Editing Ingeborg Bachmann

{{short description|Austrian poet and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Ingeborg Bachmann
| image            = Ingeborg-Bachmann-1962 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = Photograph of Bachmann by Mario Dondero (c. 1962)
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1926|6|25}}
| birth_place      = [[Klagenfurt]], Austria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1973|10|17|1926|6|25}}
| death_place      = Rome, Italy
| signature        = Ingeborg Bachmann signature.svg
| partner          = [[Paul Celan]] (1950–52, 1957)<br> [[Max Frisch]] (1958–63)
| notable_works    = [[Die gestundete Zeit]] (1953, "Time Deferred")
[[Anrufung des großen Bären]] (1956, "Invocation of Ursa Major")
''[[Malina (novel)|Malina]]'' (1971)
| awards           = {{awards|[[Group 47|Prize of the Group 47]]|1953}}{{awards|[[Georg Büchner Prize]]|1964}}{{awards|[[Anton Wildgans Prize]]|1971}}
| occupation       = Poet, short story writer, novelist, translator, journalist
| pseudonym        = Ruth Keller
| language         = German
| alma_mater       = [[University of Vienna]] (Ph.D. in Philosophy, 23 March 1950)
[[University of Innsbruck]]
[[University of Graz]]
}}

'''Ingeborg Bachmann''' ({{IPA|de-AT|ˈɪŋəbɔrɡ ˈbaxman|lang}}; 25 June 1926 – 17 October 1973) was an Austrian poet and author. She is regarded as one of the major voices of [[German literature|German-language literature]] in the 20th century. In [[1963 Nobel Prize in Literature|1963]], she was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] by German philologist Harald Patzer.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12625 Nomination archive – Ingeborg Bachmann] nobelprize.org</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bachmann was born in [[Klagenfurt]], in the Austrian state of [[Carinthia]], the daughter of Olga (née Haas) and Matthias Bachmann, a schoolteacher. Her father was an early member of the [[Austrian National Socialism|Austrian National Socialist Party]]. She had a sister, Isolde, and a brother, Heinz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fetz| first1=Bernhard| last2=Strigl| first2=Daniela| last3=Kastberger| first3=Kalus| last4=Eder| first4=Thomas| last5=McVeigh| first5=Joseph| last6=Magsham| first6=Rachel| date=2004|title="My Father,... I Would Not Have Betrayed You ..." Reshaping the Familial past in Ingeborg Bachmann's Radiofamilie-Texts| journal=New German Critique|issue=93|pages=131–143|jstor=4150483|issn=0094-033X|display-authors=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last=Garman |first=Emma| date=9 July 2019|title=Feminize Your Canon: Ingeborg Bachmann|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/07/09/feminize-your-canon-ingeborg-bachmann/|access-date=31 August 2020| website=The Paris Review|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Lennox| first=Sara| date=1 January 2007 |title= Gender, the Cold War, and Ingeborg Bachmann|url=https://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol31/iss1/6| journal=Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature|volume=31|issue=1|doi=10.4148/2334-4415.1646|issn=2334-4415|doi-access=free}}</ref>

She studied philosophy, psychology, German [[philology]], and law at the universities of [[University of Innsbruck|Innsbruck]], [[University of Graz|Graz]], and [[University of Vienna|Vienna]].  In 1949, she received her PhD from the University of Vienna with her dissertation titled "The Critical Reception of the Existential Philosophy of [[Martin Heidegger]]";<ref>{{cite book |last=Brinker-Gabler |first=Gisela |author2=Zisselsberger, Markus |title=If We Had the Word: Ingeborg Bachmann Views and Reviews |year=2004 |publisher=Ariadne Press |location=Riverside, CA, USA |isbn=978-1-57241-130-2 |pages=2}}</ref> her thesis adviser was [[Victor Kraft]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ingeborg Bachmann  | website=Center for the Art of Translation| date=26 January 2017 | url=https://www.catranslation.org/person/ingeborg-bachmann/ | access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Palazzo sacchetti.jpg|thumb|Ingeborg Bachmann's residence at [[Palazzo Sacchetti]], [[Via Giulia]], Rome]]
After graduating, Bachmann worked as a scriptwriter and editor at the [[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied]] radio station ''Rot-Weiss-Rot'', a job that enabled her to obtain an overview of contemporary literature and also supplied her with a decent income, making possible proper literary work.  Her first [[radio drama]]s were published by the station.  Her literary career was enhanced by contact with [[Hans Weigel]] (littérateur and sponsor of young post-war literature) and the literary circle known as [[Group 47|Gruppe 47]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/47945/Ingeborg-Bachmann|title=Ingeborg Bachmann {{!}} Austrian author|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> whose members also included [[Ilse Aichinger]], [[Paul Celan]], [[Heinrich Böll]], [[Marcel Reich-Ranicki]] and [[Günter Grass]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Die Gruppe 47: Als die deutsche Literatur Geschichte schrieb |trans-title=The Group 47: when German literature wrote the history |last=Böttinger |first=Helmut |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt |location=Munich |date=2012 |isbn=978-3-421-04315-3 |language=de}}</ref>

In 1953, she moved to [[Rome]], Italy, where she spent the large part of the following years working on poems, essays and short stories as well as opera [[libretto|libretti]] in collaboration with [[Hans Werner Henze]], which soon brought with them international fame and numerous awards.

=== Writings ===
Bachmann's doctoral dissertation expresses her growing disillusionment with [[Heideggerian]] [[existentialism]], which was in part resolved through her growing interest in [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], whose ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' significantly influenced her relationship to language.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://jetzt.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/313072/Ingeborg-Bachmann|title=Ingeborg Bachmann|date=23 June 2006|work=jetzt.de|access-date=25 June 2017|language=de-DE}}</ref> During her lifetime, Bachmann was known mostly for her two collections of poetry, ''Die gestundete Zeit'' (Time Deferred) and ''Anrufung des Grossen Bären'' (Invocation of Ursa Major).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennox|first1=Sara|title=Cemetery of the Murdered Daughters|date=2006|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press| location=Amherst MA|isbn=978-1-55849-552-4|pages=43–50}}</ref>

Bachmann's literary work focuses on themes like [[personal boundaries]], establishment of the truth, and [[philosophy of language]], the latter in the tradition of Wittgenstein. Many of her prose works represent the struggles of women to survive and to find a voice in post-war society. She also addresses the histories of [[imperialism]] and [[fascism]], in particular, the persistence of imperialist ideas in the present.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennox|first1=Sara|title=Cemetery of the Murdered Daughters|date=2006|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst MA|isbn=978-1-55849-552-4|pages=294–295}}</ref> Fascism was a recurring theme in her writings. In her novel ''Der Fall Franza'' (''The Case of Franza'') Bachmann argued that fascism had not died in 1945 but had survived in the German speaking world of the 1960s in human relations and particularly in men's oppression of women. In Germany the achievements of the [[women's rights]] campaign at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century had been systematically undone by the fascist [[Nazi regime]] in the 1930s. Bachmann's engagement with fascism followed that of other women writers who in the immediate post-war period dealt with fascism from a woman's perspective, such as [[Anna Seghers]], [[Ilse Aichinger]], [[Ingeborg Drewitz]] and [[Christa Wolf]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopedia of German Literature|author =Matthias Konzett |publisher= Routledge|year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-135-94122-2|pages=1023}}</ref>

A crisis of ''[[Vergangenheitsbewältigung]]'', along with the fear of the continued existence of [[National Socialism]] within democracy, suffuses Bachmann's oeuvre. In her work for radio, this takes the form of a self-conscious pivoting between the possibility of freedom and the inevitability of imprisonment. Her first radio play ''Ein Geschäft mit Träumen'' (''A Shop for Dreams'') is concerned with the inhumanity of violence and oppression. ''Der gute Gott von Manhattan'' (''The Good God of Manhattan'') consciously echoes [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''[[The Good Person of Szechwan]]'', as it tackles the impossibility of Good and Love surviving in capitalist, consumerist societies. In her analysis of Bachmann's radio drama ''Die Zikaden'' (''The Cicadas''), which was written in [[Ischia]] and then [[Naples]] towards the end of 1954, and first broadcast on [[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk]] (NWDR) on 25 March 1955, Lucy Jeffery states that<blockquote>The transitory existence of the exiled or marginalised writer who escapes prejudice, conflict, and dominance is paralleled by the experience of the refugee. The feeling of unsettledness is measured against the desire to find that utopian land away (both geographically and temporally) from suffering. Yet, as Bachmann knows too well, escapism is a temporary [[Heterotopia (space)|heterotopia]] where guilt and longing cannot be kept at bay.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Collective Responsibility in Ingeborg Bachmann and Hans Werner Henze's Radio Drama 'The Cicadas' in 'Radio Art and Music: Culture, Aesthetics, Politics' |last=Jeffery |first=Lucy |publisher=Lexington Books |date=2020 |pages=185–205 }} Jarmila Mildorf and Pim Verhulst (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2f8FEAAAQBAJ&dq=ingeborg+bachmann+radio&pg=PA185 books.google.co.uk].</ref></blockquote> Similar themes can also be found throughout Bachmann's writings in works such as ''Ein Wildermuth'' (''A Wildermuth''), included in ''Das dreißigste Jahr'' (''The Thirtieth Year: Stories'', published in 1961), ''[[Malina (novel)|Malina]]'' (published in 1971), and ''Kriegstagebuch'' (''War Diary'', published posthumously in 2010).

Bachmann was also in the vanguard of Austrian women writers who discovered in their private lives the political realities from which they attempted to achieve emancipation. Bachmann's writings and those of [[Barbara Frischmuth]], [[Brigitte Schwaiger]] and [[Anna Mitgutsch]] were widely published in Germany. Male Austrian authors such as [[Franz Innerhofer]], [[Josef Winkler (writer)|Josef Winkler]] and [[Peter Turrini]] wrote equally popular works on traumatic experiences of socialisation. Often these authors produced their works for major German publishing houses. After Bachmann's death in 1973, Austrian writers such as [[Thomas Bernhard]], [[Peter Handke]] and [[Elfriede Jelinek]] continued the tradition of Austrian literature in Germany.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopedia of German Literature|author =Matthias Konzett |publisher= Routledge|year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-135-94122-2|pages=50}}</ref>

=== Lectures ===
Between November 1959 and February 1960 Bachmann gave five lectures on poetics at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt]]. Known as the ''Frankfurter Vorlesungen: Probleme zeitgenössischer Dichtung'' (''Frankfurt Lectures: Problems of Contemporary Writings'') they are historically and substantively Bachmann's central work. In it she explained recurring themes in her early literary publications and she discussed the function of literature in society.<ref name="Achberger1">{{Cite book |title=Understanding Ingeborg Bachmann: Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature, Band 1 |last=Achberger |first=Karen |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |date=1995 |isbn= 978-0-87249-994-2|pages= [https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/60 60]|url= https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/60}}</ref> Bachmann insisted that literature had to be viewed in its historic context, thus foreshadowing a rising interest in studying the connection between literary discourse and the contemporary understanding of history.<ref name="Achberger1" />
In the first lecture on ''Fragen und Scheinfragen'' (Questions and Pseudo-Questions) Bachmann focused on the role of writers in the post-war society and listed some essential questions that she defines "destructive and frightening in their simplicity". They are: why write? What do we mean by change and why do we want it through art? What are the limitations of the writer who wants to bring about change? According to Karen Achberger <blockquote>Bachmann views the great literary accomplishments of the twentieth century as expressions in language and poetic form of a moral and intellectual renewal in the individual writers; it is the writer's new thinking and experiencing that forms the core of their literary works, and lets them come closer to a new language. (…) Bachmann stresses the need for a new language inhabited by a new spirit. (…) She also associates literary renewal with writers on the verge of silence due to self-doubt and despair over the impotence of language and she cites in this context [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal|Hofmannsthal]]'s ''[[The Lord Chandos Letter|Ein Brief]]'' (1902) … as the first articulation of this dilemma.<ref name="Achberger1" /></blockquote>

In the second lecture, ''Über Gedichte'' (On Poetry), she distinguished poetry with its new power to grasp reality in its language, from other genres such as novels and plays. With reference to [[Günter Eich]] and [[Stefan George]] she identified a new generation of "poet-prophets" whose mission consisted in leading the world to the discovery of an "ever purer heaven of art" (George). Bachmann set these poets apart from the [[Surrealism|Surrealists]] who aspired to violence and the [[Futurism|Futurists]] who claimed that "war is beautiful". She argued that these two movements exemplified ''[[art for art's sake]]'' and that the careers of [[Gottfried Benn]] and [[Ezra Pound]] exemplified the "easy friendship between pure aestheticism with political barbarism" (Achberger). She referenced [[Kafka]] on the need (with his words) to "take the axe to the frozen sea in us" and refuse to remain indifferent to the injustices that are perpetrated before our eyes. In the lecture she also named writings of [[Nelly Sachs]], [[Marie Luise Kaschnitz]], [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]] and [[Paul Celan]] as examples of his concept of new poetry.<ref name="Achberger2">{{Cite book|title= Understanding Ingeborg Bachmann: Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature, Band 1|author= Karen Achberger|publisher= Univ of South Carolina Press|year= 1995|isbn= 978-0-87249-994-2|pages= [https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/61 61–62]|url= https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/61}}</ref>

In the third lecture, on ''Das schreibende Ich'' (The writing ''I''), Bachmann addressed the question of the [[first-person narrator]]. She was concerned with the "accountability and authority, the authenticity and reliability, of the person in the position of narrating the work" (Achberger). She distinguished between the unproblematic "I" in letters and diaries, which conceals the person from the author, and the unproblematic "I" in memoirs, in which a "'naive' handling of the first person is requested (Achberger). She argued that [[Henry Miller]] and [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline|Céline]] placed "themselves and their personal experience directly at the centre of their novels" (Achberger). She referenced [[Tolstoy]]'s ''[[The Kreutzer Sonata]]'' and [[Dostoyevsky]]'s ''[[The House of the Dead (novel)|The House of Dead]]'' as first-person narrators of the inner story. She also argued that narrators could provide a new treatment of time (for example [[Italo Svevo]]), of material (for example [[Proust]]) or of space (for example [[Hans Henny Jahnn]]). According to Bachmann, in the modern novel the "I" had "shifted: the narrator no longer lives in the story, but rather, the story lives inside the narrator" (Achberger).<ref name="Achberger2" />

In the fourth lecture, ''Der Umgang mit Namen'' (The close association with names), Bachmann explored how names could have a life of their own. She discussed the use of names in contemporary literature. She identified "denied names" such as in Kafka's ''[[The Castle (novel)|The Castle]]'', "ironic naming" by [[Thomas Mann]], "name games" in [[James Joyce|Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' and instances where the identity of the character is not secured by a name but by the context, such as in [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]]'s ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]''.<ref name="Achberger3">{{Cite book|title= Understanding Ingeborg Bachmann: Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature, Band 1|author= Karen Achberger|publisher= Univ of South Carolina Press|year= 1995|isbn= 978-0-87249-994-2|pages= [https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/63 63]|url= https://archive.org/details/understandinging0000achb/page/63}}</ref>
[[File:Klagenfurt - Musilhaus - Ingeborg Bachmann.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Graffiti portrait of Bachmann at the [[Robert Musil]] Museum in [[Klagenfurt]].]]
In the fifth lecture on ''Literatur als Utopie'' (Literature as Utopia), she turned to the question of what makes literature [[utopian]]. She argued that it was the process that was set in motion in the writer and reader, as a result of their interaction with literature, which made a work utopian. She argued that literature could make us aware of a lack, both in the work and in our own world. Readers could remove this lack by giving the work a chance in our time. Thus she argued that each work of literature is "a realm which reaches forward and has unknown limits".<ref name="Achberger1" /> Bachmann's understanding of utopia as a direction rather than a goal, and her argument that it was the function of literature to take an utopian direction, stemmed from [[Robert Musil]], who had analysed European modernism in his 1908 dissertation on [[Ernst Mach]], ''Beitrag zur Beurteilung der Lehren Machs'' (Contribution to the assessment of Mach's theories.<ref name="Achberger3" />

==Later life and death==
During her later years she suffered from alcoholism and from an addiction to medication ([[barbiturate]]s and [[benzodiazepine]]) prescribed by her doctor.<ref>Ina Hartwig: ''Wer war Ingeborg Bachmann?'', S. Fischer 2017. p. 223.</ref> A friend described it:<blockquote>"I was deeply shocked by the magnitude of her tablet addiction. It must have been 100 per day, the bin was full of empty boxes. She looked bad, she was waxlike and pale. And her whole body was covered in bruises. I wondered what could have caused them. Then, when I saw how she slipped her [[Gauloises|Gauloise]] that she smoked and let it burn off on her arm, I realized: burns caused by falling cigarettes. The numerous tablets had made her body insensible to pain."<ref>Peter Beicken: ''Ingeborg Bachmann'', Becksche Reihe 605, Second Edition. Munich 1992, p. 213.</ref></blockquote> 
On the night of 25 September 1973, her nightgown caught fire and she was taken to the [[Sant'Eugenio Hospital]] at 7:05 A.M. the following morning for treatment of second and third degree burns.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kretschmer |first1=Heike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGvNCpl2oV0C|title=Über Ingeborg Bachmann 2: Band 2: Porträts, Aufsätze, Besprechungen 1952–1992 |trans-title=I. B.: Portraits, Essays, Conversations |last2=Schardt |first2=Michael Matthias |date=2011 |publisher=Igel Verlag |isbn=978-3-86815-537-2|language=de}}</ref> Local police concluded that the fire was caused by a cigarette. During her stay, she experienced withdrawal symptoms from [[barbiturate]] [[substance abuse]], though the doctors treating her were not aware of the cause. This may have contributed to her subsequent death on 17 October 1973.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Lennox| first=Sara| date=2006| chapter=Part One: Bachmann and History, Chapter 1. Bachmann in History: An Overview| chapter-url= https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umpress_cotmd/3/| title=Cemetery of the Murdered Daughters: Feminism, History, and Ingeborg Bachmann| publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|language=en|isbn=978-1-55849-552-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=West|first=Adrian Nathan|title=Society Is the Biggest Murder Scene of All: On Bachmann's "Malina"|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/society-is-the-biggest-murder-scene-of-all-adrian-nathan-west-on-ingeborg-bachmanns-malina/|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Although German language writers such as [[Hilde Domin]], [[Luise Rinser]] and [[Nelly Sachs]] had published notable works on women's issues in the post-war period, it was only in the 1970s that a [[Feminism|feminist]] movement emerged in [[West Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Philosophy and German Literature, 1700–1990|author =Nicholas Saul |publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |isbn=978-1-139-43154-5|pages=279}}</ref> After her death, Bachmann became popular among feminist readers. Feminist scholars' engagement with her work after her death led to a wave of scholarship that also drew attention to her prose work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennox|first1=Sara|title=Cemetery of the Murdered Daughters|date=2006|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst MA|isbn=978-1-55849-552-4|pages=43–50}}</ref> Her works gained popularity within the emerging ''Frauenliteratur'' (''women's literature'') movement which struggled to find the authentic female voice. New publishing houses carried the movement, such as the feminist press ''Frauenoffensive'' (''Women's Offensive''), which published writings by [[Verena Stefan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopedia of German Literature |author=Matthias Konzett |publisher= Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-135-94122-2 |page=1023}}</ref>

In 2021, her childhood home on Henselstraße in Klagenfurt was purchased by the state of [[Carinthia]], to be turned into a museum dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachmann-Haus in Klagenfurt von Land und Stadt angekauft |trans-title=Klagenfurt's state and city bought Bachmann's house |date=15 September 2021 |url=https://www.sn.at/kultur/allgemein/bachmann-haus-in-klagenfurt-von-land-und-stadt-angekauft-109506037 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Salzburger Nachrichten |language=de}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weigel |first=Sigrid |title=Hinterlassenschaften unter Wahrung des Briefgeheimnisses |publisher=[[Paul Zsolnay]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-552-04927-7 |location=Vienna |pages=563–574 |language=de}}</ref>
*1953: [[Group 47|Prize of Group 47]], for her poetry collection ''Die gestundete Zeit''.<ref name="Bachmannpreis 2020 t969" />
*1957: [[Literaturpreis der Stadt Bremen]] (ex aequo with [[Gerd Oelschlegel]]).
*1959: [[Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden]].
*1964: [[Georg Büchner Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ingeborg Bachmann |url=https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/ingeborg-bachmann |website=Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*1968: [[Grosser Osterreichischer Staatspreis]].
*1972: [[Anton Wildgans Prize]].<ref name="Bachmannpreis 2020 t969">{{cite web | title=Ingeborg Bachmann (1926–1973) | website=Bachmannpreis | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://bachmannpreis.orf.at/stories/3046991/ | language=de | access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

===The Ingeborg Bachmann Prize===
The [[Ingeborg Bachmann Prize]], awarded annually in Klagenfurt since 1977, is named after her.<ref>[http://bachmannpreis.eu/en Bachmann-Preis – Tage der deutschsprachigen Literatur]. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</ref>

===In film===
''[[The Dreamed Ones]]'' (''Die Geträumten''; 2016), is a feature film based on the almost 20-year correspondence between Bachmann and poet [[Paul Celan]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Oltermann | first=Philip | title=Poets' unlikely love letters are turned into critically acclaimed film | website= [[The Guardian]] | date=17 November 2016 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/poets-bachmann-celan-love-letters-critically-acclaimed-film-die-getraumten | access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref> It was directed by [[Ruth Beckermann]] and won the SCAM International Award at [[Cinéma du Réel]] 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 |url=https://archives.cinemadureel.org/en/les-palmares/2016-2/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Cinéma du réel Archives |language=en-GB}}</ref>

A biographical film, ''[[Ingeborg Bachmann – Journey into the Desert]]'', starring [[Vicky Krieps]] as Bachmann and directed by [[Margarethe von Trotta]], premiered at [[73rd Berlin International Film Festival]] in February 2023, and gets a cinema release on 26 October 2023.<ref name="poly">{{cite web|url=https://www.polyfilm.at/film/bachmann/ |title= Ingeborg Bachmann – Reise in die Wüste|trans-title= Ingeborg Bachmann – Journey into the desert|website=Polyfilm |date=23 January 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|language=de}}</ref> The film focuses on her relationship with [[Max Frisch]] and the impact it had on her life. It also depicts her friends, composer [[Hans Werner Henze]], and writer [[Adolf Opel]], with whom she travelled to Egypt to experience the desert.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ingeborg Bachmann – Journey into the Desert | website=German Film Festival 2023 | date=5 April 2023 | url=https://germanfilmfestival.com.au/films/ingeborg-bachmann-journey-into-the-desert | access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
From 1945 to 1946, Bachmann fell in love with a former member of the [[British Army]], the Viennese Jew [[Jake Hamesh|Jack Hamesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Der Soldat und das Mädchen |trans-title=The soldier and the girl |last=Weinzierl |first=Ulrich |date=17 April 2010 |work=[[Die Welt]] |url= https://www.welt.de/welt_print/kultur/literatur/article7220460/Der-Soldat-und-das-Maedchen.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref> In May 1948 she began in Vienna a love affair with the poet and Holocaust survivor [[Paul Celan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Celan und Ingeborg Bachmann – Die langjährige Liebes- und Arbeitsbeziehung eines Dichterpaares – mit der 'Fremde als Bestimmung' |trans-title=Paul Celan and Ingeborg Bachmann – The long-term love and working relationship of a poetic couple – with the 'stranger as their destiny' |url=https://literaturkritik.de/frieling-dichterpaare-paul-celan-und-ingeborg-bachmann,27354.html |website=literaturkritik.de |access-date=30 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref> In 1955 she met the political scientist [[Henry Kissinger]]; even though he was married and had two children, the two had a romantic relationship that lasted several years.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wer war Ingeborg Bachmann? Eine Biographie in Bruchstücken |trans-title=Who was Ingeborg Bachmann? A biography in fragments |last=Hartwig |first=Ina |publisher=Fischer |location=Frankfurt am Main |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-10-002303-2 |page=254 |language=de}}</ref> From 1958 to 1963, she lived on and off with Swiss playwright [[Max Frisch]]. Her 1971 novel, ''[[Malina (novel)|Malina]]'', has been described as a response, at least partially, to his 1964 novel ''[[Gantenbein|Mein Name sei Gantenbein]]''.<ref name="Revesz-2005">{{Cite journal|last=Revesz|first=Eva B.|date=2005|title=Murder, He Wrote: The Fate of the Woman in Max Frisch's "Mein Name sei Gantenbein"|journal=The German Quarterly| volume=78| issue=1| pages=45–69 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1183.2005.tb00003.x| jstor=30039350|issn=0016-8831}}</ref> She never married nor had children.

==Works==
=== Poetry collections ===
*  1953: ''Die gestundete Zeit.''
* 1956: ''Anrufung des Grossen Bären.''
* 2000: ''Ich weiß keine bessere Welt.'' (Unpublished Poems)
* 2006: ''Darkness Spoken: The Collected Poems of Ingeborg Bachmann.'' translator [[Peter Filkins]], Zephyr Press, {{ISBN|978-0-939010-84-4}}.

=== Radio plays ===
*  1952: ''Ein Geschäft mit Träumen.''
*  1955: ''Die Zikaden.''
*  1959: ''Der gute Gott von Manhattan'' (won the Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden in 1959).
*  2011: ''Die Radiofamilie''. 
**  ''The Radio Family'', translated by Mike Mitchell (2014). ISBN 9780857421913.

=== Libretti ===
*  1960: ''[[Der Prinz von Homburg (opera)|Der Prinz von Homburg]].''
*  1965: ''[[Der junge Lord]].''

=== Collections of short stories ===
*''Das dreißigste Jahr'' (1961).
**''The Thirtieth Year'', translated by Michael Bullock (1964).
*''Simultan'' (1972). 
**''Three Paths to the Lake'', translated by Mary Fran Gilbert (1989). The eponymous short story in this collection was adapted as a film by [[Michael Haneke]] in 1976.

=== Novel ===
*''[[Malina (novel)|Malina]]'' (1971).
**''Malina.'' Translated by Philip Boehm (1990; revised 2019). ISBN 9780241366240.

=== Unfinished novels ===
* ''Der Fall Franza / Requiem für Fanny Goldmann'' (Piper, 1979). 
** ''The Book of Franza and Requiem for Fanny Goldmann'', translated by Peter Filkins (Evanstons: Northwestern University Press, 2010). ISBN  978-0810127548.
* ''"Todesarten"-Projekt'' (Piper, 1995). Compiles:
**''Todesarten, Ein Ort für Zufalle, Wüstenbuch, Requiem für Fanny Goldmann, Goldmann/Rottwitz-Roman und andere Texte''
** ''Das Buch Franza''
** ''Malina (2 v. )''
** ''Der "Simultan"-Band und andere späte Erzählungen.''
*''Das Buch Goldmann'', ed. by Marie Luise Wandruszka (Munich; Berlin: Piper; Suhrkamp, 2022). ISBN 978-3518426012.
*''Das Honditschkreuz''
**''The Honditsch Cross'', translated by Tess Lewis (New Directions, forthcoming)

=== Essays, public speeches and interviews ===
* 1959: ''Die Wahrheit ist dem Menschen zumutbar'' (poetological speech at a German presentation of awards).
*1955: ''Frankfurter Vorlesungen'' (lecture on problems of contemporary literature).
**''The Critical Writings of Ingeborg Bachmann'', ed. and trans. by Karen R. Achberger and Karl Ivan Solibakke (Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House 2021). ISBN 9781571139443.
*1983 [interviews from 1953–1973], ''Wir müssen wahre Sätze finden. Gespräche und Interviews'', ed. by Christine Koschel and Inge von Weidenbaum (Munich: Piper, 1983). ISBN 9783492027243.

=== Letters ===
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg | last2=Henze | first2=Hans Werner | last3=Höller | first3=Hans | title=Briefe einer Freundschaft | publisher=Piper | publication-place=München | date=2004 | isbn=3-492-04608-8 | oclc=56492391 | language=de}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Celan | first2=Paul | last3=Celan-Lestrange | first3=Gisèle | last4=Frisch | first4=Max | last5=Badiou | first5=Bertrand | title=Herzzeit : Ingeborg Bachmann, Paul Celan, der Briefwechsel : mit den Briefwechseln zwischen Paul Celan und Max Frisch sowie zwischen Ingeborg Bachmann und Gisele Celan-Lestrange | publisher=Suhrkamp | publication-place=Frankfurt am Main | date=2008 | isbn=978-3-518-42033-1 | oclc=244654481 | language=de}}
** {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Celan | first2=Paul | last3=Badiou | first3=Bertrand | title=Correspondence : Ingeborg Bachmann and Paul Celan : with the correspondences between Paul Celan and Max Frisch and between Ingeborg Bachmann and Gisèle Celan-Lestrange | publisher=Seagull Books | publication-place=London | date=2010 | isbn=978-1-906497-44-6 | oclc=457149489}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Bischof | first2=Peter | title=Briefe an Felician | publisher=Piper | publication-place=München | date=1991 | isbn=3-492-03585-X | oclc=28093251}}
** {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Searls | first2=Damion | title=Letters to Felician | publisher=Green Integer | publication-place=København | date=2004 | isbn=1-931243-16-6 | oclc=55591384}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Höller | first2=Hans | title=Kriegstagebuch : mit Briefen von Jack Hamesh an Ingeborg Bachmann | publisher=Suhrkamp | publication-place=Berlin | date=2010 | isbn=978-3-518-42145-1 | oclc=613308412 | language=de}}
** {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Hamesh | first2=Jack | last3=Höller | first3=Hans | last4=Mitchell | first4=Mike | title=War diary : with letters from Jack Hamesh | publisher=Seagull Books | publication-place=London | date=2011 | isbn=978-0-85742-008-4 | oclc=758953009}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Schiffermüller | first2=Isolde | last3=Pelloni | first3=Gabriella | title="Male oscuro" : Aufzeichnungen aus der Zeit der Krankheit : Traumnotate, Briefe, Brief- und Redeentwürfe | publication-place=München | date=2017 | isbn=978-3-518-42602-9 | oclc=988090978 | language=de}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg |author-mask=2 | last2=Frisch | first2=Max | last3=Höller | first3=Hans | last4=Langer | first4=Renate | last5=Strässle | first5=Thomas | last6=Wiedemann | first6=Barbara | title=»Wir haben es nicht gut gemacht.« der Briefwechsel : mit Briefen von Verwandten, Freunden und Bekannten | publication-place=München | date=2022 | isbn=978-3-518-43069-9 | oclc=1350789492 | language=de}}<ref name="Deutschlandfunk 2022">{{cite web |first=Helmut |last=Böttiger | title=Spektakulärer Briefwechsel - Ingeborg Bachmann und Max Frisch | website=[[Deutschlandfunk]] | date=18 November 2022 | url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/max-frisch-ingeborg-bachmann-briefe-100.html | language=de | access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

===Doctoral Dissertation===
* {{cite book | last1=Bachmann | first1=Ingeborg | last2=Pichl | first2=Robert | last3=Wallner | first3=Friedrich | title=Die kritische Aufnahme der Existentialphilosophie Martin Heideggers | publisher=Piper | publication-place=München | date=1985 | isbn=3-492-02786-5 | oclc=19351796 | language=de}}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[List of Austrian writers]]
*[[List of Austrians]]

==References==
* [[Ina Hartwig|Hartwig, Ina]]: ''Wer war Ingeborg Bachmann? Eine Biographie in Bruchstücken.'' S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-10-002303-2}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Perlentaucher|ingeborg-bachmann}}
*[https://www.lyrikline.org/en/authors/ingeborg-bachmann Ingeborg Bachmann] at Lyrikline – includes some translations of her poems into Dutch and Turkish
*{{cite web | first= Petri |last=Liukkonen | title=Ingeborg Bachmann | website=Authors' Calendar | url=http://authorscalendar.info/ibach.htm}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.berfrois.com/2014/05/the-drugs-the-words-and-the-bridges-by-ingeborg-bachmann/#.U3tYg_mSwdU|title=Two Poems by Ingeborg Bachmann|publisher= Berfois| date=15 May 2014}} Includes "The drugs, the words" ("Die Drogen, die Worte") and "The bridges" (Die Brücken), translated into English by Peter Elkin
*[https://www.mediathek.at/redirect.json?hash=9bLgJuMZ&no_cache=1&searchQuery=1975&cHash=6ac99176c242bdeb923641409aeb1922 Sound recordings with Ingeborg Bachmann] in the Online Archive of the [[Österreichische Mediathek]] (Literary readings, interviews and radio reports) {{in lang|de}}

{{Georg Büchner Prize}}
{{German literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachmann, Ingeborg}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian philosophers of language]]
[[Category:Austrian women poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Klagenfurt]]
[[Category:Anton Wildgans Prize winners]]
[[Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners]]
[[Category:Austrian women philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers]]
[[Category:Austrian women essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian poets]]
[[Category:German-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian essayists]]
[[Category:Austrian opera librettists]]
[[Category:Women librettists]]
[[Category:Members of the German Academy for Language and Literature]]