Editing Ingaevones

{{Short description|West Germanic people of classical antiquity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
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[[File:Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png|thumb|right|300px|The distribution of the primary [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1:
{{legend|Blue|[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]}}
{{legend|Red|'''[[North Sea Germanic]]''' ('''Ingvaeonic''')}}
{{legend|Orange|[[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] (Istvaeonic)}}
{{legend|Yellow|[[Elbe Germanic]] (Irminonic)}}
{{legend|Green|[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]}}]]
The '''Ingaevones''' ({{IPA|la|ɪŋɡae̯ˈwoːneːs|lang}}) or '''Ingvaeones''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|ɪ|ŋ|v|iː|ˈ|ɒ|n|ɪ|z}}) were a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] cultural group living in the Northern [[Germania]] along the [[North Sea]] coast in the areas of [[Jutland]], [[Holstein]], and [[Lower Saxony]] in [[classical antiquity]]. Tribes in this area included the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Chauci]], [[Saxons]], and [[Jutes]].

The name is transmitted in two different forms in ancient sources: [[Tacitus]] provides the form {{lang|la|Ingaeuones}}, while [[Pliny the Elder]] has {{lang|la|Inguaeones}}. Most scholars derive the name from the god or hero attested under the name [[Yngvi]] in later Norse sources, and thus believe Pliny's form is the original one.{{sfn|Neumann|2010|p=862}} Hence the postulated common group of closely related dialects of the "Ingvaeones" is called [[Ingvaeonic]] or North Sea Germanic.<ref>Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). ''Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems'', vol. I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter; Ingerid Dal, "2.1: Altniderdeutsch u. seine Vorstufen" in Gerhard Cordes, Dieter Möhn, eds. ''Handbuch zur Niederdeutschen Sprach und Literaturwissenschaft''.1983.</ref>

Tacitus' source categorized the ''Ingaevones near the ocean'' as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of [[Mannus]], son of [[Tuisto]], progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the ''[[Irminones]]'' and the ''[[Istaevones]]''. According to the speculations of [[:de:Rafael von Uslar|Rafael von Uslar]], this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from [[late antiquity]]. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] ''ca'' AD 80 in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight=hermiones IV.28]) lists the Ingaevones as one of the five Germanic races, the others being the ''[[Vandals|Vandili]]'', the ''[[Istvaeones]]'', the ''[[Irminones|Hermiones]]'' and the [[Bastarnae]]. According to him, the Ingaevones were made up of [[Cimbri]], [[Teutons]] and [[Chauci]].

[[File:Blaeu 1645 - Germaniae veteris typus.jpg|thumb|{{lang|la|Germaniae veteris typus}} ("Image of Old Germany"), edited by Willem and [[Joan Blaeu]], 1645. [[Aestui]], [[Vistula Venedi|Venedi]], [[Goths|Gythones]] and Ingaevones are labeled in the right upper portion of the map.]]

Ing, the legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones derives his name from a posited proto-Germanic ''*[[Ingwaz]]'', as Ing, Ingo or Inguio, son of [[Mannus]]. This is also the name applied to the [[Viking Age]] deity [[Freyr]], known in Sweden as ''[[Yngvi]]-[[Freyr]]''<ref>For Ing as an aspect of Freyr, see R. North, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&dq=Heathen+Gods+in+Old+English+Literature&pg=PP1 Heathen Gods in Old English Literature]'' (Cambridge) 1997.</ref> and mentioned as Yngvi-Freyr in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s<ref>Noted by John Grigsby, ''Beowulf & Grendel'' (London: Watkins) 2005:98 note 6.</ref> ''[[Ynglinga saga]]''. [[Jacob Grimm]], in his ''Teutonic Mythology'' considers this Ing to have been originally identical to the obscure Scandinavian [[Yngvi]], eponymous ancestor of the Swedish royal house of the ''[[Yngling]]a'', the "Inglings" or sons of Ing. Ing appears in the set of verses composed about the 9th century and printed under the title ''[[Rune poem|The Old English Rune Poem]]'' by George Hickes in 1705:<ref>Hickes, ''Thesaurus of the Old Languages of the North'', 1705, noted by Grigsby 2005:98.</ref>
<poem lang="ang" style="margin-left: 2em; font-style: italic;">Ing wæs ærest mid Est-Denum
Gesewen secgum, oþ he siððan est
Ofer wæg gewat; wæn æfter ran;
Þus heardingas þone hæle nemdun.<ref>John Grigsby provides the translation "Ing was among the East Danes first seen among men, til he departed [east? back?] over the sea; the wagon ran after; thus the hard-men [warriors?] named the hero." Grigsby notes the return journey in a wagon over the sea of this obliquely referred-to god: " the presence of this deity might have been allowed to remain in the otherwise Christian poem on the grounds that by this rime Ing was regarded (as in some Anglian genealogies) as a great continental ancestor" (Grigsby 2005:99).</ref></poem>

An Ingui is also listed in the Anglo-Saxon royal house of [[Bernicia]]<ref>R. North 1997:42f.</ref> and was probably once seen as the progenitor of all Anglian kings.<ref name="Grigsby 2005:99">Grigsby 2005:99.</ref> Since the Ingaevones form the bulk of the [[Sub-Roman Britain#Anglo-Saxon migration|Anglo-Saxon settlement]] in [[Great Britain|Britain]], they were speculated by [[Noah Webster]] to have given England its name,<ref>Webster, Noah. ''Letters to a Young Gentleman Commencing His Education''. S. Converse, 1823:105.</ref> and Grigsby remarks that on the continent "they formed part of the confederacy known as the 'friends of Ing' and in the new lands they migrated to in the 5th and 6th centuries. In time, they would name these lands Angle-land, and it is tempting to speculate that the word Angle was derived from, or thought of as a pun on, the name of Ing."<ref name="Grigsby 2005:99"/>

According to the [[Trojan genealogy of Nennius|Trojan genealogy]] in the {{lang|la|[[Historia Brittonum]]}}, ''Mannus'' becomes ''Alanus'' and ''Ing'', his son, becomes ''Neugio''. The three sons of Neugio are named Boguarus, Vandalus and Saxo—from whom came the peoples of the Boguarii ([[Baiuvarii]]), the [[Vandals]], the [[Saxons]] and Taringi ([[Thuringii]]). This account comes to the ''Historia'' by way of the 6th-century [[Frankish Table of Nations]], which borrows directly from Tacitus.<ref>{{citation |author=[[Walter Goffart]] |title=The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study |journal=Frühmittelalterliche Studien |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/9783110242164.98 |pages=98–130 |year=1983|s2cid=201734002 }}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Germanic peoples]]
*[[Anglo-Saxons]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Grimm, Jacob (1835). ''Deutsche Mythologie'' (German Mythology); From English released version ''Grimm's Teutonic Mythology'' (1888); Available online by Northvegr 2004-2007:[https://web.archive.org/web/20080601032444/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/015_02.php Chapter 15, page 2]-; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080601032140/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/015_03.php 3]. File retrieved 09-26-2007.
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Neumann |first=Günter |title=Ingwäonen |encyclopedia=Germanische Altertumskunde Online |publisher=de Gruyter |year=2010 |orig-year=2000 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_2700/html}}
*{{in lang|de}} Sonderegger, Stefan (1979): ''Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten.'' Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. {{ISBN|3-11-003570-7}}
* Tacitus. ''[[wikisource:Germania|Germania]]'' (1st century AD). (in Latin)

{{Germanic peoples}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ingaevones| ]]
[[Category:Early Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:Pre-Roman Iron Age]]
[[Category:North Sea Germanic]]