Editing Inosculation

{{For|the form of [[vaccination]] involving introduction of a disease vector|Inoculation}}
{{Short description|Natural phenomenon in which trunks, branches, or roots of two trees grow together}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
[[File:Wiechula grafted branches.gif|thumb|Inosculated branches drawn by [[Arthur Wiechula]] (19th century)]]
[[File:Beech tree trunk inosculation.JPG|thumb|right|Beech tree trunks conjoined]]
'''Inosculation''' is a natural phenomenon in which trunks, branches or roots of two [[tree]]s grow together in a manner biologically similar to the artificial process of [[grafting]].  The term is derived from the Latin roots ''in'' + ''[[wiktionary:osculor|ōsculārī]]'', "to kiss into/inward/against" or etymologically and more illustratively "to make a small mouth inward/into/against"; trees having undergone the process are referred to in forestry as '''gemels''', from the Latin word meaning "a pair".<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|1712|page=35}}</ref>

It is most common for branches of two trees of the same [[species]] to grow together, though inosculation may be noted across related species. The branches first grow separately in proximity to each other until they touch. At this point, the bark on the touching surfaces is gradually abraded away as the trees move in the wind. Once the [[Vascular cambium|cambium]] of two trees touches, they sometimes self-graft and grow together as they expand in diameter. Inosculation customarily results when tree limbs are braided or [[Pleaching|pleached]].

The term ''inosculation'' is also used in the context of [[plastic surgery]], as one of the three mechanisms by which skin grafts take at the host site. Blood vessels from the recipient site are believed to connect with those of the graft in order to restore vascularity.

==Species==
Inosculation is most common among the following taxa due to their thin bark:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Apple]]
*[[Almond]]
*[[Fraxinus|Ash]]
*[[Beech]]
*[[Crepe myrtle]]
*[[Chestnut]]
*[[Dogwood]]
*[[Elm]]
*[[Ficus]]
*[[Grape]]
*[[Hazelnut]]
*[[Hornbeam]]
*[[Laburnum]]
*[[Tilia|Linden]]
*[[Maple]]
*[[Picea abies|Norway spruce]]
*[[Olive]]
*[[Peach]]
*[[Pear]]
*[[Privet]]
*[[River red gum]]
*[[Sycamore]]
*[[Willow]]
*[[Wisteria]]
{{div col end}}

==Conjoined trees==
Two trees may grow to their mature size adjacent to each other and seemingly grow together or conjoin, demonstrating inosculation. These may be of the same species or even of different genera or families, depending on whether the two trees have become truly grafted together (once the [[Vascular cambium|cambium]] of two trees touches, they self-graft and grow together). Usually grafting is only between two trees of the same or closely related species or genera, but the appearance of grafting can be given by two trees that are physically touching, rubbing, intertwined, or entangled.<ref>[http://www.nativetreesociety.org/multi/index_multi.htm Multitrunk and other tree forms] ''www.nativetreesociety.org'', accessed 3 August 2023</ref> Both conifers and deciduous trees can become conjoined. Beech trees in particular are frequent conjoiners, as is [[Prunus spinosa|blackthorn (''Prunus spinosa'')]].

[[File:Husband and Wife trees - detail.JPG|thumb|A "husband and wife" blackthorn (''[[Prunus spinosa]]'') at Lynncraigs farm, [[Dalry, North Ayrshire]], Scotland]]
Such trees are often colloquially referred to as "husband and wife" trees, or "marriage trees". The straightforward application of the term comes from the obvious unification of two separate individual trees, although a more humorous use of the term relates to the sexually suggestive appearance of some natural examples. There may be a degree of religious intent, as some cults are organized around beliefs that trees contain a hidden or sacred power to cure or to enhance fertility, or that they contain the souls of ancestors or of the unborn.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/604014/tree-marriage Tree-marriage], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', accessed 3 August 2023</ref>

===Examples===
On his ''Tour of Scotland'', published in 1800, T. Garnett notes a tree near [[Inveraray]] that the locals called the Marriage tree, formed from a [[lime tree]] with two trunks that have been joined by a branch in the manner of a person putting an arm around another (see [https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/162624/marriage-tree-inveraray illustration]) as would a married couple.<ref>{{harvnb|Garnett|1800|p=88}}</ref>

On the way to the [[Heavenly Lake of Tianshan|Heavenly Lake]] near [[Urumqi]] in China are a pair of trees that local people have called the Husband and Wife trees because they are connected by a living branch.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123000824/http://www.silkroadcn.com/making_love_tree.htm Married couple trees] archived from ''www.silkroadcn.com'', accessed 3 August 2023</ref> The Tatajia Husband and Wife trees are in [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jasonmumbles.com/2008/12/taiwan-41-sun-moon-lake-and-yushan-national-park |title=Conjoined trees in Yushan National Park at Sun-Moon-Lake. Scroll down for image. |website=jasonmumbles.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802070645/http://jasonmumbles.com/2008/12/taiwan-41-sun-moon-lake-and-yushan-national-park |archive-date=2009-08-02 }}</ref> and in Yakushima, Kagoshima-ken, [[Japan]], are a pair of Husband and Wife trees formed from conjoined cedars.<ref>[http://www.reggie.net/photo.php?albid=865&ph=4505049 Husband and wife trees, Trail to Jomon cedar, Yakushima, Kagoshima-ken, Japan] Conjoined cedars, ''www.reggie.net'', accessed 3 August 2023</ref>

In Lambeg, Co. Down, slightly north of Wolfenden's Bridge, stand two beech trees (see 'Gallery') at the entrance to Chrome Hill, on the Lambeg to Ballyskeagh road. In the late 18th century, [[John Wesley]] was staying at Chrome Hill and decided to weave together two young beech trees to act as a symbol of unity between the [[Methodist Church]] and the [[Church of Ireland]].

At Doonholm near [[Ayr]] an ancient sycamore maple (''[[Acer pseudoplatanus]]'') was famous for the multiple fusion of its boughs that gave it a unique appearance and greatly strengthened it.<ref>{{harvnb|MacArthur|1952|p=81}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:John Wesley's beech trees, Lambeg, Co. Down - geograph.org.uk - 165436.jpg|The John Wesley tree
File:Acer pseudoplatanus exhibiting inosculation.JPG|Conjoined [[Acer pseudoplatanus|sycamore maples]]
File:Inosculated Sycamore trees.JPG|''Acer pseudoplatanus'' showing inosculation
File:Beech tree trunk inosculation.JPG|Beech tree trunks conjoined
File:The Marriage Tree.jpg|Garnett's 18th century "Marriage tree"
File:Willow inosculation.JPG|Inosculation of willow ([[Salix|''Salix'' sp.]])
File:Beech tree root inosculation.JPG|Conjoined beech tree roots
File:Beech tree branch inosculation.JPG|A classic "husband and wife" tree with branches conjoined
File:Fused chestnut trees - 2 - Auró.JPG|Fused chestnut trees showing a [[bark pocket]] (''[[Castanea sativa]]'')
File:Fused ashtrees - Auró.JPG|Fused ash trees (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'')
File:Fused ashtrees side view - Auró.JPG|Fused ash trees, side view (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'')
File:Inosculation of Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis).jpg|Fused sycamore trees (''[[Platanus occidentalis]]'')
File:Vermont 2015.jpg| In Vermont
File:-67wiki.jpg|The fused tree looks like a single tree.
File:Picea abies European spurce Inosculation case, photo by Nik Barte, 4154 Dolomites Italy 2018.jpg|Inosculation case, ''Picea abies'' (European spruce), Dolomites
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Axel Erlandson]]
* [[Tree shaping]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Garnett |first=T. |title=Observations on a Tour of the Highlands and part of the Western Isles of Scotland |date=1800 |publisher=Cadell & Davies |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacArthur |first=Wilson |title=The River Doon |date=1952 |publisher=Cassell & Co. Ltd. |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morton |first=John |title=The Natural History of Northhamptonshire |date=1712 |publisher=R. Knaplock |location=London}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Inosculation|Husband and Wife tree}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQmIYdW6dD8 Video footage of Gemel trees in Ayrshire]
* [http://www.vepachedu.org/treemarriages.html Tree Marriages in India]

[[Category:Horticulture]]
[[Category:Plant physiology]]