Editing Intel 80186

{{Short description|16-bit microcontroller}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox CPU
|name                = Intel 80186
|image               = KL Intel i186.jpg
|image_size          = 200px
|caption             = An Intel A80186 processor in a gray ceramic package
| produced-start     = {{start date and age|1982|01}}
| produced-end       = {{end date and age|2007|9|28}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |title=Product Change Notification | date=May 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023085836/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2006}}</ref>
| slowest            = 6 | slow-unit = MHz
| fastest            = 25 | fast-unit = MHz
| fsb                = 6&nbsp;MHz to 25 MHz
| arch               = [[x86-16]]
| application        = Desktop, Embedded
| pack1              = {{ubl|68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]]|68-pin [[Leadless chip carrier|LCC]]|100-pin [[PQFP]] (engineering sample only)|68-pin [[Pin grid array|PGA]]}}
| predecessor        = [[Intel 8088]]
| variant            = [[Intel 80188]]
| successor          = [[Intel 80386]] (The [[80286]] was also introduced in early 1982, and thus contemporary with the 80186)
| co-processor       = [[8087]] and later, [[X87#80187|80C187]] (for 80C186 only)
| manuf1             = [[Intel]], [[AMD]], [[Fujitsu]], [[Siemens]],<ref>[http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80186/MANUF-Intel.html CPU http://www.cpu-world.com].</ref> [[Harris Corporation|Harris]], [[Intersil]]
| size-from          = [[3 μm process|3&nbsp;μm]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/3_%C2%B5m_lithography_process |title=3&nbsp;μm lithography process |website=WikiChip}}</ref>
| size-to            = 1&nbsp;μm<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page&nbsp;11.</ref>
| transistors        = 55,000
| data-width         = 16 bits
| address-width      = 20 bits
| sock1              = {{ubl|PGA68|[[Chip carrier|PLCC-68]] (variant)|[[Chip carrier|LCC-68]] (variant)}}
| support status     = Unsupported
}}

The Intel '''80186''', also known as the '''iAPX 186''',<ref name="i286">{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf|title=iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference|at=page 1-1|publisher=Intel|year=1983}}</ref> or just '''186''', is a [[microprocessor]] and [[microcontroller]] introduced in 1982. It was based on the [[Intel 8086]] and, like it, had a [[16-bit]] external [[Bus (computing)#Address bus|data bus]] multiplexed with a 20-bit [[address bus]].  The '''80188''' variant, with an [[8-bit]] external data bus was also available.

== Description ==
[[File:Intel 80186 80188 arch.svg|upright=1.4|thumb|A greatly simplified block diagram of the 80186 architecture]]
[[File:Intel 80186 die.JPG|thumb|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] of Intel 80186]]

The 80186 series was designed to reduce the number of [[integrated circuits]] required. It included features such as [[clock generator]], [[interrupt controller]], [[hardware timer|timers]], [[wait state]] generator, [[direct memory access|DMA]] channels, and external [[chip select]] lines. It was used in numerous [[embedded system]]s, as [[microcontroller]]s with external memory.

The initial clock rate of the 80186 was 6&nbsp;[[MHz]], but due to more hardware available for the [[microcode]] to use, especially for address calculation, many individual instructions completed in fewer clock cycles than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency. For instance, the common ''register+immediate'' [[addressing mode]] was significantly faster than on the 8086,{{efn|In fact, all variants, including ''reg+reg'' and ''reg+reg+immediate'' were faster.}} especially when a memory location was both (one of) the operand(s) and the destination. Multiply and divide also showed great improvement, being several times as fast as on the original 8086, and multi-bit shifts were done almost four times as quickly as in the 8086.

A few new instructions were introduced with the 80186 (referred to as the 8086-2 instruction set in some [[datasheet]]s{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}): ''enter''/''leave'' (replacing several instructions when handling stack frames), ''pusha''/''popa'' (push/pop all general registers), ''bound'' (check array index against bounds), and ''ins''/''outs'' (input/output of string). A useful ''immediate'' mode was added for the ''push'', ''imul'', and multi-bit shift instructions. These instructions were also included in the contemporary 80286 and in successor chips.{{efn|The instruction set of the 80286 is a superset of the 80186's, plus new instructions for [[protected mode]].}}

==Variants==
[[File:Intel 80C186 die.JPG|thumb|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] of Intel 80C186]]
{{Anchor|80C186}}
The (redesigned) [[CMOS]] version, 80C186, introduced [[DRAM refresh]], a power-save mode, and a direct interface to the 80C187 floating-point numeric [[coprocessor]]. Intel [[second-source]]d this microprocessor to [[Fujitsu]] Limited around 1985.<ref>Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page&nbsp;1.</ref> Both packages for Intel 80186 version were available in 68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]] and [[Pin grid array|PGA]] in sampling at third quarter of 1985.<ref>Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page&nbsp;2.</ref> The 12.5&nbsp;MHz Intel 80186-12 version using the [[1.5 μm process|1.5&nbsp;μm]] [[Depletion-load NMOS logic#Intel HMOS|HMOS-III]] process for US$36 in quantities of 100.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Component: 80186-12 Microprocessor: Fast And Formidable", Solutions, March/April 1986, page&nbsp;10.</ref> The 12.5&nbsp;MHz Intel 80C186 version using the [[CHMOS]] III-E technology using approximately 90&nbsp;mA under normal load and only 32&nbsp;mA under power-save mode. It was available in 68-pin PLCC, [[Pin grid array#Ceramic|CPGA]], or CLCC package.<ref>Ormsby, John, Editor, "New Product Focus: Components: It's Under Control With The 80C186", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page&nbsp;13.</ref>

The M80C186 military version was available in 10 and 12&nbsp;MHz versions. They met [[MIL-STD-883]] Rev.&nbsp;C and [[MIL-STD-1553]] bus application standards. The 12&nbsp;MHz CHMOS version consumes approximately 100&nbsp;mA. The available packages were 68-pin CPGA and [[Quad flat package|CQFP]]. The 10&nbsp;MHz M80C186 PGA version was available for US$378 in 100-unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "Focus: Components: Fast M80C186 Embedded Controller Cuts Power Usage", Microcomputer Solutions, March/April 1989, page&nbsp;12.</ref>

The 80C186EB was a fully static design for the [[application-specific standard product]] using the [[1 μm process|1&nbsp;μm]] CHMOS IV technology. They were available in 3- and 5-volt versions with 84-lead PLCC and 80-lead [[EIAJ]] [[QFP]] packaging. It was also available for US$16.95 in 1,000-unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page&nbsp;11.</ref>

The Intel 80C186EC contains 4 DMA channels, 2 interrupt controllers, 22 I/O which control two serial channels, and 4 timers. This version was available for US$17.70 in quantites of 1,000 units. This microcontroller only available in 5-volt version. Both Intel 80C186EC and 80C186EA contains three different power-management modes, which has idle, powerdown and powersave. The 80C186EA has both 5- and 3-volt versions.

The 80C186XL version was available up to 20&nbsp;MHz, which is compatible with existing CMOS version of 80C186 that has 25% higher performance and 50% lower power consumption. This version used 1&nbsp;μm CHMOS process technology. Both 80C186EA and 80C186XL were available for US$11.80 in quantities of 1,000 units.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: Processors Provided More Functions for Embedded Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1991, page&nbsp;13.</ref>

== 80188 series ==
{{Infobox CPU
| name = Intel 80188
| image = KL Intel R80C188XL CLCC.jpg
| caption = An Intel R80C188XL20, an LCC variant of the 80188 processor. It has a ceramic heat spreader and gold plated contacts on the bottom.
| produced-start = 1982
| cores = 1
| slowest = 6 | slow-unit = MHz
| fastest = 40 | fast-unit = MHz
| fsb =
| arch = [[x86-16]]
| microarch = 
| predecessor = [[Intel 8088]]
| successor = [[Intel 80386]] (The [[80286]] was also introduced in early 1982, and thus contemporary with the 80186)
|produced-end=September 2007<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009060120/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2006 |url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |title=Product Change Notification |date=May 2, 2006}}</ref>
|variant=The Intel 80188 is a variant of the Intel 80186.
|manuf1=[[Intel]], [[AMD]], [[Fujitsu]], [[Siemens]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80188/index.html |title=Intel 80188 family |website=CPU World}}</ref>
|size-from=[[3 μm process|3&nbsp;μm]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/3_%C2%B5m_lithography_process| title = 3&nbsp;μm lithography process | website = WikiChip}}</ref> to 1&nbsp;μm<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page 11</ref>
|transistors=55,000
|data-width=8 bits|address-width=20 bits
|sock1={{ubl|PGA68|[[Chip carrier|PLCC-68]] (variant)|[[Chip carrier|LCC-68]] (variant)}}
|pack1={{ubl|68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]]|68-pin [[Leadless chip carrier|LCC]]|100-pin [[PQFP]] (engineering sample only)|68-pin [[Pin grid array|PGA]]}}
|co-processor=[[Intel 80187]]
}}

The '''80188''' variant, with an [[8-bit]] external [[data bus]] was also available; this made it less expensive to connect to [[peripheral]]s. The 16-bit registers and the one [[megabyte]] address range were unchanged, however. It had a throughput of 1&nbsp;million [[instructions per second]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm#186 |title=1.3 La familia de microprocesadores de Intel. |trans-title=Intel Processors: MCS-4, MCS-8, MCS-85, x86: IA-16, IA-32, IA-64. |author=Pacheco, Alberto |date=October 12, 2001 |work=CB-00-852/01. Lenguaje Ensamblador |language=en, es |publisher=[[Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua]] |access-date=July 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231244/http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm |archive-date=April 24, 2012}}</ref>  Intel second sourced this microprocessor to [[Fujitsu]] Limited around 1985.<ref>Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1</ref>  Both packages of Intel 80188 version were available in 68-pin PLCC and PGA in sampling at third quarter of 1985.<ref>Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2</ref>  The available 80C188EB in fully static design for the [[application-specific standard product]] using the [[1 μm process|1-micron]] [[CHMOS]] IV technology.  They were available in 3- and 5-Volts version with 84-lead PLCC and 80-lead [[EIAJ]] [[QFP]] version.  It was also available for US$15.15 in 1,000 unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page 11</ref>

The 80188 series was generally intended for [[embedded system]]s, as [[microcontroller]]s with external memory. Therefore, to reduce the number of chips required, it included features such as [[clock generator]], [[interrupt controller]], timers, [[wait state]] generator, [[Direct memory access|DMA]] channels, and external [[chip select]] lines.
While the N80188 was compatible with the 8087 numeric co-processor, the 80C188 was not. It did not have the ESC control codes integrated.

== Uses ==

=== In personal computers ===
Because the integrated hardware included in the 80186 was incompatible with the support chips chosen by [[IBM]] for the [[8088]]-based [[IBM&nbsp;PC]] released a few months earlier, the chip did not see wide success in the PC market. IBM chose the [[80286]] for its successor, the [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|IBM&nbsp;PC/AT]], released in August 1984. Most other PC-compatible manufactures followed.

Regardless, several notable [[personal computer]]s used the 80186:
* Danish [[Regnecentralen]]: [https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/RC_Partner RC750 Partner] running CCP/M
* Danish [[Regnecentralen]]: [https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/RC_Piccoline RC759 Piccoline] running CCP/M
* Australian [[Dulmont Magnum]] laptop, one of the first laptops
* [[Wang Laboratories|Wang]] Office Assistant, marketed as a PC-like stand-alone word processor
* [[MAD-1]], a semi–IBM PC-compatible desktop computer with a modular design
* [[Pronto System 16]], another PC compatible
* [[Mindset (computer)|Mindset]], a very early graphics workstation
* [[Siemens]] {{Interlanguage link|Siemens PC-D{{!}}PC-D|de|3=Siemens PC-D}} (not 100% [[IBM PC compatible]] but using [[MS-DOS]] 2.11)
* [[Compis]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] school computer
* French [[SMT-Goupil]] G4
* [[RM Nimbus]] PC-186, the first version of a series of British school computers
* [[Unisys ICON]], a Canadian school computer
* ORB Computer by ABS<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nosher.net/archives/computers/pcw_1984-03-00_007_orb |title=Orb Micro Advert - March 1984 |access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref>
* [[HP 100LX]], [[HP 200LX]], [[HP 1000CX]], and [[HP OmniGo 700LX]]
* [[Tandy 2000]] desktop, a somewhat PC-compatible workstation with sharp graphics for its day
* Telex 1260, a desktop PC-XT compatible
* [[Philips :YES]]
* Nokia [[MikroMikko]] 2
* [[IBM PCradio]]
* [[Altos Computer Systems|Altos]] 486 xenix 3.1 based multiuser server. 

In addition to the above examples of stand-alone implementations of the 80186 for personal computers, there were at least two examples of "add-in" accelerator card implementations: the [[BBC Master#Master 512|BBC Master 512]], [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]]'s plug-in for the BBC Master range of computers containing an 80186–10 with 512&nbsp;KB of RAM, and the [[Orchid Technology]] PC Turbo 186,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Adding Spunk to the IBM PC |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=May 20, 1985 | page=49 |volume=7 |issue=20 |first=Don |last=Crabb}}</ref> released in 1985. It was intended for use with the original [[Intel 8088]]-based [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM&nbsp;PC]] (Model&nbsp;5150).

=== Other devices ===
The Intel 80186 and 80188 are often embedded in electronic devices that are not primarily computers. For example:
* The 80186 was used to control the Microtek 8086 in-circuit emulator.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqLBmWu6Mg4 |title=EEVblog #410 – Microtek 8086 In-Circuit Emulator Teardown |publisher=EEVBlog |date=January 15, 2013 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* The 80188 was embedded inside the Intel 14.4EX modem released in 1991. The 16&nbsp;MHz processor was used to perform complex algorithms needed for forward error correction, [[trellis modulation]], and echo cancellation in the modem.
* The second-generation SatisFAXtion board, which is a [[FAX]]/[[modem]] [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] card, uses this processor.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Systems: PC Fax Board Simplifies Data Transmission", Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1991, page&nbsp;14.</ref>
* The IBM 7171 protocol converter, which made [[ASCII]] [[character-oriented terminal]]s appear as an [[IBM&nbsp;3270]] terminal to an IBM mainframe,<ref name="Brear1985">{{cite magazine |last=Brear |first=Scott |date=January 21, 1985 |title=Cycle of change speeds up |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MrXqjWoIYC&pg=PA61-IA15 |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |publisher=IDG Enterprise |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=ID/15 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> used the Intel 80186 as its CPU.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7171/GA37-0021-0_7171_Reference_Manual_and_Programming_Guide_Jan86.pdf |title=7171 Reference Manual and Programming Guide |publisher=IBM Corporation |year=1986 |pages=4–13 |id=GA37-0021-0}}</ref>
* It was also used on the controller card for Digital Equipment Corporation's [[DECtalk]] speech synthesizer system.

== End of life ==
On March 30, 2006, Intel announced that production of the 80186 and 80188, along with the production of other processor models such as the 80386 and 80486, would cease at the end of September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf|title=Product Change Notification 106013 – 01|date=May 2, 2006|website=Intel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009060120/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf|archive-date=October 9, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Intel cashes in ancient chips|url=https://www.theregister.com/2006/05/18/intel_cans_386_486_960_cpus/|website=[[The Register]]|access-date=February 18, 2024}}</ref> Pin- and instruction-compatible replacements might still be manufactured by various third-party sources,<ref>{{cite web|title=Innovasic Offers Replacement ICs for Intel 186/188 Microcontrollers|url=http://edageek.com/2007/02/26/innovasic-intel-80c186-188-microcontroller/|access-date=January 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213170712/http://edageek.com/2007/02/26/innovasic-intel-80c186-188-microcontroller/|archive-date=February 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and FPGA versions are publicly available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamieiles.com/80186/|title=Jamie Iles – Software + Hardware &#124; 80186 CPU|website=www.jamieiles.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[iAPX]], for the iAPX name
* [[NEC V20]]/[[NEC V30|V30]], for a third-party CPU also supporting the 80186 instructions

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/8018x/datashts/27243002.PDF Intel Datasheet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205145019/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/search.php?q=80186 Scan of the Intel 80186 data book at datasheetarchive.com]
* [http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=1&l0=cl&l1=80186/188 Intel 80186/80188 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de]
* [http://www.chipdb.org/img-fujitsu--mbl80186-clcc-1839.htm Chipdb.org]
* [https://www.datasheetarchive.com/?q=80188 Scan of the Intel 80188 data book] at datasheetarchive.com

{{Intel processors|discontinued}}
{{Intel controllers}}
{{Microcontrollers}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Intel x86 microprocessors|80186]]
[[Category:Intel microcontrollers|80186]]
[[Category:16-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1982]]
[[Category:X86 microarchitectures]]