Editing Ingush language

{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ingush
| altname          = Ghalghay, Ingus, Galgay, Kisti, Kistin<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=6 June 2019|title=Ingush|publisher=[[Linguist List|LINGUIST List]]|url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/inh.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2024-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606072659/http://www.multitree.org/codes/inh.html}}</ref>
| nativename       = {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}} {{tlit|inh|Ghalghai mott}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}
| states           = [[North Caucasus]]
| region           = [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]]
| ethnicity        = [[Ingush people|Ingush]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|353,000|2}}
| date             = 2020
| ref              = e27
| familycolor      = Caucasian
| fam1             = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
| fam2             = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
| fam3             = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]]
| fam4             = [[Vainakh languages|Chechen–Ingush]]
| script           = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]] <small>(historical)</small>
| nation           = {{flag|Russia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Ingushetia}}</li></ul>
| iso2             = inh
| iso3             = inh
| glotto           = ingu1240
| glottorefname    = Ingush
| notice           = IPA
| map              = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#ACC934|Ingush}}
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Ingush is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/ingush |title=Ingush in Russian Federation 
|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>}}}}
}}
'''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}, {{transliteration|inh|Ghalghai mott}}, pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}) is a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] spoken by about 350,000 people,<ref name=e27/> known as the [[Ingush people|Ingush]], across a region covering the [[Russia]]n republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]], [[North Ossetia]], as well as the countries [[Turkey]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], et al.<ref name= "1:">{{cite web|title=Ингушский язык|trans-title=The Ingush language|url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/en/node/74|website=minlang.iling-ran.ru|publisher=Minority languages of Russia: A project of the Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences)|access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref>

==Classification==
Ingush and [[Chechen language|Chechen]], together with [[Bats language|Bats]], constitute the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language family]]. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.{{sfnp|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|p=1}}

==Dialects==
Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of {{ill|Galanchoz|ru|Галанчожский диалект}} (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and Ingush.{{sfn|Koryakov|2006|p=25}}

==Geographic distribution==
Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in [[Russia]], primarily in the [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[North Ossetia]] and [[Chechnya]]. Speakers can also be found in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Turkey]] and [[Jordan]].<ref name=e27/><ref name= "1:"/>

===Official status===
Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of [[Ingushetia]], a federal subject of [[Russia]].

==Phonology==
=== Vowels ===

{| class=wikitable
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
| и/i {{IPAblink|ɪ}}
| ''varies'' {{IPAblink|ɨ}}
| у/u {{IPAblink|ʊ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| э/e {{IPAblink|e}}
| ''varies'' {{IPAblink|ə}}
| о/o {{IPAblink|o}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| аь/ea {{IPAblink|æ}}
|
| а/a  {{IPAblink|ɑː}}
|}

The [[diphthong]]s are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа {{IPA|/oɑ/}}, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.

=== Consonants ===

The [[consonant]]s of Ingush are as follows,{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=20}} including the Latin orthography developed by [[Johanna Nichols]]:{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=19-21}}

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]}}
! {{small|plain}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|м, m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|н, n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|п, p}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|т, t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|ц, c}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ч, ch}}
| {{IPA link|kʲ}} {{angbr|к, jk}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|к, k}}
| {{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|кх, q}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}} {{angbr|ӏ, w}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ъ, ʼ}}
|-
! {{small|[[ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angbr|пӏ, pʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|тӏ, tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} {{angbr|цӏ, cʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} {{angbr|чӏ, ch’}}
| {{IPA link|kʲʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, jkʼ}}
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, kʼ}}
| {{IPA link|qʼ}} {{angbr|къ, qʼ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|б, b}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|д, d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡʲ}} {{angbr|г, jg}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|г, g}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|ф, f}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|с, s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|ш, sh}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|х, x}}
|
| {{IPA link|ħ}} {{angbr|хь, hw}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|хӏ, h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{angbr|в, v}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|з, z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|ж, zh}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|гӏ, gh}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|л, l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|й, j}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|r̥}} {{angbr|рхӏ, rh}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|р, r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Single consonants can be [[gemination|geminated]] by various morphophonemic processes.

==Writing system==
{{Expand language|langcode=ru|section=yes|name=Ингушская письменность|date=May 2025}}
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a [[Georgian scripts|Georgian script]] emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-[[Georgian language|Georgian]] name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=13}} Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=14}}

Ingush became a [[written language]] with an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-based [[writing system]] at the beginning of the 20th century.
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Arabic Ingush letters<ref>{{cite book |last=Дударов |first=Абдул-Мажит Муратович |title=Письменность как компонент этнокультуры ингушей (становление и функционирование) |year=2015 |url=https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/doc/2015_dudarov_diss.pdf |page=101}}</ref>
|- 
! Lettres arabes
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | څ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | چ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ژ
| [[File:Reh with three dots below.svg|10px]]
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ڥ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ڢ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ڨ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ڭ
| style="font-size:1.4em;" | ڮ
|-
! Cyrillic equivalents
| ч || чI || цI || ц || пI || п || кх || кI || г
|}

After the [[October Revolution]] it first used a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], which was later replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Аь аь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Гӏ]] [[гӏ]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кх кх
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Къ къ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кӏ кӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Пӏ пӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Тӏ тӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хь хь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хӏ хӏ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Цӏ цӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Чӏ чӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Яь яь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӏ ӏ
|
|
|}

==Grammar==
Ingush is a [[nominative–accusative language]] in its [[syntax]], though it has [[ergative–absolutive alignment#Morphological ergativity|ergative morphology]].{{sfnp|Nichols|2008}}{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}}

===Case===
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}} shows eight cases: [[absolutive case|absolutive]], [[ergative case|ergative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[allative case|allative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[lative case|lative]] and [[comparative case|comparative]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Cases
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Absolutive
| -⌀
| -azh / -ii, -i{{efn|The choice of ''-azh'' vs. ''-ii'' is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.}}
|-
| Ergative
| -uo / -z, -aa{{efn|''-uo'' is the only productive form. ''-z'' appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. ''-aa'' occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.}}
| –azh
|-
| Genitive
| -a, -n{{efn|name=allomorph|Allomorph after vowels}}
| -ii, -i
|-
| Dative
| -aa, -na{{efn|name=allomorph}}
| -azh-ta
|-
| Allative
| -ga
| -azh-ka
|-
| Instrumental
| -ca
| -azh-ca
|- 
| Lative
| -gh
| -egh
|-
| Comparative
| -l
| -el
|}
{{notelist}}

===Tenses===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{sfnp|Handel|2003|p=6}}
! Stem !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2" | Infinitive Stem<br />(INFS)
| {-a}
| Infinitive (INF)
| laaca
|-
| {-a}
| Imperative (IMP)
| laaca
|-
| rowspan="4" | Present Stem<br />(unmarked)
| ---
| Generic Present (PRES)
| loac
|-
| {-az&}
| Simultaneous Converb (SCV)
| loacaz&
|-
| {-ar}
| Imperfect (IMPF)
| loacar
|-
| {-agDa}
| Future (FUT)
| loacadda
|-
| rowspan="4" | Past Stem<br />(PAST)
| {-ar}
| Witnessed Past (WIT)
| leacar
|-
| {-aa}/{-na}
| Anterior Converb (ACV)
| leacaa
|-
| {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D}
| Perfect (PERF)
| leacaad
|-
| {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar}
| Pluperfect (PLUP)
| leacaadar
|}

===Numerals===
Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a [[vigesimal]] system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Orthography !! Phonetic !! Value !! Composition
|-
| cwa || [t͡sʕʌ] || 1 || 
|-
| shi || [ʃɪ] || 2 || 
|-
| qo || [qo] || 3 || 
|-
| d.i'<sup>1</sup> || [dɪʔ] || 4 || 
|-
| pxi || [pxɪ] || 5 || 
|-
| jaalx || [jalx] || 6 || 
|-
| vorh || [vʷor̥] || 7 || 
|-
| baarh || [bar̥] || 8 || 
|-
| iis || [is] || 9 || 
|-
| itt || [itː] || 10 || 
|-
| cwaitt || [t͡sʕɛtː] || 11 || 1+10
|-
| shiitt || [ʃitː] || 12 || 2+10
|-
| qoitt || [qoitː] || 13 || 3+10
|-
| d.iitt<sup>1</sup> || [ditː] || 14 || 4+10
|-
| pxiitt || [pxitː] || 15 || 5+10
|-
| jalxett || [jʌlxɛtː] || 16 || 6+10
|-
| vuriit || [vʷʊritː] || 17 || 7+10
|-
| bareitt || [bʌreitː] || 18 || 8+10
|-
| tq'iesta || [tqʼiːestə̆] || 19 || 
|-
| tq'o || [tqʼo] || 20
|
|-
| tq'ea itt || [tqʼɛ̯æjitː] || 30 || 20+10
|-
| shouztq'a || [ʃouztqʼə̆] || 40 || 2×20
|-
| shouztq'aj itt || [ʃouztqʼetː] || 50 || 2×20+10
|-
| bwea || [bʕɛ̯æ] || 100 || 
|-
| shi bwea || [ʃɪ bʕɛ̯æ] || 200 || 2×100
|-
| ezar || [ɛzər] || 1000 || loan from Persian
|}
# Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-[[class marker (morphology)|class marker]]. ''d-'' is merely the default value.

===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=174-175}}
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! {{small|[[Clusivity|exclusive]]}}
! {{small|[[Clusivity|inclusive]]}}
|-
! [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|so}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txo}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vai}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwo}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|sho/shu}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|yz}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|yzh}}
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|sy}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txy}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vai}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwa}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shyn}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cyn/cun}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caar}}
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|suona}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txuona}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vaina}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwuona}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shoana}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cynna}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caana}}
|-
! [[Ergative case|Ergative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|aaz}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|oaxa}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vai}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|wa}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|oasha}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cuo}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caar}}
|-
! [[Allative case|Allative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|suoga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txuoga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vaiga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwuoga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shuoga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cynga}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caarga}}
|-
! [[Ablative case|Ablative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|suogara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txuogara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vaigara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwuogara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shuogara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cyngara}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caargara}}
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|suoca(a)}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txuoca(a)}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vaica(a)}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwuoca}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shuoca(a)}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cynca}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caarca(a)}}
|-
! [[Lative case|Lative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|sogh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txogh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vaigh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwogh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shogh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cogh}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caaregh}}
|-
! [[Comparative case|Comparative]]
| {{Transliteration|inh|sol}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|txol}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|vail}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|hwol}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|shol}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|cul/cyl}}
| {{Transliteration|inh|caarel}}
|}

===Word order===
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, [[v2 word order|verb-second]] order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=678ff}}

{{interlinear |indent=2
|Muusaa '''vy''' hwuona telefon '''jettazh'''
|Musa {{gcl|V|gender agreement marker; gender class (marker is /v/) }}.PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike.{{gcl|CVsim|simultaeous converb}}
|It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
=== English sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
 |first = Zev |last = Handel
 |date = 2003
 |chapter = Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen
 |title = Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics
 |pages = 123–175
 |doi = 10.1075/cilt.246.11han
 |chapter-url = http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161051/https://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf
 |archive-date = Feb 1, 2017
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
 |title = Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary
 |date = 2004
 |first1 = Johanna |last1 = Nichols |author-link = Johanna Nichols
 |first2 = Ronald L. |last2 = Sprouse
 |publisher= Routledge
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols
 |date = 2008
 |chapter = Case in Ingush syntax
 |title = Case and Grammatical Relations
 |series = Typological Studies in Language |volume = 81 |location = 
 |publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Company
 |pages = 57–74
 |doi = 10.1075/tsl.81.04nic
 |isbn = 978-90-272-2994-6 |chapter-url = {{google books URL|IBtKVxlOSigC|p=57}}
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols
 |date = 2011-03-15
 |title = Ingush Grammar
 |location = [[Berkeley, California]]; [[Los Angeles]]; [[London]]
 |publisher = [[University of California Press]]
 |pages = 1–806
 |url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf
}}
{{refend}}

=== Russian sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Chentieva |first=Maryam
 |year=1958
 |editor-last=Oshaev |editor-first=Khalid
 |title=История Чечено-Ингушской письменности
 |trans-title=The History of Checheno-Ingush writing
 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/chentieva-m-d-istoriya-checheno-ngushskoj/
 |language=ru
 |location=Grozny
 |publisher=Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House
 |pages=1–86
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Dudarov |first=Abdul-Mazhit
 |year=2017
 |editor-last=Akieva |editor-first=Petimat
 |title=История эволюции ингушского письма
 |trans-title=History of the evolution of Ingush writing
 |url=https://ingnii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evoluciya_ing_pisma.pdf
 |language=ru
 |location=Nazran
 |publisher=Kep
 |pages=1–224
 |isbn=978-5-4482-0015-1
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Koryakov |first=Yuriy
 |year=2006
 |chapter=Реестр Кавказских языков
 |trans-chapter=Register of Caucasian languages
 |chapter-url=http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf
 |title=Атлас кавказских языков
 |trans-title=Atlas of Caucasian languages
 |url=https://studizba.com/pdf_reader/web/viewer.html?file=/uploads/unziped/real/236617/pdf/63058-53938.pdf
 |language=ru
 |location=[[Moscow]]
 |publisher=Piligrim
 |pages=21–41
 |isbn=5-9900772-1-1
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{interWiki|code= inh}}
{{Portal|Russia|Languages}}
*[[wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script|Appendix:Cyrillic script]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213543/http://mott.vvvay.net/lang/book/ Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Ingush)]
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ Ingush Language Project at UC Berkeley]
*[http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=36&type=r University of Graz report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093732/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=36&type=r |date=2007-09-30 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194825/mott.vvvay.net/lang/r-i.htm Russian-Ghalghaj (Ingush) vocabulary]
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1&encoding=utf-eng Ingush 100-word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Languages of Russia}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingush Language}}
[[Category:Ingush language| ]]
[[Category:Northeast Caucasian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Verb-second languages]]