Editing Intramuros

{{Short description|Historic walled city and district of Manila, Philippines}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Intramuros
| nicknames           = Old Manila; the Walled City
| settlement_type    = District
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border                   = infobox
 | total_width              = 280
 | image_style              = border:1;
 | perrow                   = 2/2/2
 | image1                   = Intramuros entrance, Anda Street, 2018 (01).jpg
 | image2                   = Bastion de San Diego.jpg
 | image3                   = 
Fort Santiago, Intramuros.JPG
 | image4                   = Gerald R Mondala Ayuntamiento de Manila (Casas Consistoriales).jpg
 | image5                   = Plaza San Luis Complex, 2018 (01).jpg
 | image6                   = San Agustin Church (Intramuros, Manila; 07-22-2020).jpg
| image7 = 
Tramvia at Intramuros.JPG
| image8 = 
Palacio del Gobernador, Manila, Filipinas, 2023-08-26, DD 27.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = Clockwise, from top left: Intramuros entrance (Anda Street), [[Baluarte de San Diego]], [[Ayuntamiento de Manila]], [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], [[Palacio del Gobernador]], [[Tranvía]], Plaza San Luís Complex, [[Fort Santiago]]
| image_seal         = Logo of the Intramuros Administration.svg
| seal_size          = 200px
| seal_link          = Intramuros Administration
| seal_type          = Logo of the Intramuros Administration
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=14}}
| map_caption        = 
| motto              = ''Insigne y siempre leal''<br />Distinguished and ever loyal
| pushpin_map        = Philippines City of Manila
| coordinates        = {{coord|14.59147|120.97356|format=dms|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Philippines]]
| subdivision_type1  = Region
| subdivision_name1  = [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Manila]]
| subdivision_type3  = Congressional District
| subdivision_name3  = [[Manila's 5th congressional district|5th District of Manila]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Barangay]]s
| subdivision_name4  = [[#Barangays|5]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{start date|1571|06|12}}
| founder            = [[Miguel López de Legazpi]]
| leader_title       = [[Intramuros Administration|Administrator of Intramuros]]
| leader_name        = Atty. Joan M. Padilla
| area_total_km2     = 0.67
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_total   = 6103
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=http://rssoncr.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/SR%202020-CPH_MNL_0.pdf|title=2020 Census of Population and Housing Results|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|date=August 16, 2021|accessdate=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
| timezone1          = [[Philippine Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1        = +08:00
| timezone1_DST      = 
| utc_offset1_DST    = 
| postal_code_type   = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|Zip codes]]
| postal_code        = {{#property:P281}}
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in the Philippines|Area codes]]
| area_code          = {{#property:P473}}
| website            = {{URL|http://intramuros.gov.ph/}}
| footnotes          = 
| native_name        =
}}

'''Intramuros''' ({{literal translation|within the walls|inside the walls}}) is the {{convert|0.67|km2|sqmi|sp=us|adj=on}} historic walled area within the city of [[Manila]], the capital of the [[Philippines]]. It is administered by the [[Intramuros Administration]] with the help of the city government of Manila.<ref name=PD1616>{{cite PH act |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1979/04/10/presidential-decree-no-1616-s-1979/ |chamber=PD |number=1616 |date=1979-04-10 |title=Creating the "Intramuros Administration" for Purposes of Restoring and Administering the Development of Intramuros |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|The Official Gazette]]|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref>

Intramuros comprises a centuries-old historic district, entirely surrounded by fortifications, that was considered at the time of the [[Spanish Empire]] to be the entire City of Manila. Other towns and ''arrabales'' (suburbs) located beyond the walls that are now districts of Manila were referred to as ''extramuros'', [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "outside the walls",<ref name="AFS">{{cite book |title=Journal of American Folklore, Volumes 17-18 |year=1904 |publisher=American Folklore Society |location=[[United States]] |isbn=1248746058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U5cqAAAAYAAJ/page/n286 283] |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U5cqAAAAYAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manila, the Pearl of the Orient |last=O'Connell |first=Daniel |year=1908 |publisher=Manila Merchants' Association |isbn=0217014798 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manilapearlorie01congoog/page/n34 20] |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/manilapearlorie01congoog }}</ref> and were independent towns that were only incorporated into the city of Manila during the early 20th century.

Intramuros served as the seat of government of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], a component realm of the [[Spanish Empire]], housing the colony's governor-general from its founding in 1571 until 1865, and the [[Real Audiencia of Manila]] until the end of Spanish rule during the [[Philippine Revolution]] of 1898. The walled city was also considered the religious and educational center of the Spanish East Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discoverintramuros.weebly.com/schools.html |title= SCHOOLS - INTRAMUROS JOURNEY |website= discoverintramuros.weebly.com |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref> Intramuros was also an economic center as the Asian hub of the [[Manila galleon|Manila galleon trade]], carrying goods to and from [[Acapulco]] in what is now [[Mexico]].

During the early 20th century, under the administration of [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American colonial authorities]], [[land reclamation]] and the construction of the [[Port of Manila|Manila South Port]] subsequently moved the coastline westward and obscured the walls and fort from the bay, while the moat surrounding the fortifications was drained and turned into a [[Club Intramuros Golf Course|recreational golf course]]. The [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945 during [[World War II]] entirely flattened Intramuros. Though reconstruction efforts began immediately after the war, many of its original landmarks are still lost today; under the [[Intramuros Administration]], Intramuros is still in the process of postwar reconstruction and revival of its cultural heritage.

While Intramuros is no longer the seat of the contemporary [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]], several Philippine government agencies are headquartered in Intramuros. Moreover, Intramuros remains a significant educational center as part of the city's [[University Belt]]. Several offices of the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Philippine Catholic Church]] are also found in the district.

Intramuros was designated a National Historical Landmark in 1951. The fortifications of Intramuros were declared [[List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines|National Cultural Treasure]] by the [[National Museum of the Philippines]], owing to its historic and cultural significance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. |date=October 8, 2018 |title=Intramuros, Fort San Antonio Abad declared National Cultural Treasures |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/308876/intramuros-fort-san-antonio-abad-declared-national-cultural-treasures/ |access-date=November 12, 2018 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref> [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustín Church]], one of four [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Sites under the entry [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines]], is located within the walled district. Intramuros and other historical sites in Manila are currently being proposed by the UNESCO Philippine National Commission to the country's tentative list for future UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] inscription as The Walled City and Historic Monuments of Manila.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZE3O3izqc0kSv74xD3VGFfWPZJJcvDbTtf4zPoBzcJY/edit Pending Philippine UNESCO Nominations or Applications]</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Manila}}
=== Pre-Hispanic period ===
The strategic location of [[Manila]] along [[Manila Bay|the bay]] and at the mouth of the [[Pasig River]] made it an ideal location for the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] tribes and kingdoms to trade with merchants from what would be today's [[China]], [[India]], [[Borneo]], and [[Indonesia]]. The prehistoric polity of [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]] was located where Intramuros would be built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Fort Santiago! {{!}} Intramuros Administration |url=https://intramuros.gov.ph/fs/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1564, [[conquistador|Spanish explorers]] led by [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] sailed from [[New Spain]], now Mexico, and arrived on the island of [[Cebu]] in April 1565, establishing the first [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish capitania in the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miguel López de Legazpi {{!}} Explorer, Conquistador, Colonizer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Miguel-Lopez-de-Legazpi |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Having heard from the natives about the rich resources in Maynila, Legazpi dispatched two of his lieutenant-commanders, [[Martín de Goiti]] and [[Juan de Salcedo]], to explore the island of Luzon.

The Spaniards arrived on the island of [[Luzon]] in 1570. After quarrels and misunderstandings between the [[Muslim]] natives and the Spaniards, they fought for control of the land and settlements. After several months of warfare the natives were defeated, and the Spaniards made a peace pact with the councils of [[Rajah Sulaiman III]], [[Lakan Dula]], and [[Rajah Matanda]] who handed over the city to the Spaniards.

===Spanish colonial period (1571–1898)===
{{Further|History of the Philippines (1521–1898)}}

[[File:Walled City of Manila, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg|thumb|A 1734 map of Intramuros, from the ''[[Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas]]'']]
Legazpi declared the area of Manila as the new capital of the Spanish colony on June 24, 1571, because of its strategic location and rich resources. He also proclaimed the [[sovereignty]] of the [[Monarchy of Spain]] over the [[Spanish Empire|whole archipelago]]. [[List of Spanish monarchs|King]] [[Philip II of Spain]] delighted at the new conquest achieved by Legazpi and his men, awarding the city a [[coat of arms]] and declaring it as: ''Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal'' ([[English language|English]]: "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City"). It was settled and became the political, military, and religious center of the [[Spanish Empire]] in Asia.[[File:Manila 1851.jpg|thumb|An 1851 map of Intramuros]]The city was in constant danger of natural and man-made disasters and worse, attacks from foreign invaders. In 1574, a fleet of Chinese pirates led by [[Limahong]] attacked the city and destroyed it before the Spaniards drove them away. The colony had to be rebuilt again by the survivors.<ref name="Vibal Publishing House">{{cite book|last1=Torres|first1=Jose Victor|title=Ciudad Murada, A Walk Through Historic Intramuros|year=2005|publisher=Vibal Publishing House|isbn=971-07-2276-X|pages=5}}</ref> These attacks prompted the construction of the wall.

The city of stone began during the rule of [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[Santiago de Vera]].<ref name="R1903-435" /> The city was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno<ref name="Vibal Publishing House" /> in accordance with the [[Laws of the Indies]] and was approved by [[List of Spanish monarchs|King]] [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]'s Royal Ordinance that was issued in [[San Lorenzo de El Escorial]], [[Spain]]. The succeeding [[Governor-General of the Philippines|governor-general]], [[Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas]] brought with him from Spain the royal instructions to carry into effect the said decree stating that "to enclose the city with stone and erect a suitable fort at the junction of the sea and river". Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls.[[File:Santa Lucia Gate, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, Late 19th or early 20th Century.jpg|thumb|333x333px|[[Gates of Intramuros#Puerta de Sta. Lucia|Puerta de Santa Lucía]] in 1873.  ]]Fort Santiago was rebuilt and a circular fort, known as Nuestra Senora de Guia, was erected to defend the land and sea on the southwestern side of the city. Funds came from a monopoly on playing cards and fines imposed on its excessive play. Chinese goods were taxed for two years. Designed by Geronimo Tongco and Pedro Jusepe,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bluprint.onemega.com/mundo-ni-maestro-escolta/|title = Escolta Maestros: 6 Filipino architects who shaped the old CBD|date = April 16, 2018}}</ref> construction of the walls began on 1590 and continued under many [[Governor-General of the Philippines|governor-generals]] until 1872. By the middle of 1592, Dasmarinas wrote the King about the satisfactory development of the new walls and fortification.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Torres|first1=Jose Victor|title=Ciudad Murada, A Walk Through Historic Intramuros|year=2005|publisher=Vibal Publishing House|isbn=971-07-2276-X|pages=6}}</ref> Since the construction was carried on during different periods and often far apart, the walls were not built according to any uniform plan.<ref name="R1903-435">U.S. War Department 1903, p. 435.</ref>

Improvements continued during the terms of the succeeding Governor-Generals. Governor-General [[Juan de Silva]] executed certain work on the fortifications in 1609 which was improved by [[Juan Niño de Tabora]] in 1626, and by [[Diego Fajardo Chacón]] in 1644. The erection of the ''[[Baluarte de San Diego]]'' was also completed that year, replacing the Nuestra Senora de Guia.<ref>[http://intramuros.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=75 "Baluarte de San Diego"]. Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on November 13, 2011.</ref> This bastion, shaped like an "ace of spades" is the southernmost point of the wall and the first of the large bastions added to the encircling walls, then of no great height nor of finished construction.<ref>U.S. War Department 1903, p. 436.</ref> [[Ravelin]]s and ''[[Redoubt|reducto]]s'' were added to strengthen weak areas and serve as outer defenses. A moat was built around the city with the Pasig River serving as a natural barrier on one side. By the 18th century, the city was totally enclosed. The last construction works were completed by the start of the 19th century.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
[[File:View of Manila Philippines 1789-1794.png|center|thumb|938x938px|View of the walled city from across the [[Pasig River]] 1789-1794]]

====Inside colonial Intramuros====
[[File:Manila Cathedral (1792) by Brambila.jpg|thumb|A sketch of [[Plaza de Roma]] of Manila by Fernando Brambila, a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792]]
The main square of the city of Manila was ''Plaza Mayor'' (later known as Plaza McKinley then ''[[Plaza de Roma]]'') in front of the [[Manila Cathedral]].  East of the plaza was the ''[[Ayuntamiento de Manila|Ayuntamiento]]'' (City Hall) and facing it was the [[Palacio del Gobernador]], the official residence of the [[Spanish Governor - Captain General of the Philippines|Spanish viceroyalties]] to the Philippines. An earthquake on June 3, 1863, destroyed the three buildings and much of the city. The residence of the Governor-General was moved to [[Malacañang Palace]] located about {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} up on the Pasig River. The two previous buildings were later rebuilt but not the Governor's Palace.

Inside the walls were other [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] churches, the oldest being [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]] ([[Augustinians|Augustinian]]s) built in 1607.  The other churches built by the different [[religious institute|religious orders]] – San Nicolas de Tolentino Church ([[Recollects]]), [[San Francisco Church (Manila)|San Francisco Church]] ([[Franciscans]]), [[Third Order of the Franciscans Church (Manila)|Third Venerable Order Church]] ([[Third Order of St. Francis]]), [[Santo Domingo Church (Quezon City)|Santo Domingo Church]] ([[Dominican Order|Dominican]]), [[National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes Church]] ([[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]]), and the [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church]] ([[Jesuit]]s) – has made the small walled city the ''[[City of Churches]]''. Intramuros was the center of large educational institutions in the Philippines.<ref name="AFS" />
[[File:Intramuros Edifices, Manila, Philippines.jpg|thumb|493x493px|Street scene in Intramuros with its [[Bahay na bato]] edifices. late 19th century-early 20th century.]]
Convents and church-run schools were established by the different [[Catholic religious order|religious orders]].  The Dominicans established the [[University of Santo Tomas|Universidad de Santo Tomás]] in 1611 and the [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran|Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]] in 1620.  The Jesuits established the [[Universidad de San Ignacio]] in 1590, the first university in the Philippines. It closed in 1768, following the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expulsion of the Jesuits]] in the Philippines.  After the Jesuits were allowed to return to the Philippines, they established the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo Municipal de Manila]] in 1859.<ref name="Ateneo">[http://www.ateneo.edu/index.php?p=110 "History"]. Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved on October 11, 2012.</ref> In the initial period of colonization, there were a total of 1,200 Spanish families living in the vicinity of Intramuros, 600 Spanish families within the walls and another 600 living in the suburbs outside Intramuros. In addition to this were about 400 Spanish soldiers garrisoned at the walled city.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or “arrabales,” all occupied by Spaniards (“todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles”). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}</ref>

===American period (1898–1946)===
[[File:Intramuros cannon.JPG|thumb|1902 photo taken by US military personnel showing Spanish artillery]][[File:Philippine Island - Manila - NARA - 68156589.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Walled City, 1939]]After the end of the [[Spanish–American War]], Spain surrendered the Philippines and several other territories to the United States as part of the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] for $20&nbsp;million. The American flag was raised at [[Fort Santiago]] on August 13, 1898, indicating the start of American rule over the city.{{cn|date=May 2025}} The Ayuntamiento became the seat of the [[Philippine Commission]] of the United States in 1901. Fort Santiago became the headquarters of the Philippine Division of the [[United States Army]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Santo Tomas walled city Philippines.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Plaza de Santo Tomas]]
The Americans made drastic changes to Manila, such as in 1903, when the walls from the Santo Domingo Gate up to the Almacenes Gate were removed as the wharf on the southern bank of the [[Pasig River]] was improved.{{cn|date=May 2025}} The stones removed were used for other construction happening around the city.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The walls were breached in four areas to ease access to the city: the southwestern end of ''Calle Aduana'' (now Andres Soriano Jr. Ave.); the eastern end of ''Calle Anda''; the northeastern end of ''Calle Victoria'' (previously known as ''Calle de la Escuela''); and the southeastern end of ''Calle Palacio'' (now General Luna Street).{{cn|date=May 2025}} The double moats that surrounded Intramuros were deemed unsanitary and were filled in with mud dredged from [[Manila Bay]], where the present [[Port of Manila]] is now located. The moats were transformed into a municipal golf course by the city.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Reclamations for the construction of the Port of Manila, the [[Manila Hotel]], and [[Rizal Park]] obscured the old walls and skyline of the city from [[Manila Bay]].<ref>City of Manila. [https://archive.org/details/annualreport31boargoog "Annual Report of the City of Manila, 1905"], p.71. Manila Bureau of Printing.</ref>  The Americans also founded the first school under the new government, the [[Manila High School (Intramuros)|Manila High School]], on June 11, 1906, along Victoria Street.<ref>[http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25235 "Manila High School"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826005909/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25235 |date=August 26, 2016 }}. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved on October 11, 2012.</ref>

In 1936, Commonwealth Act No. 171 was passed requiring that all future buildings to be constructed in Intramuros adopt Spanish colonial type architecture.

====World War II and Japanese occupation====

In December 1941, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invaded the Philippines]]. The first casualties in Intramuros were the destruction of [[Santo Domingo Church]] and the original [[University of Santo Tomas]] campus during an assault. The whole city of Manila was declared by General [[Douglas MacArthur]] as an [[open city]] as Manila was indefensible.

In January 1945, the battle for the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|liberation of Manila]] began when American troops returned. Intense urban fighting occurred between the combined American and Filipino troops under the [[United States Army]] and [[Philippine Commonwealth Army]] including recognized [[guerrillas]], against the 30,000 Japanese defenders. As the battle continued, both sides inflicted heavy damage on the city culminating with the [[Manila massacre]] by Japanese troops.<ref name="On Law & Country">Ramsey, Russell Wilcox (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD1mNmgB2DoC "On Law & Country"], pg. 41. Braden Publishing Company, Boston.</ref>

The Imperial Japanese Army was pushed back, eventually retreating into the Intramuros district. General MacArthur, though opposed to the bombing of the walled city, approved heavy shelling, which resulted in deaths of over 16,665 Japanese within Intramuros.<ref name="On Law & Country"/>
Two of the eight gates of Intramuros were badly damaged by American tanks. The bombings levelled most of Intramuros, leaving only 5% of the city structures. 40% of the walls were destroyed in the bombings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paclas.org.ph/article_intramuros.pdf |title=A SHORT HISTORY AND GUIDE TO INTRAMUROS |author=Esperanza Bunag Gatbonton |publisher=Philippine Academic Consortium for Latin American Studies |access-date=December 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094931/http://www.paclas.org.ph/article_intramuros.pdf |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Sack of Manila">{{cite web|url=http://www.battlingbastardsbataan.com/som.htm |title=The Sack of Manila |publisher=The Battling Bastards of Bataan (battlingbastardsbataan.com) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820081703/http://www.battlingbastardsbataan.com/som.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=August 7, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over 100,000 Filipino men, women and children died from February 3 to March 3, 1945, during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]].

At the end of World War II, all of the buildings and structures in Intramuros were destroyed, with only the damaged [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustin Church]] still standing.<ref name="The Sack of Manila"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palhbooks.com/escoda.htm |title=Genocide in Manila |first=Miguel A. |last=Bernad |publisher=Philippine American Literary House (palhbooks.com) |location=California, USA |at=PALH Book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619182136/http://www.palhbooks.com/escoda.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2010 |access-date=August 7, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=91871&d=7&m=2&y=2007&pix=opinion.jpg&category=Opinion |title=The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila was Flattened in WWII |first=Manuel L.  |last=Quezon III |author-link=Manuel L. Quezon III |date=February 7, 2007 |publisher=Arab News Online (archive.arabnews.com) |location=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |at=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330181428/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=91871&d=7&m=2&y=2007&pix=opinion.jpg&category=Opinion |archive-date=March 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref>

===Contemporary period (1946–present)===
[[File:Ayuntameinto de Manila.JPG|thumb|[[Ayuntamiento de Manila]]]]
[[File:Intramuros and South Harbor (top shot) (Manila)(2018-02-07).jpg|thumb|Intramuros and South Harbor in 2018]]
[[File:The Bayleaf, a hotel in Intramuros, Manila.jpg|thumb|The Bayleaf Intramuros Hotel is an example of [[adaptive reuse]] of postwar buildings in the area.]]

In 1951, Intramuros was declared a historical monument and Fort Santiago, a national shrine with Republic Act 597, with the policy of restoring, reconstructing, and urban planning of Intramuros. In 1956, Republic Act 1607 declared Intramuros a "commercial, residential and educational district", opening up the district to development disregarding the historicity of the area. The same law also repealed Commonwealth Act No. 171 and Republic Act No. 597. Several laws and decrees also followed but results were deemed unsatisfactory due to limited funds.<ref>[http://intramuros.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=106 "History of Intramuros"]. Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on September 14, 2011.</ref>

In 1979, the [[Intramuros Administration]] (IA) was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1616, signed by [[Presidents of the Philippines|President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on April 10 of that year.<ref>[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1979/pd_1616_1979.html "Presidential Decree no. 1616"]. The LawPhil Project. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.</ref>

Since then, the IA has been slowly restoring the walls, the sub-features of the fortification, and the city within. The remaining five original gates have been restored or rebuilt: Isabel II Gate, Parian Gate, Real Gate, Santa Lucía Gate and the Postigo Gate. The entrances made by the Americans by breaching the walls at four locations are now spanned by walkways thereby creating a connection, seamless in design and character to the original walls. Buildings destroyed during the war were subsequently rebuilt: [[Manila Cathedral]] was rebuilt and was opened to the public in 1958, [[Ayuntamiento de Manila]] was rebuilt in 2013, while the [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church and Convent]] is currently being reconstructed as the [[Museo de Intramuros]].

In January 2015, during [[Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines]], he led a mass at the Manila Cathedral that was attended by an estimated 2,000 bishops, priests and religious leaders of the Philippine Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/metro-manila/12/06/14/manila-cathedral-basilica-popes |title=Manila Cathedral: The basilica of popes |work=ABS-CBN News|author=Pedrasa, Ira |date=December 6, 2014 |access-date=April 6, 2019 }}</ref> Anthology, an annual 3-day festival about architecture and design, was first launched in June 2016 at Intramuros. Since then, it has been renting [[Fort Santiago]] as a venue where seminars and other activities were held, with guest speakers from local and international people from the field of architecture and design.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtadesignstudio.com/anthology |title=Anthology: Stories About Architecture |publisher=WTA Architecture + Design Studio |access-date=April 6, 2019 }}</ref> It is made possible through the partnership of WTA Architecture + Design Studio and the Intramuros Administration, who are also responsible for the critically acclaimed the [[Book Stop Intramuros]] located in Plaza Roma.

The [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]] along with the [[Intramuros Administration]] launched the first major project of the newly created Faith Sector that focuses on the historic and cultural religious wealth of the Walled City. For the 2018 lenten season, seven religious destinations can be visited. For the first time since World War II, ''[[Seven Churches Visitation|Visita Iglesia]]'' is once again possible in Intramuros. The seven destinations are the [[Manila Cathedral]], [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church]], Guadalupe Shrine in [[Fort Santiago]], Knights of Columbus Fr. Willman Chapel, [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]] Chapel, and the [[Mapua University]] Chapel. The event pays homage to the original seven churches during the prewar Intramuros.<ref>{{cite news |work=GMA News|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/646828/seven-stops-for-visita-iglesia-in-intramuros-open-for-the-first-time-since-wwii/story/#undefined.uxfs |title=Seven stops for Visita Iglesia in Intramuros open for the first time since WWII |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs|GMA News Online]] |author=Tantiangco, Aya |date=March 16, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1028837 |title=3 big Lenten events lined up in Intramuros |work=Philippine News Agency|author=Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. |date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 }}</ref> The 2018 lenten season event draws Infinite People from both foreign and local tourists in Intramuros.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/intramuros-welcomed-1-million-catholic-faithful-during-holy-week/ |title=Intramuros welcomed 1 million Catholic faithful during Holy Week |work=BusinessMirror|author=Arnaldo, Ma. Stella F. |date=April 3, 2018 |access-date=April 4, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/trending/04/02/18/faith-tourism-1-million-people-visited-intramuros-during-holy-week |title=Faith tourism: 1 million people visited Intramuros during Holy Week |work=ABS-CBN News|date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 4, 2018 }}</ref> The Intramuros Administration, together with the Royal Danish Embassy in Manila, and Felta Multimedia, Inc., opened the iMake History Fortress at the Baluarte de Santa Barbara in Fort Santiago last March 19, 2018. The facility is the first history-based [[Lego]] education center in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intramuros.gov.ph/imake-history-fortress-lego-education-center-opens-in-intramuros/ |title=iMake History Fortress LEGO Education Center opens in Intramuros |publisher=[[Intramuros Administration]] |access-date=April 26, 2018 }}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020 caused the [[Intramuros Administration]] to temporarily close several sites within Intramuros including [[Fort Santiago]], [[Museo de Intramuros]], and [[Casa Manila]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rizal Park, Intramuros sites temporarily closed amid COVID-19 spread |language=en-US |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/13/rizal-park-intramuros-sites-temporarily-closed-amid-covid-19-spread |access-date=March 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001415/https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/13/rizal-park-intramuros-sites-temporarily-closed-amid-covid-19-spread/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==City walls==
[[File:Puerta Real, Manila, Filipinas, 2023-08-27, DD 56.jpg|thumb|Intramuros walls near Puerta Real]]
The stone outline of the [[defensive wall]] of Intramuros is irregular in shape, following the contours of Manila Bay and the curvature of the Pasig River. The Muralla walls covered an area of {{convert|64|ha}} of land, surrounded by {{convert|8|ft|m}} thick stones and high walls that rise to {{convert|22|ft|m}}. The walls stretched to an estimated 3-5 kilometers in length.  An inner moat ''(foso)'' surrounds the [[perimeter]] of the wall and an outer moat ''(contrafoso)'' surrounds the walls that face the city.

===Defense structures===
[[File:04526jfRecoletos Church Bulletin Baluarte San Andres Landmarks Intramurosfvf 49.jpg|thumb|Watchtower of the [[Baluarte de San Andres]]]]

Several [[Bastion|bulwark]]s (''baluarte''), [[ravelin]]s (''ravellin'') and [[redoubt]]s (''reductos'') are strategically located along the massive walls of Intramuros following the design of medieval fortifications.  The seven [[bastion]]s (clockwise, from [[Fort Santiago]]) are the Bastions of Tenerias, Aduana, San Gabriel, San Lorenzo, [[Baluarte de San Andres|San Andres]], [[Bastion de San Diego|San Diego]], and Plano.<ref name="WDp443"/>  The bastions were constructed at different periods of time, the reason for the differences in style. The oldest bastion is the [[Bastion de San Diego]], which was built in 1587.

The fortifications of Intramuros comprises several parts, the front facing the sea and the river, which were less elaborate and complex, and the three-sided land front with its corresponding bastions. [[Fort Santiago]] was built at the northwest tip where the sea and river converge, and this functioned as a [[citadel]]. Fort Santiago has significantly served as military headquarters of Spanish, British, United States and Japan during different eras throughout the Philippine history.

In Fort Santiago, there are bastions on each corner of the triangular fort. The ''Baluarte de Santa Bárbara'' faces the bay and Pasig River; ''Baluarte de San Miguel'', faces the bay; and the ''Medio Baluarte de San Francisco'', which faces the Pasig River.<ref>[http://intramuros.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=170&Itemid=153 "Intramuros Walkthrough"]. Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on October 1, 2011.</ref>

=== Gates ===
{{Main|Gates of Intramuros}}

[[File:RealGateIntramuros.JPG|thumb|The Puerta Real (Royal Gate) was built in 1780]]

Before the American Era, entrance to the city was through [[Gates of Intramuros|eight gates]] or ''Puertas''. They were, clockwise, from [[Fort Santiago]], ''Puerta Almacenes'', ''Puerta de la Aduana'', ''Puerta de Santo Domingo'', ''Puerta Isabel II'', ''Puerta del Parian'', ''Puerta Real'', ''Puerta Sta. Lucia'', and ''Puerta del Postigo''.<ref>[http://intramuros.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=171&Itemid=154&limitstart=5 "IA Trivia - Eight main gates of Intramuros"]. Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on September 14, 2011.</ref> Three of the gates were destroyed. Two of them, the Almacenes Gate and the Santo Domingo/Customs Gate, were destroyed by American engineers when they open up the northern part of the walls to the wharves.<ref name="WDp443">U.S. War Department 1903, p.443.</ref>

The Banderas Gate was destroyed during an earthquake and was never rebuilt. Formerly, [[drawbridge]]s were raised and the city was closed and under the watch of sentinels from 11:00 pm until 4:00 am. It continued so until 1852, when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed that the gates should remain open night and day.<ref name="WDp443"/>

==Present day Intramuros==
[[File:Allan Jay Quesada- DSC 3996 Intendencia Ruins, Intramuros, Manila.JPG|thumb|[[Aduana Building]] ruins]]

Intramuros is the only district of Manila where old Spanish-era influences are still plentiful. [[Fort Santiago]] is now a well-maintained park and popular tourist destination.  Adjacent to Fort Santiago is the reconstructed Maestranza Wall, which was removed by the Americans in 1903 to widen the wharves thus opening the city to Pasig River. One of the future plans of the Intramuros Administration is to complete the perimeter walls that surround the city making it completely circumnavigable from the walkway on top of the walls.<ref>philstarcom (June 18, 2010). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZeZJjRtG_E "Maestranza Wall Restoration"]. YouTube.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-18.</ref>

There has been minimal commercialization occurring within the district, despite restoration efforts. A few fast food establishments set up shop at the turn of the 21st century, catering mostly to the student population within Intramuros. Shipping companies have also set up offices inside the district. Concerts, tours and exhibitions are frequently held within Intramuros to draw both local and foreign tourists.

===Register of Styles===
The [[Intramuros Register of Styles]] is the main [[Building code|architectural code]] of Intramuros, the historic core of the City of [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]. It became part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as amended, when it was gazetted by the [[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Philippines]] on June 17, 2022.<ref name="IAPR">[https://intramuros.gov.ph/rules-and-regulations-in-intramuros/ Intramuros Administration Website]. ''Rules and Regulations in Intramuros'' May 1, 2023.</ref> The [[Intramuros Administration]] is the agency of the Philippine Government responsible for the implementation of the Register of Styles.

Intramuros in Manila is the only locality in the Philippines where, for cultural reasons, the use, height, scale, and aesthetics of all new constructions and development are pre-determined and strictly regulated under the force of a national law. The Register of Styles, as an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, is the main legal document prescribing and guiding the implementation of pre-war architectural colonial styles in Intramuros.<ref name="IARS">[https://intramuros.gov.ph/register-of-styles/ Intramuros Register of Styles]. ''Intramuros Register of Styles'' May 1, 2023.</ref><ref name="Lawphil1">[https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2021/pdf/irr_pd1616_2021.pdf Lawphil]. ''Lawphil Intramuros Register of Styles'' May 1, 2023.</ref>

The Register of Styles is the first document to detail the historical styles of Intramuros. It was authored by Rancho Arcilla, who was then the Archivist of the Intramural Administration, and under the initiative of [[Guiller Asido]], the former Administrator of Intramuros.<ref name="IARS"/> Being an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, the Register of Styles is the only architectural stylebook in the Philippines with the force and potency of a national law.

By form, the urban landscape of Intramuros mostly lacked setbacks, with buildings that were mostly [[Terraced house|terraced (rowhouses)]]. [[Courtyard]]s or backyards were exceptionally well adapted to the climate. By style Intramuros was described as both [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] and cosmopolitan. While its Church and State buildings were European in orientation, albeit adapted and localized, most of the buildings enclaved within its walls embraced tropical vernacular constructions as exemplified by the [[Bahay na bato]]. Churches, fortifications, and palaces fashioned in European styles, though few, became icons and objects of popular imagination. In contrast, the vernacular Bahay na Bato, which was adopted in majority of buildings, prevailed in terms of number of constructions. Except in certain instances, the Register of Styles prescribes tha [[Bahay na bato]] as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros.<ref name="Lawphil1"/>

The Register of Styles prescribes the Bahay na bato as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. It explicitly recognized the Bahay na Bato as the dominant architectural typology of Intramuros during the Spanish colonial era until the destruction of the Walled City in 1945 during the Second World War. Pursuant to the Intramuros Register of Styles, new constructions in Intramuros that do not follow the Bahay na Bato typology may only be allowed only in specific locations where a Non-Bahay na Bato structure (e.g. a Neoclassical building) was known to exist. Otherwise, new constructions are required to follow the Bahay na Bato type.<ref name="Lawphil1"/>

===Education===
{{See also|Intramuros Consortium}}

The center of education since the colonial period, Manila&nbsp;— particularly Intramuros&nbsp;— is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest ones. It served as the home of the [[University of Santo Tomas]] (1611), [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]] (1620), [[Ateneo de Manila University]] (1859), [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]] and [[Mapúa University]]. The [[University of Santo Tomas]] transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952.

New [[non-sectarian]] schools were established and built over the ruins after the war. The [[Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila]], established in 1965 by the city government of Manila, was built at the site of the old ''Cuartel España'' (Spanish Barracks).  The [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]], a private university founded in 1952 by Philippine President [[Jose P. Laurel]], was built over the lot of [[San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation|San Juan de Dios Hospital]]. The hospital moved out to [[Roxas Boulevard]] in [[Pasay]].

The [[Mapúa University]], which was founded in 1925 in [[Quiapo, Manila]] moved in Intramuros after the war. Its postwar campus was built on the location of the destroyed San Francisco Church and the Third Venerable Order Church at the corner of San Francisco and Solana Streets. The three new educational institutions, along with Colegio de San Juan de Letran formed an academic cooperation called the [[Intramuros Consortium]].

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%">
File:Letran Admin.jpg|[[Colegio de San Juan de Letran|Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]]
File:Intramurosjf0791 33.JPG|[[Colegio de Santa Rosa]]
File:Lyceum of the Philippines.jpg|[[Lyceum of the Philippines University]]
File:03892jfIntramuros Gates Baluarte Recoletos Streets Landmarksfvf 31.jpg|[[Manila High School (Intramuros)|Manila High School]]
File:Mapua (Intramuros, Manila)(2018-02-07) (cropped).jpg|[[Mapúa University]]
File:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, February 2023.jpg|[[University of the City of Manila]]
</gallery>

===Churches===
{{Unreferencedsect|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Manila, Manila Cathedral, Philippines.jpg|thumb|[[Manila Cathedral]] has merited a papal endorsement from [[Pope Gregory XIII]] and three apostolic visits from Popes [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] and [[Pope Francis|Francis]].]]
[[File:FvfIntramuros2720 27.JPG|thumb|The [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] under the collective title ''[[Baroque Churches of the Philippines]]'']]

Intramuros, as the seat of religious and political power during the colonial period, was the home to eight grand churches built by different [[religious institute|religious orders]]. All but one of these churches were destroyed in the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]]. Only [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]], the oldest building in existence in Manila completed in 1607, was the only structure inside the Walled City not to be destroyed during the war. The [[Manila Cathedral]], the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila]], was reconstructed in 1958.

The other religious orders reconstructed their churches outside Intramuros after the war. The [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] rebuilt [[Santo Domingo Church]] on Quezon Avenue in Quezon City. The [[Augustinian Recollects]] moved to their other church, the [[San Sebastian Church (Manila)|San Sebastian Church]] (now Basilica), {{convert|2.5|km|adj=on|sp=us}} northeast of the Muralla, walled city. The [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]] moved the [[National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes Church]] in 1951 to the corner of Kanlaon St. and Retiro St. (now Amoranto Ave.) in Quezon City. It was declared a National Shrine in 1997. The Order of Saint John of God moved to Roxas while the Order of Poor Clares in Aurora Boulevard. The [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church and Convent]] is now currently being reconstructed as [[Museo de Intramuros]], an ecclesiastical museum.

<!-- To whoever added this section, any further information about these "plazas".  Wikipedia is not a quantity game, please add something about this plazas with references (per WP:CITE).  Also, this section of the article is about the places in PRESENT Intramuros.  Any description should reflect the present time. Thanks.

===Plazas===
* Plaza España
* Plaza Mexico
* [[Plaza de Roma]] is the main public square bordered by [[Manila Cathedral]], Palacio del Gobernador, Ayuntamiento de Manila, and the [[Royal Audience of Manila|Real Audiencia]].
* Plazuela de Santa Isabel
* Plaza de Santo Tomas
-->

===Monuments and statues===
World War II, along with various disasters, has led to the destruction of numerous historical monuments and statues. However, several monuments have managed to withstand and the ones that remain can still be visited today in Intramuros. Other statues and monuments have been added as a testament to the area's rich history.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|+ style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#CEE0F2;" | Monuments and statues in Intramuros 
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Image
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Location
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Designers
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:270px;" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | Adolfo López Mateos Statue
|[[File:09784jfPasig River Plaza Mexico Maestranza Park 2006 Parking Intramuros, Manilafvf 08.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Plaza de Mexico (Manila)|Plaza Mexico]]<br /><small>{{coord|14|35|39|N|120|58|28|E|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|name=Plaza Mexico}}</small>
| Luis A. Sanguino- Sculptor 
|
|Statue of a seated [[Adolfo López Mateos]] was the [[President of Mexico]] from 1958  to 1964. 
|-
| scope="row" | [[Anda Monument]]
|[[File:Anda Circle Manila 05.jpg|150px]]
|[[Anda Circle]]
|
|1871
|Originally located at Plaza Maestranza near Fort Santiago. In 1957, the whole monument was transferred outside Intramuros to [[Bonifacio Drive]], where it now stands in [[Anda Circle]]. In recent years it has been painted over, with the lower level vandalized with graffiti.
|-
| scope="row" | [[Benavides Monument]]
|
|Plaza Santo Tomas
|Tony Noël
|1889
|Replica; the undamaged original statue was transferred in 1946 to the [[University of Santo Tomas|Sampaloc Campus]] of the University of Santo Tomas, now fronting the [[University of Santo Tomas Main Building|Main Building]]. Its original marble pedestal had been completely obliterated during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945.
|-
| scope="row" | [[Carlos IV monument in Intramuros|Carlos IV monument]] 
|[[File:King Carlos IV of Spain.jpg|150px]]
|[[Plaza de Roma]]<br /><small>{{coord|14|35|32|N|120|58|23|E|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|name=King Charles IV Monument}}</small>
|
|
|Monument to [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]]
|-
| scope="row" | King Philip II Statue
|[[File:0922jfIntramuros_Manila_Landmarks_Buildingsfvf_35.jpg|center|frameless|188x188px|0922jfIntramuros Manila Landmarks Buildingsfvf 35]]
|[[Plaza de España (Manila)|Plaza de España]]<br /><small>{{coord|14|35|36|N|120|58|28|E|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|name=King Philip II Statue}}</small>
|
|
|Monument to [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], where the [[Philippines]] is named after
|-
| scope="row" | [[Legazpi–Urdaneta Monument|Legazpi-Urdaneta Monument]]
|[[File:Manilajf8528 37.JPG|150px]]
|[[Bonifacio Drive]] opposite the [[Manila Hotel]]
|[[Agustí Querol Subirats]]
|1929
|In 2012, some of its metal ornaments had been stolen and unscrupulously sold as scrap metal.
|-
| scope="row" | Memorare – Manila 1945 Memorial (Shrine of Freedom)
|[[File:Memorare-_Manila,_Intramuros,_Manila.jpg|center|frameless|156x156px|In memory of those who perished during the Occupation of the Japanese Imperial Forces]]
|Plazuela de Santa Isabel
|
|1995
|The inscription for the memorial was penned by [[National Artist of the Philippines|National Artist for Literature]] [[Nick Joaquin]].
|-
| scope="row" | [[Queen Isabel II Statue]]
|[[File:A statue of Queen Isabel II in Intramuros.jpg|150px]]
|Puerta Isabel II
|[[Ponciano Ponzano]]
|1860
|Formerly located at [[Plaza Rajah Sulayman]] in front of [[Malate Church]]. The statue was transferred in 1975 at the front of [[Gates of Intramuros|Puerta Isabel II]] during the visit of the then [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Prince Juan Carlos of Spain]].
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" ! | Rizal Statue
|[[File:Rizal_Shrine_in_Intramuros.jpg|center|frameless|Rizal Shrine in Intramuros]]
|[[Rizal Shrine (Intramuros)|Rizal Shrine]]
|
|
|Depicts [[José Rizal|Jose Rizal]], [[National Hero of the Philippines]] 
|-
|Rizal sa loob ng piitan 
|[[File:Jose_Rizal,_Intramuros.jpg|center|frameless|210x210px|Jose Rizal, Intramuros]]
|[[Rizal Shrine (Intramuros)|Rizal Shrine]]
|
|
|Depicts [[José Rizal|Jose Rizal]], [[National Hero of the Philippines]] 
|}

==Structures before and after World War II==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" | Structure
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Image
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" | Current structure
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" | Image
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" | Note
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | Churches
|-
| scope="row" | [[National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes Church]]<br>(1892-1945)
|[[File:02438jfManila Intramuros Streets Buildings Churches Landmarksfvf 02.jpg|150px]]
| El Amanecer Building
| [[File:01827jfLandmarks Buildings Intramuros Manilafvf 44.jpg|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[San Francisco Church (Intramuros)|San Francisco Church]]<br>(1739-1945)
| [[File:08841jfHoly Trinity Academy Parish Church Sampaloc Manilafvf 15.jpg|150px]]
| [[Mapúa University]]<br>(Since 1956)
| [[File:Mapua-intramuros.jpg|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[San Ignacio Church (Manila)|San Ignacio Church]]<br>(1899-1945)
| [[File:San Ignacio Church.JPG|150px]]
| [[Museo de Intramuros]]<br>(Since 2018)
| [[File:Museo_de_Intramuros_façade_(former_San_Ignacio_Church).jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
| The church and convent is being reconstructed as the [[Museo de Intramuros]].
|-
| scope="row" | [[Recoletos Church]]<br>(1739-1945)
| [[File:04578jfRecoletos Church Bulletin Baluarte San Andres Landmarks Intramurosfvf 47.jpg|150px]]
| [[Manila Bulletin]] Headquarters
| [[File:Intramurosjf0380 26.JPG|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[Santo Domingo Church]]<br>(1868-1945)
| [[File:0971jfIntramuros Manila Landmarks Buildingsfvf 01.jpg|150px]]
| [[Bank of the Philippine Islands]], Benlife Building, and Tuazon Building
| [[File:0922jfIntramuros Manila Landmarks Buildingsfvf 43.jpg|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[Third Order of the Franciscans Church (Manila)|Third Venerable Order Church]]<br>(1733-1945)
|[[File:Intramuros, Manila 1700s.png|150px]]
| Mapúa University
| [[File:The Catholic Chapel of the Mapua Institute of Technology.jpg|150px]]
|
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | Schools and Convents
|-
| scope="row" | [[History of the Ateneo de Manila|Ateneo de Manila University]]<br>(1859-1932)
| [[File:Puerta de Santa Lucia gate of Intramuros in front of Augustinian convento, Manila, Philippines – 1899.jpg|150px]]
| Tent
| [[File:09037jfIntramuros Landmarks Churches Manilafvf 38.jpg|150px]]
| Transferred to its Padre Faura Campus (now [[Robinsons Manila]]) after a fire destroyed its Intramuros Campus in 1932. The school again transferred to its Loyola Heights Campus in 1976–77.
|-
| scope="row" | Beaterio de la Compania
|
| Light and Sound Museum
| 
| Rebuilt as the Light and Sound Museum
|-
| scope="row" | [[Santa Catalina College|Beaterio-Colegio de Santa Catalina]]
|
| [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran|Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]] Campus
| [[File:0372jfColegio de San Juan de Letran Boy Scouts Monument of studentsfvf.jpg|150px]]
| The [[Santa Catalina College|school and convent]] transferred to its new campus in Legarda Street, [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]]. Its Intramuros lot was acquired by the Colegio de San Juan de Letran to expand its postwar campus.
|-
| scope="row" | [[Santa Isabel College Manila|Colegio de Santa Isabel]]<br>(1632-1945)
|
| Vacant Lot, and Plazuela de Santa Isabel
| 
| [[Santa Isabel College Manila|Colegio de Santa Isabel]] transferred to its new postwar campus on Taft Avenue just outside the city walls.
|-
| scope="row" | [[Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana]]
| [[File:Colegio de Santa Potenciana location marker.jpg|150px]]
| [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines)|National Commission for Culture and the Arts]], [[Philippine Red Cross]] (Manila Chapter), Philippine Veterans Building, and the Insurance Center Building
| 
| 
|-
| scope="row" | Santa Clara Monastery
|
| Vacant Lot
| 
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[History of the University of Santo Tomas|University of Santo Tomas]]
| [[File:UST Intramuros.jpg|150px]]
| BF Condominiums
| [[File:0971jfIntramuros Manila Landmarks Buildingsfvf 17.jpg|150px]]
| UST transferred to its Sampaloc Campus in 1927. The College of Law remained at Intramuros. However, after the war, the university decided not to rebuild its Intramuros Campus.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | Other Buildings
|-
| scope="row" | Cuartel de España<br>(Spanish Barracks)
|
| [[University of the City of Manila]]
| [[File:View from Manila hotel.jpg|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | [[San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation|Hospital de San Juan de Dios]]
|[[File:Hospital of San Juan de Dios Intramuros Manila Philippines.png|frameless]]
| [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]]
| [[File:WTMP Team Waka Waka A-3.JPG|150px]]
| 
|-
| scope="row" | Palacio de Santa Potenciana
|
| [[Philippine Red Cross]]
| [[File:01778jfIntramuros landmarks City Manilafvf 27.jpg|150px]]
| 
|}

==Administration==

=== Intramuros Administration ===
{{Main|Intramuros Administration}}
[[File:FvfManilaCathedralPlaza0445 32.JPG|thumb|Palacio del Gobernador]]
The Intramuros Administration (IA) is an agency of the [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]] that is mandated to orderly restore, administer, and develop the historic walled area of Intramuros that is situated within the modern [[Manila|City of Manila]] as well as to insure that the 16th to 19th century Philippine-Spanish architecture remains the general architectural style of the walled area.<ref name="dbm">{{cite book |url=http://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/OPCCB/opif2009/dot-ia.pdf |title=FY OPIF 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Department of Budget and Management |page=494 |access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> The Intramuros Administration oversee the day-to-day administration of the district, including the issuance of building permits, traffic re-routing, among others. Its office is located at [[Palacio del Gobernador]] in [[Plaza Roma]].<ref name="contact">{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://intramuros.gov.ph/contactus/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130143525/https://intramuros.gov.ph/contactus/ |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |publisher=Intramuros Administration}}</ref>

=== Barangays ===
Intramuros is composed of five barangays numbered 654 to 658. These five barangays only serve the welfare of the city's constituents because they neither have executive nor legislative powers.

Barangays 654, 655, and 656 are part of Zone 69 of the City of Manila, while barangays 657 and 658 are part of Zone 70.

{| class="wikitable"
!Barangay
!Land area (km<sup>2</sup>)
!Population (2020 census)
|-
! colspan=3 | Zone 69
|-
|Barangay 654
|0.08678
|1,042
|-
|Barangay 655
|0.2001
|1,067
|-
|Barangay 656
|0.3210
|364
|-
! colspan=3 | Zone 70
|-
|Barangay 657
|0.3264
|982
|-
|Barangay 658
|0.2482
|2,108
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Philippines}}

* [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines]]
* [[Intramuros Consortium]]
* [[History of Manila]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* [[U.S. War Department]] (1903). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zSTcdx5Y-PQC&pg=PA434 "Annual Reports of the War Department, 1903 Vol. III"]. Washington Government Printing Office, 1901.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Intramuros | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Intramuros | species=no | d=y}}
* '''[http://intramuros.gov.ph/ Intramuros Administration]''' – Official website
* {{OSM relation|103707}}

{{Intramuros}}
{{Manila}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Intramuros
|list  =
{{Metro Manila populated places}}
{{Manila landmarks}}
{{Metro Manila}}
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{{Spanish Colonial architecture}}
{{Spanish Empire}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Intramuros| ]]
[[Category:Fortified settlements]]
[[Category:Districts of Manila]]
[[Category:History of Manila]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manila]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1571]]
[[Category:Historic sites in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Landmarks in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Spanish colonial infrastructure in the Philippines]]
[[Category:National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Declared Cultural Properties in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:1571 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Battle of Manila (1945)]]