* In [[Lily King]]'s 2020 novel [[Writers & Lovers]].<ref>{{cite web |website=chessbase |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-in-literature-writers-lovers-and-the-immortal-game |title=Chess in Literature: "Writers & Lovers" and the Immortal Game |author=Johannes Fischer |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Evergreen Game]] – also won by Anderssen 
* [[Kasparov's Immortal]]
* [[List of chess games]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* Chernev, Irving. ''The Chess Companion''. 1968. {{ISBN|0-671-20104-2}}.
* Eade, James. ''Chess for Dummies''. 1996. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. {{ISBN|0-7645-5003-9}}.
* {{cite book
  |last1=Hooper 
  |first1=David  
  |authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper
  |last2=Whyld 
  |first2=Kenneth 
  |authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld
  |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]
  |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
  |year=1996
  |edition=2nd
  |orig-date=First pub. 1992
  |isbn=0-19-280049-3
  }}
* Hübner, Robert. "The Immortal Game." ''American Chess Journal'', 3 (1995), p.&nbsp;14-35.
* {{cite book
  |title=[[My Great Predecessors]], part I
  |last=Kasparov|first=Garry|publisher = [[Everyman Chess]]
  |year=2003
  |isbn= 1-85744-330-6|authorlink=Garry Kasparov
  }}
* Kavalek, Lubomir. Chess (newspaper column). ''Washington Post''. July 2003.
* Savielly Tartakower and J. du Mont. ''500 Master Games of Chess''. Dover Publications, June 1, 1975, {{ISBN|0-486-23208-5}}.
* {{cite book
  | title=The Immortal Game: A History of Chess
  | publisher=Doubleday
  | year=2006
  | isbn=0-385-51010-1
  | author=Shenk, David
  | authorlink=David Shenk
  | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103
  }}

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222 Lionel Kieseritzky: ''La Régence'', July 1851]
* [https://lichess.org/cRUVwDc4 The Immortal Game] import at [[Lichess]] (a popular variation with incorrect 18...Qxa1+, not 18...Bxg1)
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018910 Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky] [[ChessGames.com]]
* [http://islandofgames.com/en/chess-matches/anderssens-immortal.html Anderssen's Immortal] Game Analysis at IslandOfGames.com

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