Editing Inuit Circumpolar Council

{{Short description|Inuit run Arctic organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| native_name =  {{unbulleted list|
  | {{native name|fr|Conférence circumpolaire inuite}}
  | {{native name|kl|Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisooqatigiiffiat}}
  | {{native name|iu|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᐅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ}}
  | {{native name|ru|Инуитский Приполярный Совет}}
 }}
| image = InuitCircumpolarCouncil.png
| image_border =
| size =
| caption = The logo of the Inuit Circumpolar Council<br />Stylised motif of a frame drum with a handle and a stick
| map =  Inuit conf map.png
| map_size =  
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = Member states and regions of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.
| founding_location = [[Nuuk]], [[Greenland]]
| abbreviation = ICC
| motto =
| formation = June 1980
| extinction =
| type = Inter- and multinational [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) 
| status = active
| purpose = To promote and to ensure [[Human rights|right]]s, interests, and the development of [[Inuit#Cultural history|Inuit culture]] and [[Inuit languages|languages]].
| headquarters = [[Anchorage, Alaska]]<br />[[Ottawa|Ottawa, Canada]]<br />[[Nuuk|Nuuk, Greenland]]<br />[[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr, Russia]]
| location =
| region_served = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
 |title= 4 regions
  |Alaska
  |Canada
  |Greenland
  |Russia
}}
| membership = 180,000
| languages = English, French
| leader_title = Chair of the Inuit Circumpolar Council
| leader_name = [[Sara Olsvig]]<ref name=chair/>
| leader_title2 = Vice-Chairs of the Inuit Circumpolar Council
| leader_name2 = President of ICC Alaska<br />[[Marie Greene]]<br />President of ICC Canada<br />[[Lisa Qiluqqi Koperqualuk]]<br />President of ICC Greenland<br />[[Kuupik V. Kleist]]<br />President of ICC Russia<br />[[Irina Mishina]]<ref name=chair/>
| main_organ = ICC International
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{url|www.inuitcircumpolar.com}}
|remarks = }}
{{Indigenous rights}}

[[File:Inuitconf.JPG|thumb|Former logo of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference]]
The '''Inuit Circumpolar Council''' ('''ICC'''; formerly the '''Inuit Circumpolar Conference''') is a multinational [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) and Indigenous Peoples' Organization (IPO) representing the 180,000 [[Inuit]] and [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]] (sometimes referred to as [[Eskimo]]) people living in [[Alaska]] (United States), Canada, [[Greenland]] ([[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]]), and the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] ([[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], Russia).<ref name="ICCCharter">{{Cite web|title=ICC Charter |publisher=Inuit Circumpolar Council|url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/icc-charter/|access-date=23 April 2024|website=www.inuitcircumpolar.com|quote=“Inuit” means indigenous members of the Inuit homeland recognized by Inuit as being members of their people and shall include the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, Inuvialuit (Canada), Kalaallit (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia).}}</ref> ICC was accredited by the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) and was granted [[Consultative status#Special|special consultative status]] (category II) at the [[United Nations]] in 1983.

The Conference, which first met in June 1977 in [[Utqiagvik, Alaska|Barrow, Alaska]] (now Utqiaġvik), initially represented indigenous [[circumpolar peoples]] from Canada, Alaska and Greenland. In 1980 the charter and by-laws of ICC were adopted. The Conference agreed to replace the term Eskimo with the term Inuit. This has not however met with widespread acceptance by some groups, most pre-eminently the Yupik (see Background section below). The goals of the Conference are to strengthen ties between Arctic people and to promote human, cultural, political and environmental rights and polities at the international level.<ref>{{cite book |title='Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'  |last=Pound |first=Richard W. |publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside |year=2005}}</ref>

ICC holds a General Assembly every four years. ICC is one of the six [[Arctic]] indigenous communities to have the status of Permanent Participant on the [[Arctic Council]].

==Background==
The Inuit population includes the following groups and regions:<ref name="ICCCharter" />
*Canada: [[Inuit Nunangat]]: [[Central Inuit]] ([[Nunavut]]), [[Inuvialuit]] ([[Inuvialuit Settlement Region]], [[Northwest Territories]]), Nunavimmiut ([[Nunavik]], [[Nord-du-Québec]]), and Nunatsiavummiut or Labradormiut ([[Nunatsiavut]], [[Labrador]]) 
*United States ([[Alaska]]): [[Iñupiat]], [[Yup'ik]] (Central Yup’ik & Cup’ik), and [[Siberian Yupik]] ([[St. Lawrence Island]] Yupik)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iccalaska.org/about/ |title=ICC Alaska – About|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
*Greenland: [[Greenlandic Inuit]]: [[Kalaallit]], [[Inughuit]], and [[Tunumiit]]
*Russia: [[Siberian Yupik]] ([[Chukchi Peninsula]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]])

All of these peoples are sometimes collectively referred to by the [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]], Eskimo, the use of which is frowned upon by many of the Inuit, especially in eastern Canada. ICC uses the term ''Inuit'' to refer to them all, which has its own problems. One of those is administrative: an Inuk in the United States could be considered "[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]," "[[Alaska Natives|Alaskan Native]]" or "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Aboriginal American]]." The Yupik of both Alaska and Russia generally prefer being called Yupik. Inuit is currently used in Alaska but it is not a word in the [[Yupik languages]], nor a word which they traditionally used to describe themselves. Eskimo, which was formerly used in Alaska is generally dying out.<ref name="kaplannew">{{Cite web|title=Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use? |publisher= [[Alaska Native Language Center]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]|url=https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php|access-date=2 April 2021|website=www.uaf.edu|first=Lawrence |last= Kaplan}}</ref>

==Structure and functions==
The main goals of the organization are to strengthen unity among Inuit, to promote their [[human rights|human]] ([[Indigenous rights|Indigenous]] and [[Linguistic rights|Linguistic]]) rights and interests, and to ensure the development of [[Inuit culture]].

Structurally, the organization is made up of four separate offices in each of the four Inuit homelands, chartered individually under their national rules. The Presidents of ICC Chukotka, ICC Alaska, ICC Canada, and ICC Greenland, along with one Executive Council Member elected from each of the nations, make up the eight-member ICC Executive Council. The Executive Council is presided over by an International Chair (formerly International President—the title was changed in 2002).

ICC holds a General Assembly every four years, bringing together Inuit from across the northern circumpolar region to discuss issues of international importance to their communities, provide direction for the work of the organization over the next four years, and divide responsibility for issue areas between the national offices. Assembly delegates appoint an international chair from the General Assembly host-country, along with the members of the Executive Council, and develop [[policy|policies]] and [[Resolution (policy debate)|resolution]]s for the coming term.

The General Assembly, and thus the International Chair position, rotates between the four Inuit nations quadrennially at the General Assemblies. At the 2002 General Assembly in [[Kuujjuaq]], Nunavik, Canada, the Chair passed from Greenland, where it had been held for the previous seven years by [[Aqqaluk Lynge]], now a member of the [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]], to Canada, where [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]], formerly the President of ICC Canada, took the position.

In 2006, the Chair passed to ICC Alaska at the General Assembly in [[Utqiaġvik, Alaska|Barrow]], and was then occupied by [[Patricia L. Cochran]], formerly executive director of the [[Alaska Native Science Commission]]. At that Assembly, ICC also voted to change its name to Inuit Circumpolar Council as there has been perennial confusion over an organizational name that sounds more like a past meeting.<ref name=chair>{{cite web|url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/executive-council/ |title=
ICC Executive Council Members|date=
3 January 2019|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

==Leadership==
The leadership of the ICC was initially organized with one president and three regional vice presidents. A fourth vice-president was added when Russia/Chukotka joined the ICC. The president later came to be unknown as chairperson or international chairperson.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Source <ref>{{cite web |title=Who’s who at ICC: ICC Executive Council Members, 1977 to present |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/whos-who-at-icc/ |website=Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Session !! International !! Canada !! Greenland !! Alaska !! Chukotka 
|-
| 1980–1983 || [[Hans-Pavia Rosing]] || [[Mary Simon]] || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || James Stotts || n/a
|-
| 1983–1986 || [[Hans-Pavia Rosing]] || Mark Gordon || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || James Stotts || n/a
|-
| 1986–1989 || [[Mary Simon]] || [[Rosemarie Kuptana]] || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || Caleb Pungowiyi || n/a
|-
| 1989–1992 || [[Mary Simon]] || Les Carpenter || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || Edna McLean || Alexander Omrypkir & Nadezda Sudakova (Ex-officio)
|-
| 1992–1995 || Eileen MacLean (1992–1993)<br/>Caleb Pungowiyi (1993–1995) || Minnie Grey || Ingmar Egede || Gloria Simeon || Zoya Ivanova
|-
| 1995–1998 || [[Rosemarie Kuptana]] (1995–1997)<br/>[[Aqqaluk Lynge]] (1997–1998) || [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]] || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || Ronald Brower || Tatiana Achirgina
|-
| 1998–2002 ||  [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]] || Alfred Jakobsen (1998–1999) <br/>Uusaqqak Qujaukitsoq (1999–2002) || Dennis Tiepelman || Lubov Otrokova
|-
| 2002–2006 || [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]] || Duane Smith || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || Chuck Greene || Natalia Rodionova
|-
| 2006–2010 || Patricia Cochran (2006–2009)<br/>Jimmy Stotts (2009–2010)|| Duane Smith || [[Aqqaluk Lynge]] || Chuck Greene || Tatiana Achirgina
|-
| 2010–2014 ||   || Duane Smith || Carl Christian “Puju” Olsen || James Stotts || Tatiana Achirgina
|-
| 2014–2018 || Okalik Eegeesiak || Duane Smith (2014–2016)<br/>[[Nancy Karetak-Lindell]] (2016–2018) || Hjalmar Dahl || James Stotts || Tatiana Achirgina
|-
| 2018–2022 || [[Dalee Sambo Dorough]] || [[Monica Ell-Kanayuk]] ||  Hjalmar Dahl || James Stotts || Liubov Taian
|-
| 2022–2026 || [[Sara Olsvig]] || Lisa Qiluqqi Koperqualuk || [[Kuupik Kleist]] (2022–2023)<br/>Hjalmar Dahl (2023–2026) || Marie Greene || Egor Vereshagin
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Alaska|Canada|Russia}}
*[[Saami Council]]
*[[West Nordic Council]]
*[[Arctic cooperation and politics]]
*[[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]]
*[[International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples]]
*[[Working Group on Indigenous Populations]]
*[[Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957]]
*[[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]]
*[[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.iccalaska.org/ Inuit Circumpolar Council, Alaska]
*[http://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ Inuit Circumpolar Council, Canada]
*[http://www.inuit.org/ Inuit Circumpolar Council, Greenland]
*[http://www.icc.hotbox.ru/ Inuit Circumpolar Council, Chukotka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401061152/http://www.icc.hotbox.ru/ |date=1 April 2015 }}

{{Inuit}}
{{Yupik}}
{{Aboriginal Orgs Canada}}
[[Category:Native American rights organizations]]

[[Category:Alaska Native organizations]]
[[Category:Governance of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Indigenous organizations in Russia]]
[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations in Canada]]
[[Category:Inuit organizations|Circumpolar Conference]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Greenland]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Yupik peoples]]