Editing Industrial design

{{Short description|Process of design}}
[[File:Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg|thumb|Olivetti ''Divisumma 24'' calculator designed by [[Marcello Nizzoli]] (1956)]]
[[File:Braun Radio mit Plattenspieler Pinakothek der Moderne (Foto Hilarmont).jpg|thumb|Braun ''SK 4'' "Snow White's coffin" [[Radiogram (device)|radiogram]] designed by [[Dieter Rams]],  [[Herbert Lindinger]], and [[Hans Gugelot]] (1956)]]

'''Industrial design''' is a process of [[design]] applied to physical [[Product (business)|products]] that are to be manufactured by [[mass production]].{{sfn|Heskett|1980|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Kirkham|1999}} It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of predetermined, standardized and repeated, often automated, acts of replication,{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=10}}{{sfn|Noblet|1993|pp=21–22}} while [[craft]]-based design is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined personally by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production.{{sfn|Noblet|1993|p=21}}

All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive [[creativity]] or calculated [[Evidence-based design|scientific decision-making]], and often emphasizes a mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as [[Raw material|material]]s, [[Manufacturing process management|production processes]], [[business strategy]], and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=10}} Industrial design, as an [[applied art]], most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://usabilitybok.org/glossary/19#letteri|title=Usability glossary {{pipe}} Usability Body of Knowledge|website=usabilitybok.org|access-date=2022-01-30|archive-date=2022-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123083410/http://www.usabilitybok.org/glossary/19#letteri|url-status=live}}</ref> but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, [[physical ergonomics]], marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.<ref>de Noblet, J., ''Industrial Design'', Paris: A.F.A.A. (1993)</ref>

==History==

===Precursors===
For several millennia before the onset of [[industrialization]], design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual [[Craft production|crafts people]], who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or [[apprenticeship]].{{sfn|Noblet|1993|p=21}}

The [[division of labour]] that underlies the practice of industrial design did have [[precedents]] in the pre-industrial era.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|pp=10-11}} The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as [[Florence]], [[Venice]], [[Nuremberg]], and [[Bruges]], where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=11}} Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in [[Italy]] and [[Germany]] of [[pattern books]]: collections of [[engravings]] illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=11}} The use of [[Technical drawing|drawing]] to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by [[architects]] and [[shipwrights]] during the [[Italian Renaissance]].{{sfn|Baynes|1991|p=108}}

In the 17th century, the growth of [[artistic]] patronage in centralized monarchical states such as [[France]] led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomized by the [[Gobelins Manufactory]], opened in [[Paris]] in 1667 by [[Louis XIV]].{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=11}} Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from [[tapestries]] and [[furniture]] to [[metalwork]] and [[Coach (carriage)|coaches]], all under the creative supervision of the King's leading artist [[Charles Le Brun]].{{sfn|Heskett|1980|pp=11-12}} This pattern of large-scale royal patronage was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the [[Meissen porcelain]] workshops established in 1709 by the [[Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Grand Duke of Saxony]], where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors, and engravers, were used as models for the vessels and figurines for which it became famous.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|p=12}} As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of the product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|pp=12–13}}

===Birth of industrial design===
The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialization and mechanization that began with the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Great Britain in the mid 18th century.{{sfn|Heskett|1980|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Kirkham|1999}} The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, [[urbanization]] changed patterns of [[consumerism|consumption]], the [[imperialism|growth of empires]] broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider [[middle class]] created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population.{{sfn|Benton|2000|p=380}}

The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to the industrial designer [[Joseph Claude Sinel]] in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least a decade. [[Christopher Dresser]] is considered among the first independent industrial designers.<ref name=dresser>{{cite web|title=Christopher Dresser|url=http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopher-dresser|website=Design Museum|access-date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154512/http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopher-dresser|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance, the [[Deutscher Werkbund]] (a precursor to the [[Bauhaus]] founded in 1907 by [[Peter Behrens]] and others) was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States.

The earliest published use of the term may have been in [[The Art Journal|''The Art-Union'']], 15 September 1840.

{{Blockquote|Dyce's Report to the Board of Trade, on Foreign Schools of Design for Manufactures.<br>
Mr. Dyce's official visit to France, Prussia, and Bavaria, for the purpose of examining the state of schools of design in those countries, will be fresh in the recollection of our readers. His report on this subject was ordered to be printed some few months since, on the motion of Mr. Hume; and it is the sum and substance of this Report that we are now about to lay before our own especial portion of the reading public.

The school of St. Peter, at Lyons, was founded about 1750, for the instruction of draftsmen employed in preparing patterns for the silk manufacture. It has been much more successful than the Paris school; and having been disorganized by the revolution, was restored by Napoleon and differently constituted, being then erected into an Academy of Fine Art: to which the study of design for silk manufacture was merely attached as a subordinate branch.

It appears that all the students who entered the school commence as if they were intended for artists in the higher sense of the word and are not expected to decide as to whether they will devote themselves to the Fine Arts or to Industrial Design, until they have completed their exercises in drawing and painting of the figure from the antique and from the living model. It is for this reason, and from the fact that artists for industrial purposes are both well-paid and highly considered (as being well-instructed men), that so many individuals in France engage themselves in ''both'' pursuits.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dyce's Report to the Board of Trade, on Foreign Schools of Design for Manufacture |journal=The Art-Union: A Monthly Journal of the Fine Arts |volume=2 |issue=20 |publisher=William West |location=London |date=15 September 1840 |pages=144–143 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-us_1840-09-15_2_20/page/142/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

''The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design'' by [[Jacques-Eugène Armengaud]] was printed in 1853.<ref name=practical>{{cite web|title=The practical draughtsman's book of industrial design: forming a complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing by Armengaud, aîné (Jacques-Eugène), 1810–1891|url=https://archive.org/details/practicaldraught00arme|website=Internet Archive|access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref> The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belongs to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field of drawing education in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

[[Robert Lepper]] helped to establish one of the USA's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Carnegie Mellon magazine - Winter 2002">[http://www.cmu.edu/magazine/02winter/newsbriefs.html "Newsbriefs: Lepper show runs at Warhol."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011165435/http://www.cmu.edu/magazine/02winter/newsbriefs.html |date=2016-10-11 }} Carnegie Mellon Magazine. Winter 2002. Retrieved January 17, 2014.</ref>

==Education==
[[Product design]] and industrial design overlap in the fields of [[user interface design]], [[information design]], and [[interaction design]]. Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and [[interior design]], to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics, the so-called ''functionalist'' school.<ref>Pulos, Arthur J., ''The American Design Adventure 1940–1975'', Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press (1988), p. 249 ({{ISBN|9780262161060}}).</ref> Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, the former is considered an applied art<ref name="auto"/> while the latter is an applied science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/engineering.htm|title=Engineering|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2023-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519222432/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/engineering.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Educational programs in the U.S. for engineering require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abet.org/accreditation/|title=Accreditation {{pipe}} ABET|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930062711/http://www.abet.org/accreditation/|url-status=live}}</ref> in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nasad.arts-accredit.org/index.jsp?page=About+NASAD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812143443/http://nasad.arts-accredit.org/index.jsp?page=About+NASAD|url-status=dead|title=Nasad.arts-accredit.org|archive-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> Of course, engineering education requires heavy training in mathematics and physical sciences, which is not typically required in industrial design education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasad.arts-accredit-beta.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/11/BFA-IndustrialDesign.pdf |quote=upload 2015 |title=NASAD Competencies Summary – Degree: The BFA in Industrial Design, a professional undergraduate degree |date=2014-01-08 |website=[[National Association of Schools of Art and Design]] |access-date=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929004233/http://nasad.arts-accredit-beta.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/11/BFA-IndustrialDesign.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Institutions===
Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include [[graphic design]], interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and [[technical drawing|drafting]]. Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in a [[Bachelor of Industrial Design]] (B.I.D.), [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) or [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as [[Master of Design]], [[Master of Fine Arts]] and others to a [[Master of Arts]] or [[Master of Science]].

==Definition==

Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on the mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations.

{{Quote box|align=right|width=25%|quote=Industrial design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.|source=[[Industrial Designers Society of America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.org/absolutenm/templates/?a=89 |title=Industrial Designers Society of America |access-date=2010-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124105248/http://www.idsa.org/absolutenm/templates/?a=89 |archive-date=January 24, 2010 }}</ref>}}
Design, itself, is often difficult to describe to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from [[Carnegie Mellon School of Design|Carnegie Mellon's School of Design]]: "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Herbert A. |date=1988 |title=The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial |url=https://ldq.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.2307/1511390 |journal=Design Issues |volume=4 |issue=1/2 |pages=67–82 |jstor=1511391 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simon |first=Herbert A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099679934 |title=The sciences of the artificial |date=2019 |others=John Laird |isbn=978-0-262-35474-5 |edition=Third edition [2019 edition] |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge |pages=111 |oclc=1099679934 |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=2022-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109075225/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099679934 |url-status=live }}</ref> This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.

Industrial design can overlap significantly with [[engineering design]], and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general [[engineering]] focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on ''aesthetic and user-interface'' aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by [[Regulation and licensure in engineering|credentials and/or licensure]] required to engage in the practice of engineering.<ref name=mcadc>{{cite web|title=The Difference Between Industrial Design And Design Engineering|url=http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopher-dresser|website=MCADC Cafe|access-date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154512/http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopher-dresser|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>  "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of [[industrial engineering]], except for the latter's sub-specialty of [[ergonomics]].

At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows:
"Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences."
An extended version of this definition is as follows:
"Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what's possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres.
Industrial Designers place the human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better quality of life. "<ref name="ICSID 2015 in Gwangju">[http://www.icsid.org/about/about/articles31.htm ICSID web：DEFINITION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317224506/http://www.icsid.org/about/about/articles31.htm |date=2007-03-17 }}</ref>

==Design process==
[[Image:Fendersrvstratfront.jpg|thumb|A [[Fender Stratocaster]] with sunburst finish, one of the most widely recognized electric guitars in the world]]
[[Image:VW 1300 side.jpg|thumb|Model 1300 Volkswagen Beetle]]
[[Image:Olivetti-Valentine.jpg|thumb|[[Olivetti Valentine]] typewriter]]
Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, [[Prototype|prototyping]] and testing. The design process is iterative, involving dozens or even hundreds of ideas being considered until the final design is reached. Industrial designers often utilize [[3D software]], [[computer-aided industrial design]] and [[CAD program|CAD programs]] to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype or scaled down sketch models through a [[3D printing]] process or using other materials such as paper, balsa wood, various foams, or clay for modeling. They may then use [[industrial CT scanning]] to test for interior defects and generate a CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product.

Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, [[color]]s, texture, form, and aspects concerning the [[Ergonomic|use of the product]]. Additionally, they may specify aspects concerning the production process, [[material selection|choice of materials]] and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the [[point of sale]]. The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving [[usability]], lowering production costs, and developing more appealing products.

Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to [[aesthetics]], [[human factors]], [[ergonomics]] and [[anthropometrics]], it can also encompass [[engineering]], usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as [[psychology]], and the emotional attachment of the user. These [[Architectural design values|values]] and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers.

==Industrial design rights==
{{Main|Industrial design rights|WIPO Hague System}}
Industrial design rights are [[intellectual property]] rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the [[Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs]], a [[WIPO]]-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

In 2022, about 1.1 million industrial design applications were filed worldwide. This represents a decrease of 3% on 2021, marking a first drop in filings since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2023 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-941-2023-en-world-intellectual-property-indicators-2023.pdf |website=wipo.int |page=109}}</ref> In 2023, the number of applications rose again, with about 1.19 million design applications filed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of industrial design applications worldwide |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/257631/number-of-industrial-design-applications-worldwide/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hague top applicants ===
The [[Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs|Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs]]<ref name="wipo.int">{{Cite web|title=Hague – The International Design System|url=https://www.wipo.int/hague/en/index.html|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref> provides an international mechanism that secures protection of up to 100 designs<ref name="wipo.int"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781781955871/9781781955871.xml|title=Research Handbook on Design Law|date=2021-05-18|isbn=978-1-78195-588-8|language=en |last1=Hartwig |first1=Henning |publisher=Edward Elgar }}</ref> in multiple countries or regions, through a single international application. International design applications are filed directly through [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]] using the [[WIPO Hague System]]. The domestic legal framework of each designated contracting party governs the design protection provided by the resulting international registrations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hague System Member Profiles|url=https://www.wipo.int/hague/memberprofiles/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.wipo.int}}</ref> The Hague System does not require the applicant to file a national or regional design application.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Hague System Works |url=https://www.wipo.int/en/web/hague-system/how_hague_works |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=hague-system |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Hague top applicants in 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO Lex |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/ShowResults?search_what=C&treaty_id=9 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int}}</ref>
!Applicant
!Origine
!Hague applications
in 2019
!Hague applications
in 2020
!Hague applications
in 2021
!Hague applications
in 2022
!Hague applications
in 2023
|-
| [[Samsung]]
|{{KOR}}||166
|170
|862
|451
|544
|-
|[[Procter & Gamble]]
|{{USA}}
|65
|57
|665
|687
|525
|-
|[[Porsche]]
|{{DEU}}
|
|
|45
|117
|352
|-
|[[LG Electronics]]
|{{KOR}}
|449
|446
|655
|366
|352
|-
| [[Xiaomi]]
|{{CHN}}||111
|216
|227
|251
|315
|-
| [[Volkswagen]]
|{{DEU}}||73
|84
|403
|233
|312
|-
| [[Philips]]
|{{NLD}}||85
|95
|678
|633
|294
|-
|[[Jellycat|Jellycat Limited]]
|{{GBR}}
|
|
|100
|403
|255
|-
| [[Hermès]]
|{{FRA}}||27
|68
|168
|72
|251
|-
|[[Kärcher]]
|{{DEU}}
|35
|47
|102
|47
|189
|}

==Examples of industrial design==
[[File:Lurelle Guild. Vacuum Cleaner, ca. 1937..jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Lurelle Guild]]. Vacuum Cleaner, {{Circa|1937}}. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[File:Eames chair-IMG 4624.jpg|thumb|Chair by Charles Eames]]
[[File:Russel Wright. Coffee Urn, ca. 1935.jpg|thumbnail|right|Russel Wright. Coffee Urn, {{Circa|1935}}. Brooklyn Museum]]

A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. [[Alvar Aalto]], renowned as an [[architect]], also designed a significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. [[Raymond Loewy]] was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the [[Royal Dutch Shell]] corporate logo, the original [[BP]] logo (in use until 2000), the [[PRR S1]] steam locomotive, the [[Studebaker Starlight]] (including the later bulletnose), as well as [[Schick (razors)|Schick]] electric razors, [[Electrolux]] refrigerators, short-wave radios, [[Le Creuset]] French ovens, and a complete line of modern furniture, among many other items.

[[Richard Teague]], who spent most of his career with the [[American Motors Corporation]], originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the [[AMC Pacer|Pacer]], [[AMC Gremlin|Gremlin]], [[AMC Matador|Matador coupe]], [[Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee]], and the complete interior of the [[Eagle Premier]].

Milwaukee's [[Brooks Stevens]] was best known for his [[Milwaukee Road]] [[Skytop Lounge]] car and [[Oscar Mayer]] [[Wienermobile]] designs, among others.

[[Viktor Schreckengost]] designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration, a design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design.

[[Oskar Barnack]] was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the [[Leica Camera|Leica]], which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oskar Barnack |url=https://iphf.org/inductees/oskar-barnack/ |website=International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204185351/https://iphf.org/inductees/oskar-barnack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Charles and Ray Eames]] were most famous for their pioneering furniture designs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Eames Expert Insights: Mastering the Art of Vintage Eames Furniture Ac |url=https://industrialkonzept.com/en/blogs/magazine/eames-moebel-kaufen-leitfaden |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=industrial Konzept Store |language=en}}</ref> such as the [[Eames Lounge Chair Wood]] and [[Eames Lounge Chair]]. Other influential designers included [[Henry Dreyfuss]], [[Eliot Noyes]], [[John Vassos]], and [[Russel Wright]].

[[Dieter Rams]] is a German industrial designer closely associated with the consumer products company [[Braun (company)|Braun]] and the [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] school of industrial design.

German industrial designer [[Luigi Colani]], who designed cars for automobile manufacturers including [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Lancia]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[BMW]], was also known to the general public for his unconventional approach to industrial design. He had expanded in numerous areas ranging from mundane household items, instruments and furniture to trucks, uniforms and entire rooms. A grand [[piano]] created by Colani, the ''Pegasus'', is manufactured and sold by the [[Wilhelm Schimmel|Schimmel]] piano company.

Many of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s recent products were designed by Sir [[Jonathan Ive]].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Automotive design]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Designer]]
* [[Design museum]]
* [[Engineering design process]]
* [[Engineering design]]
* [[Experience design]]
* [[Form follows function]]
* [[Hardware interface design]]
* [[Human factors and ergonomics]]
* [[Industrial Designers Society of America]]
* [[Interaction design]]
* [[List of industrial designers]]
* [[Product design]]
* [[Product development]]
* [[Rapid prototyping]]
* [[Sensory design]]
* [[Sustainable design]]
* [[Transgenerational design]]
* [[WikID]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* Barnwell, Maurice. ''Design, Creativity and Culture'', Black Dog, 2011, {{ISBN|978 1 907317 408}}
* Barnwell, Maurice. ''Design Evolution: Big Bang to Big Data,''Toronto, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-9937396-0-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Ken|editor-last=Pirovano|editor-first=Carlo|title=History of Industrial Design|publisher=Electa|location=Milan|year=1991|volume=1|pages=108–127|chapter=Forms of Representation|oclc=32885051}}
* {{cite book|last=Benton|first=Charlotte|editor1-last=Kemp|editor1-first=Martin|title=The Oxford History of Western Art|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198600127|pages=380–383|chapter=Design and Industry}}
* Forty, Adrian. ''Objects of Desire: Design and Society Since 1750''. Thames Hudson, May 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-500-27412-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Heskett |first=John |title=Industrial Design |publisher=Thames & Hudson |date=1980 |isbn=0500201811}}
* {{cite book|title=Industrial design|last=Kirkham|first=Pat|year=1999|series=[[Grove Art Online]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* Mayall, WH, ''Industrial Design for Engineers'', London: Iliffe Books, 1967, {{ISBN|978-0592042053}}
* Mayall, WH, ''Machines and Perception in Industrial Design'', London: Studio Vista, 1968, {{ISBN|978-0289279168}}
* Meikle, Jeffrey. ''Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design engineering in America, 1925 - 1939'',  Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979 {{ISBN|978-0877222460}}
* {{cite book|last=Noblet|first=Jocelyn de|editor1-last=Noblet|editor1-first=Jocelyn de|title=Industrial design: reflection of a century|year=1993|publisher=Flammarion/APCI|location=Paris|isbn=2080135392|pages=21–25|chapter=Design in Progress}}
* {{cite book|last=Pulos|first=Arthur|title=American Design Ethic: A History of Industrial Design|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=1983|isbn=9780262368100|url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5050/American-Design-EthicA-History-of-Industrial}}

==External links==
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* ''[https://sil.si.edu/exhibitions/doodles/ Doodles, Drafts and Designs: Industrial Drawings from the Smithsonian]'' (2004) Smithsonian Institution Libraries
* [https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/series/index.jsp?id=33 Hague Yearly Review] related to industrial design Hague applications

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