Editing Integrated Taxonomic Information System

{{Short description|Authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes}}
{{Redirect|ITIS|the transport information system|Integrated Transport Information System|other uses|Itis (disambiguation){{!}}Itis}}

[[File:ITIS logo.svg|thumb|Official logo of ITIS]]

The '''Integrated Taxonomic Information System''' ('''ITIS''') is an American partnership of federal agencies designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of biological [[species]].<ref name="memorandum of understanding">{{cite web
| title=ITIS Memorandum of Understanding
| publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| url=https://www.itis.gov/mou.html
| access-date=2008-04-04
}}</ref> ITIS was originally formed in 1996 as an interagency group within the [[Federal government of the United States|US federal government]], involving several US federal agencies, and has now become an international body, with [[Government of Canada|Canadian]] and [[Mexico|Mexican]] government agencies participating. The database draws from a large community of taxonomic experts. Primary content staff are housed at the [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] and IT services are provided by a [[US Geological Survey]] facility in Denver. The primary focus of ITIS is North American species, but many biological groups exist worldwide and ITIS collaborates with other agencies to increase its global coverage.<ref name="Stuff">{{cite journal
|title=Monitoring International Wildlife Trade with Coded Species Data
|last=Coote
|first=Lonny D|date=February 2008
|journal=Conservation Biology
|volume = 22|issue = 1|pages = 4–7|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00857.x|pmid = 18254847|bibcode=2008ConBi..22....4.
|s2cid=2782054
|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==Reference database==
ITIS provides an automated reference [[database]] of scientific and common names for species. {{As of|May 2016|post=,}} it contains over 839,000 scientific names, synonyms, and common names for terrestrial, marine, and freshwater taxa from all biological kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, and microbes). While the system does focus on North American species at minimum, it also includes many species not found in North America, especially among birds, fishes, amphibians, mammals, bacteria, many reptiles, several plant groups, and many invertebrate animal groups.<ref name="home">{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/index.html |title=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=2016-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043808/http://www.itis.gov/index.html |archive-date=2016-06-06 }}</ref><ref name="primer">{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/itis_primer.html|title=Data Development History and Data Quality|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|access-date=2016-05-30}}</ref> Data presented in ITIS are considered public information, and may be freely distributed and copied, though appropriate citation<ref name="citation">{{cite web
| title=ITIS Citation
| url=https://www.itis.gov/citation.html
| access-date=2012-05-09}}</ref> is requested. ITIS is frequently used as the ''de facto'' source of taxonomic data in [[biodiversity informatics]] projects.<ref name="Stuff2">{{cite journal
|title=A Taxonomic Search Engine: Federating taxonomic databases using web services
|last=Page
|first=D. M. R.
|date=2005-04-09
|journal=BMC Bioinformatics
|volume=6
|pages=48
|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-6-48|pmid=15757517
|pmc=555944
|doi-access=free
}}</ref>

ITIS couples each scientific name with a stable and unique taxonomic serial number (TSN) as the "common denominator" for accessing information on such issues as invasive species, declining amphibians, migratory birds, fishery stocks, pollinators, agricultural pests, and emerging diseases.  It presents the names in a standard classification that contains author, date, distributional, and bibliographic information related to the names. In addition, common names are available through ITIS in the major official languages of the Americas ([[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]).

==Catalogue of Life==
ITIS and its international partner, [[Species 2000]], cooperate to annually produce the [[Catalogue of Life]], a checklist and index of the world's species. The Catalogue of Life's goal was to complete the global checklist of 1.9 million species by 2011.<ref name="Stuff3">{{cite journal
|title=Towards a collaborative, global infrastructure for biodiversity assessment
|last=Guralnick
|first=R. P.|date=September 2007
|journal=Ecology Letters
|volume = 10|issue = 8|pages = 663–672|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01063.x|pmid = 17594421|pmc = 2040220|bibcode=2007EcolL..10..663G
|display-authors=etal}}</ref> As of May 2012, the Catalogue of Life has reached 1.4 million species—a major milestone in its quest to complete the first up-to-date comprehensive catalogue of all living organisms.<ref name="Reading">{{cite press release
| title= One Million Species Catalogue of Life launch
| publisher= [[University of Reading]]
| date= 2007-03-29
| url= http://www.rdg.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR4160.asp
| archive-url= https://archive.today/20120530153952/http://www.rdg.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR4160.asp
| url-status= dead
| archive-date= May 30, 2012
| access-date= 2008-03-16
}}</ref><ref name="About the Catalog of Life">{{cite web|title=About the Catalog of Life: 2012 Annual Checklist|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2012/info/about|work=Catalog of Life|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

ITIS and the Catalogue of Life are core to the [[Encyclopedia of Life]] initiative announced May 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070509185847.htm | work=Science Daily | title=Leading Scientists Announce Creation Of Encyclopedia Of Life | date=May 9, 2007}} Adapted from a [[Harvard University]] news release.</ref> EOL will be built largely on various [[Creative Commons]] licenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eol.org/terms_of_use|title=Terms of Use - Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref>

==Legacy database==
Of the ~714,000 (May 2016) scientific names in the current database, approximately 210,000 were inherited from the database formerly maintained by the [[National Oceanographic Data Center]] (NODC) of the US [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA).<ref name="primer"/><ref name="NODC Taxonomic Code">{{cite web| title=NODC Taxonomic Code
| publisher=National Oceanographic Data Center
| url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/CDR-detdesc/taxonomic-v8.html
| access-date=2008-04-04
}}</ref> The newer material has been checked to higher standards of taxonomic credibility, and over half of the original material has been checked and improved to the same standard.<ref name="primer"/>

Building on efforts by Richard Swartz, Marvin Wass, and Donald Boesch in 1972 to establish an "intelligent" numeric coding system for taxonomy, the first edition of the NODC Taxonomic Code was published in 1977. Hard copy editions were published until 1984. Subsequent editions were published digitally until 1996. 1996 marked the release of NODC version 8, which served as a bridge to ITIS, which abandoned "intelligent" numeric codes in favor of more stable, but "un-intelligent" Taxonomic Serial Numbers.<ref name="NODC Taxonomic Code"/>

==Standards==
Biological taxonomy is not fixed, and opinions about the correct status of taxa at all levels, and their correct placement, are constantly revised as a result of new research. Many aspects of classification remain a matter of scientific judgment. The ITIS database is updated to take account of new research as it becomes available.{{Citation needed|reason=and the information it yields is likely to represent a fair consensus of modern taxonomic opinion|date=July 2017}}

Records within ITIS include information about how far it has been possible to check and verify them. Its information should be checked against other sources where these are available, and against the primary research [[scientific literature]] where possible.

==Member agencies==
* [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada]]
* [[Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad]] (CONABIO)
* [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
* [[National Park Service]]
* [[NatureServe]]
* [[Smithsonian Institution]]
* [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
* [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
* [[United States Geological Survey]]
* [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]

==See also==
* [[Encyclopedia of Life]]
* [[PlantList]]
* [[Wikispecies]]
* [[World Register of Marine Species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikidata property|P815}}
* {{oweb|https://www.itis.gov/index.html}} – Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
* [https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/science/canadian-biodiversity-information-facility-cbif Canada Interface: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS*CA)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613064313/http://siit.conabio.gob.mx/ Mexico Interface: Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica (SIIT*MX)] (archived link)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Taxonomy (biology) organizations]]
[[Category:International organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Online taxonomy databases]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1996]]
[[Category:Biology websites]]
[[Category:Biodiversity databases]]