Editing Inuit languages

{{Short description|Branch of the Eskaleut language family}}
{{confuse|Innu language}}
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{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
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{{Infobox language family
| name          = Inuit
| region        = [[Alaska]], [[Nunavut]], [[Northwest Territories]] ([[Inuvialuit Settlement Region]]), [[Quebec]] ([[Nunavik]]), [[Labrador]] ([[Nunatsiavut]], [[Nunatuĸavut]]), [[Greenland]]
| ethnicity     = [[Inuit]]
| speakers      = {{Estimation|100,000}}
| familycolor   = Eskimo-Aleut
| fam2          = [[Eskimo languages|Eskimo]]
| protoname     = [[Proto-Inuit language|Proto-Inuit]]
| glotto        = inui1246
| glottorefname = Inuit
| child1        = ''[[Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]'' (Inupiatun/Inupiat)
| child2        = ''[[Inuvialuktun]]'' (Western Canadian Inuit, Kivallirmiutut, Aivilingmiutut, Qikiqtaaluk-Uannanganii)
| child3        = ''[[Inuktitut]]'' (Qikiqtaaluk-Nigiani, Nunavimmiutitut, Nunatsiavummiutut)
| child4        = ''[[Greenlandic language|Kalaallisut]]'' (Greenlandic)
| child5        = 
| map           = Inuit languages and dialects.svg
| map2          = Map of IUR & GSL.svg
| mapcaption2   = Maps of Inuit oral languages (top) and [[Greenlandic Sign Language|Greenlandic]] and [[Inuit Sign Language]]s (bottom)
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = 
}}
{{Indigenous Peoples of Canada}}
The '''Inuit languages''' are a closely related group of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous American languages]] traditionally spoken across the [[North American Arctic]] and the adjacent subarctic regions as far south as [[Labrador]]. The Inuit languages are one of the two branches of the [[Eskimoan languages|Eskimoan language family]], the other being the [[Yupik languages]], which are spoken in [[Alaska]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. Most [[Inuit]] people live in one of three countries: [[Greenland]], a self-governing territory within the [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]]; Canada, specifically in [[Nunavut]], the [[Inuvialuit Settlement Region]] of the [[Northwest Territories]], the [[Nunavik]] region of [[Quebec]], and the [[Nunatsiavut]] and [[NunatuKavut]] regions of Labrador; and the United States, specifically in northern and western Alaska.

The total population of Inuit speaking their traditional languages is difficult to assess with precision, since most counts rely on self-reported census data that may not accurately reflect usage or competence. Greenland census estimates place the number of Inuit language speakers there at roughly 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&version=201603&sc=SA&subthemecode=t4&colcode=t|title=Greenland's statistics|website=www.stat.gl/|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref> According to the [[2021 Canadian census]], the Inuit population of Canada is 70,540, of which 33,790 report Inuit as their first language.<ref name="Census Profile 2021">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table| publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=2023-02-01 | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada | access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref> Greenland and Canada account for the bulk of Inuit speakers, although about 7,500 Alaskans speak some variety of an Inuit language out of a total population of over 13,000 Inuit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/elr/natlang.html |title=Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States (by Language) |publisher=yourdictionary.com |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-date=2017-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723113231/http://www.yourdictionary.com/elr/natlang.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An estimated 7,000 [[Greenlandic people in Denmark|Greenlandic Inuit live in Denmark]], the largest group outside of North America. Thus, the total population of Inuit speakers is about 100,000 people.

Although they are from two different [[language families]], Inuit also speak both [[Inuit Sign Language]] (IUR) in Canada and [[Greenlandic Sign Language]] in Greenland. It is unknown to academia if the two sign languages are related. It also remains unknown to what extent IUR is spoken across [[Inuit Nunangat]]. Finally, even though IUR is slowly being replaced by [[American Sign Language]], there are efforts to support the native sign language underway.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacDougall |first=Jamie |date=December 2000 |title=Access to justice for deaf persons in Nunavut: Focus on signed languages |journal=Department of Justice, Canada |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/aj-ja/rr00_17/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226195400/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/aj-ja/rr00_17/rr00_17.pdf |archive-date=Feb 26, 2024}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
The traditional language of the Inuit is a system of closely interrelated dialects that are not readily comprehensible from one end of the Inuit world to the other; some people do not think of it as a single language but rather a group of languages. However, there are no clear criteria for breaking the Inuit language into specific member languages since it forms a [[dialect continuum]]. Each band of Inuit understands its neighbours, and most likely its neighbours' neighbours; but at some remove, comprehensibility drops to a very low level.

As a result, Inuit in different places use different words for its own variants and for the entire group of languages, and this ambiguity has been carried into other languages, creating a great deal of confusion over what labels should be applied to it.

In Greenland the official form of Inuit language, and the official language of the state, is called ''Kalaallisut''. In other languages, it is often called ''[[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]]'' or some [[cognate]] term. The Inuit languages of Alaska are called ''[[Inupiaq language|Inupiatun]]'', but the variants of the [[Seward Peninsula]] are distinguished from the other Alaskan variants by calling them ''[[Qawiaraq]]'', or for some dialects, ''[[Bering Strait]] Inupiatun''.

In Canada, the word ''[[Inuktitut]]'' is routinely used to refer to all Canadian variants of the Inuit traditional language, and it is under that name that it is recognised as one of the official languages of [[Nunavut]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]. However, one of the variants of western Nunavut, and the eastern Northwest Territories, is called ''[[Inuinnaqtun]]'' to distinguish itself from the dialects of eastern Canada, while the variants of the Northwest Territories are sometimes called ''[[Inuvialuktun]]'' and have in the past sometimes been called ''[[Inuktun]]''. In those dialects, the name is sometimes rendered as ''Inuktitun'' to reflect dialectal differences in pronunciation. The Inuit language of [[Quebec]] is called ''[[Inuttitut]]'' by its speakers, and often by other people, but this is a minor variation in pronunciation. In [[Labrador]], the language is called ''Inuttut'' or, often in official documents, by the more descriptive name ''Labradorimiutut''{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=Can't find a reliable source for Labradorimiutut}}. Furthermore, Canadians{{snd}}both Inuit and non-Inuit{{snd}}sometimes use the word ''Inuktitut'' to refer to ''all'' Inuit language variants, including those of Alaska and Greenland.

The phrase ''"Inuit language"'' is largely limited to professional discourse, since in each area, there is one or more conventional terms that cover all the local variants; or it is used as a descriptive term in publications where readers can't necessarily be expected to know the locally used words. In Nunavut the government groups all dialects of Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun under the term ''[[Inuktut]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gov.nu.ca/culture-and-heritage/information/we-speak-inuktut|title=We Speak Inuktut|publisher=Government of Nunavut|access-date=October 11, 2022|archive-date=August 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816202346/https://gov.nu.ca/culture-and-heritage/information/we-speak-inuktut|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although many people refer to the Inuit language as ''Eskimo language'', this is a broad term that also includes the [[Yupik languages]], and is in addition strongly discouraged in Canada and diminishing in usage elsewhere. See the article on ''[[Eskimo]]'' for more information on this word.

== Classification and history ==
The Inuit languages constitute a branch of the [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut language family]]. They are closely related to the [[Yupik languages]] and more remotely to [[Aleut language|Aleut]]. These other languages are all spoken in western [[Alaska]], United States, and eastern [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], Russia. They are not discernibly related to other [[indigenous languages of the Americas]] or northeast Asia, although there have been some unsubstantiated proposals that they are distantly related to the [[Uralic languages]] of western Siberia and northern Europe, in a proposed [[Uralo-Siberian languages|Uralo-Siberian]] grouping, or even to the [[Indo-European languages]] as part of a [[Nostratic languages|Nostratic]] superphylum. Some had previously lumped them in with the [[Paleosiberian languages]], though that is a geographic rather than a linguistic grouping.

Early forms of the Inuit language are believed to have been spoken by the [[Thule people]], who migrated east from [[Beringia]] towards the [[Arctic Archipelago]], which had been occupied by people of the [[Dorset culture]] since the beginning of the [[2nd millennium]]. By 1300, the Inuit and their language had reached western Greenland, and finally east Greenland roughly at the same time the [[Norse colonization of North America#Norse Greenland|Viking colonies in southern Greenland]] disappeared. It is generally believed that it was during this centuries-long eastward migration that the Inuit language became distinct from the Yupik languages spoken in Western Alaska and Chukotka.

Until 1902, a possible [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of the Dorset, the ''[[Sadlermiut]]'' (in modern [[Inuktitut]] spelling ''Sallirmiut''), existed on [[Southampton Island]]. Almost nothing is known about their language, but the few eyewitness accounts tell of them speaking a "strange dialect". This suggests that they also spoke an Inuit language, but one quite distinct from the forms spoken in Canada today.

The Yupik and Inuit languages are very similar syntactically and morphologically. Their common origin can be seen in a number of cognates:
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:1em auto;" width="70%"
! English !! [[Central Yupik]] !! [[Iñupiatun]] !! [[North Baffin dialect|North Baffin Inuktitut]] !! [[West Greenlandic|Kalaallisut]]
|-
| person || {{lang|esu|yuk}} || {{wikt-lang|ik|iñuk}} {{IPA|[iɲuk]}} || {{transliteration|iu|inuk}} ({{wikt-lang|iu|ᐃᓄᒃ}}) || {{wikt-lang|kl|inuk}}
|-
| frost || {{lang|esu|kaneq}} || {{lang|ik|kaniq}} || {{transliteration|iu|kaniq}} ({{lang|iu|ᑲᓂᖅ}}) || {{lang|kl|kaneq}}
|-
| river || {{lang|esu|kuik}} || {{wikt-lang|ik|kuuk}} || {{transliteration|iu|kuuk}} ({{wikt-lang|iu|ᑰᒃ}}) || {{wikt-lang|kl|kuuk}}
|-
| outside || {{lang|esu|ellami}} || {{lang|ik|siḷami}} {{IPA|[siʎami]}} || {{transliteration|iu|silami}} ({{wikt-lang|iu|ᓯᓚᒥ}}) || {{lang|kl|silami}}
|}

The western Alaskan variants retain a large number of features present in proto-Inuit language and in Yup'ik, enough so that they might be classed as Yup'ik languages if they were viewed in isolation from the larger Inuit world.

== Geographic distribution and variants ==
[[File:Inuktitut dialect map.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|Distribution of Inuit language variants across the Arctic]]

The Inuit languages are a fairly closely linked set of languages which can be broken up using a number of different criteria. Traditionally, Inuit describe dialect differences by means of place names to describe local idiosyncrasies in language: The dialect of [[Igloolik]] versus the dialect of [[Iqaluit]], for example. However, political and sociological divisions are increasingly the principal criteria for describing different variants of the Inuit languages because of their links to different writing systems, literary traditions, schools, media sources and borrowed vocabulary. This makes any partition of the Inuit language somewhat problematic. This article will use labels that try to synthesise linguistic, sociolinguistic and political considerations in splitting up the Inuit dialect spectrum. This scheme is not the only one used or necessarily one used by Inuit themselves, but its labels do try to reflect the usages most seen in popular and technical literature.

In addition to the territories listed below, some 7,000 Greenlandic speakers are reported to live in mainland [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kal |title=Inuktitut, Greenlandic: A language of Greenland |publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref> and according to the 2001 census roughly 200 self-reported Inuktitut native speakers regularly live in parts of [[Canada]] which are outside traditional Inuit lands.

=== Alaska ===
{{further|Inupiaq language}}

Of the roughly 13,000 Alaskan [[Iñupiat]], as few as 3000 may still be able to speak the Iñupiaq, with most of them over the age of 40.<ref name="Inupiaq">{{cite web |url=http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/langs/i.html |title=Alaska Native Languages: Inupiaq |publisher=University of Alaska Fairbanks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424091828/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/langs/i.html |archive-date=2006-04-24 |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref> Alaskan Inupiat speak three distinct dialects, which have difficult mutual intelligibility:<ref>Linda Lanz (2010) ''A Grammar of Iñupiaq Morphosyntax'', PhD dissertation, Rice University</ref>

*Qawiaraq is spoken on the southern side of the [[Seward Peninsula]] and the [[Norton Sound]] area. In the past it was spoken in Chukotka, particularly [[Diomede Islands|Big Diomede island]], but appears to have vanished in Russian areas through assimilation into Yupik, [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] and Russian-speaking communities. It is radically different in phonology from other Inuit language variants.
*Inupiatun (North Slope Iñupiaq) is spoken on the [[Alaska North Slope]] and in the [[Kotzebue Sound]] area.
*Malimiutun or Malimiut Inupiatun, which are the variants of the Kotzebue Sound area and the northwest of Alaska .<ref name="Inupiaq" />

=== Canada ===
{{further|Inuktitut}} {{further|Inuvialuktun}}

The Inuit languages are official in the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]] (the dominant language in the latter); have a high level of official support in [[Nunavik]], a semi-autonomous portion of [[Quebec]]; and are still spoken in some parts of [[Labrador]]. Generally, Canadians refer to all dialects spoken in Canada as ''[[Inuktitut]]'', but the terms ''[[Inuvialuktun]]'', ''[[Inuinnaqtun]]'', and ''[[Inuttut]]'' (also called ''Nunatsiavummiutut'', ''Labradorimiutut'' or ''Inuttitut'') have some currency in referring to the variants of specific areas.

==== Western Canadian Inuit ====
*[[Inuvialuktun]] (from west to east)
** [[Uummarmiutun]] (Canadian [[Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]])
**[[Siglitun]] (Sallirmiutun)
**[[Inuinnaqtun]]
**[[Natsilingmiutut]]
**[[Kivalliq dialect|Kivallirmiutut]] (Kivalliq)
**[[Aivilingmiutut]] (Ailivik)
**[[North Baffin dialect|Iglulingmiut]] (Qikiqtaaluk Uannanganii)

==== Eastern Canadian Inuit ====
*[[Inuktitut]]
**[[Qikiqtaaluk Nigiani]]
**[[Nunavimmiututut]]
**[[Inuttitut]] (Nunatsiavummiut)

=== Greenland ===
{{further|Greenlandic language}}

[[Greenland]] counts approximately 50,000 speakers of the Inuit languages, over 90% of whom speak west Greenlandic dialects at home.
*Kalaallisut, [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] in English, is the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language has been taught to all Greenlanders since schools were established, regardless of their native dialect. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish (in contrast the Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to borrow from English, French or Russian). It is written using the Latin script. The dialect of the [[Upernavik]] area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in phonology from the standard dialect.
*Tunumiit oraasiat, the [[Tunumiit dialect]] (or Tunumiisut in Greenlandic, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3000 speakers according to Ethnologue.<ref name="Greenlandic">{{cite web|title=Greenlandic|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kal|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
*[[Inuktun]] (Or Avanersuarmiutut in Greenlandic) is the dialect of the area around [[Qaanaaq]] in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the [[North Baffin dialect]], since a group of migratory Inuit from [[Baffin Island]] settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1000 speakers according to Ethnologue.<ref name="Greenlandic" />

Greenlandic was strongly supported by the Danish Christian mission (conducted by the Danish state church) in Greenland. Several major dictionaries were created, beginning with Poul Egedes's {{lang|la|Dictionarium Grönlandico-danico-latinum}} (1750) and culminating with Samuel Kleinschmidt's (1871) {{lang|da|Den grønlandske ordbog}} ('The Greenlandic Dictionary'), which contained a Greenlandic grammatical system that has formed the basis of modern Greenlandic grammar. Together with the fact that until 1925 Danish was not taught in the public schools, these policies had the consequence that Greenlandic has always and continues to enjoy a very strong position in Greenland, both as a spoken as well as written language.

== Phonology and phonetics ==
{{Main|Inuit phonology}}

Eastern Canadian Inuit language variants have fifteen [[consonant]]s and three [[vowel]]s (which can be long or short).

Consonants are arranged with five [[place of articulation|places of articulation]]: [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], [[palatal consonant|palatal]], [[velar consonant|velar]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]]; and three [[manner of articulation|manners of articulation]]: voiceless [[stop consonant|stops]], voiced [[continuant]]s, and [[nasal consonant|nasals]], as well as two additional sounds—voiceless [[Fricative consonant|fricatives]]. The Alaskan dialects have an additional manner of articulation, the ''[[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]'', which was present in proto-Inuit language. Retroflexes have disappeared in all the Canadian and Greenlandic dialects. In Natsilingmiutut, the [[voiced palatal stop]] {{IPA|/ɟ/}} derives from a former retroflex.

Almost all Inuit language variants have only three basic vowels and make a phonological distinction between short and long forms of all vowels. The only exceptions are at the extreme edges of the Inuit world: parts of Greenland, and in western Alaska.

== Morphology and syntax ==
{{For|a more detailed description specific to Nunavut Inuktitut|Inuit grammar}}

The Inuit languages, like other Eskimo–Aleut languages, have very rich morphological systems in which a succession of different [[morpheme]]s are added to root words (like verb endings in European languages) to indicate things that, in languages like English, would require several words to express. (See also: [[Agglutinative language]] and [[Polysynthetic language]]) All Inuit words begin with a root morpheme to which other morphemes are suffixed. The language has hundreds of distinct suffixes, in some dialects as many as 700. Fortunately for learners, the language has a highly regular morphology. Although the rules are sometimes very complicated, they do not have exceptions in the sense that English and other [[Indo-European languages]] do.

This system makes words very long, and potentially unique. For example, in central [[Nunavut]] [[Inuktitut]]:

{{interlinear |lang=iu |indent=2
|top= {{lang|iu|Tusaatsiarunnanngittualuujunga.}}
|tusaa- -tsiaq- -junnaq- -nngit- -tualuu- -junga
|{to hear} well {be able to} not {very much} 1SG.PRES.IND.{{gcl|NSP|non-specific}}
|I cannot hear very well.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
}}

This sort of word construction is pervasive in the Inuit languages and makes them very unlike English. In one large Canadian corpus{{snd}}the ''Nunavut [[Hansard]]''{{snd}}92% of all words appear only once, in contrast to a small percentage in most English corpora of similar size. This makes the application of [[Zipf's law]] quite difficult in the Inuit language. Furthermore, the notion of a [[part of speech]] can be somewhat complicated in the Inuit languages. Fully inflected verbs can be interpreted as nouns. The word ilisaijuq can be interpreted as a fully inflected verb: "he studies", but can also be interpreted as a noun: "student". That said, the meaning is probably obvious to a fluent speaker, when put in context.

The morphology and syntax of the Inuit languages vary to some degree between dialects, and the article ''[[Inuit grammar]]'' describes primarily central Nunavut dialects, but the basic principles will generally apply to all of them and to some degree to [[Yupik languages]] as well.

== Vocabulary ==

=== Toponymy and names ===
Both the names of places and people tend to be highly prosaic when translated. ''[[Iqaluit]]'', for example, is simply the plural of the noun ''iqaluk'' "fish" ("Arctic char", "salmon" or "trout" depending on dialect<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingdictionary.com/search/viewResults.jsp?resultsId=1349313947885ri |title=iqaluk |work=Asuilaak Living Dictionary|access-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>). ''[[Igloolik]]'' (''Iglulik'') means ''place with houses'', a word that could be interpreted as simply ''town''; ''[[Inuvik]]'' is ''place of people''; ''[[Baffin Island]]'', ''Qikiqtaaluk'' in Inuktitut, translates approximately to "big island".

Common native names in Canada include "Ujarak" (rock), "Nuvuk" (headland), "Nasak" (hat, or hood), "Tupiq" or "Tupeq" in Kalaallisut (tent), and "Qajaq" ([[kayak]]). Inuit also use animal names, traditionally believing that by using those names, they took on some of the characteristics of that animal: "Nanuq" or "Nanoq" in Kalaallisut (polar-bear), "Uqalik" or "Ukaleq" in Kalaallisut (Arctic hare), and "Tiriaq" or "Teriaq" in Kalaallisut (mouse) are favourites. In other cases, Inuit are named after dead people or people in traditional tales, by naming them after anatomical traits those people are believed to have had. Examples include "Itigaituk" (has no feet), "Anana" or "Anaana" (mother), "Piujuq" (beautiful) and "Tulimak" (rib). Inuit may have any number of names, given by parents and other community members.

=== Disc numbers and Project Surname ===
In the 1920s, changes in lifestyle and serious epidemics such as [[tuberculosis]] made the [[government of Canada]] interested in tracking the Inuit of Canada's Arctic. Traditionally Inuit names reflect what is important in Inuit culture: environment, landscape, seascape, family, animals, birds, spirits. However these traditional names were difficult for non-Inuit to parse. Also, the agglutinative nature of Inuit language meant that names seemed long and were difficult for southern bureaucrats and missionaries to pronounce.

Thus, in the 1940s, the Inuit were given [[disc numbers]], recorded on a special leather ID tag, similar to a [[Dog tag (identifier)|dog tag]]. They were required to keep the tag with them always. (Some tags are now so old and worn that the number is polished out.) The numbers were assigned with a letter prefix that indicated location (E = east), community, and then the order in which the census-taker saw the individual. In some ways this state renaming was abetted by the churches and missionaries, who viewed the traditional names and their calls to power as related to [[shamanism]] and [[paganism]].

They encouraged people to take Christian names. So a young woman who was known to her relatives as "Lutaaq, Pilitaq, Palluq, or Inusiq" and had been baptised as "Annie" was under this system to become [[Ann Meekitjuk Hanson|Annie E7-121]].<ref name="Annie">{{cite web |url=http://www.nunavut.com/nunavut99/english/name.html |title=What's in a name? |author=Ann Meekitjuk Hanson |publisher=nunavut.com |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-date=2016-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107123650/http://www.nunavut.com/nunavut99/english/name.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> People adopted the number-names, their family members' numbers, etc., and learned all the region codes (like knowing a telephone area code).

Until Inuit began studying in the south, many did not know that numbers were not normal parts of Christian and English naming systems. Then in 1969, the government started Project Surname,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tradition-orale.ca/english/project-surname-102.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002064546/http://www.tradition-orale.ca/english/project-surname-102.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |title=Project Surname: Listening to Our Past |publisher=Francophone Association of Nunavut |access-date=2012-02-20 }}</ref> headed by [[Abe Okpik]], to replace number-names with [[patrilineal]] "family surnames".

=== Words for snow ===
{{further|Eskimo words for snow}}

A popular belief exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for [[snow]]. This is not accurate, and results from a misunderstanding of the nature of polysynthetic languages. In fact, the Inuit have only a few base roots for snow: 'qanniq-' ('qanik-' in some dialects), which is used most often like the verb ''to snow'', and 'aput', which means ''snow'' as a substance. Parts of speech work very differently in the Inuit language than in English, so these definitions are somewhat misleading.

The Inuit languages can form very long words by adding more and more descriptive affixes to words. Those affixes may modify the syntactic and semantic properties of the base word, or may add qualifiers to it in much the same way that English uses adjectives or prepositional phrases to qualify nouns (e.g. "falling snow", "blowing snow", "snow on the ground", "snow drift", etc.)

The "fact" that there are many Inuit words for snow has been put forward so often that it has become a [[Snowclone|journalistic cliché]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tahaz-0F6zMC |title=The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language |author=Geoffrey K. Pullum |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |pages=236 |isbn=0-226-68534-9 |year=1991 |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref>

=== Numbers ===
[[File:IqaluitStop.jpg|thumb|A [[stop sign]] in [[Inuktitut syllabics]] and English]]
The Inuit use a [[base-20]] counting system.

== Writing ==
Because the Inuit languages are spread over such a large area, divided between different nations and political units and originally reached by Europeans of different origins at different times, there is no uniform way of writing the Inuit language.

Currently there are six "standard" ways to write the languages:
# ICI Standard Syllabics (Canada)
# ICI Standard Latin script (Canada)
# Nunatsiavut Latin script (Canada)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nunatsiavut Writing System |url=https://nunatsiavut.tusaalanga.ca/node/2507 |website=Inuttut Tusâlanga |publisher=Pirurvik |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911220221/https://nunatsiavut.tusaalanga.ca/node/2507 |archive-date=11 Sep 2024 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
# Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait (Canada)
# Alaskan [[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]] script (US)
# Greenlandic

Though all except the syllabics use a Latin-based script, the alphabets differ in use of diacritics, non-Latin letters, etc. Most Inuktitut in [[Nunavut]] and [[Nunavik]] is written using a script called [[Inuktitut syllabics]], based on [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]]. The western part of Nunavut and the [[Northwest Territories]] use a [[Latin script|Latin-script]] alphabet usually identified as [[Inuinnaqtun]]. In [[Alaska]], another Latin alphabet is used, with some characters using diacritics. [[Nunatsiavut]] uses an alphabet devised with German-speaking [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries, which includes the letter [[Kra (letter)|''kra'']]. Greenland's Latin alphabet was originally much like the one used in Nunatsiavut, but underwent a spelling reform in 1973 to bring the orthography in line with changes in pronunciation and better reflect the phonemic inventory of the language.

=== Canadian syllabics ===
{{further|Inuktitut syllabics}}
[[File:Inuktitut.svg|thumb|upright=1.81|right|The syllabics used to write Inuktitut ''(titirausiq nutaaq)''. The characters with the dots represent long vowels: in the Latin transcription, the vowel would be doubled.]]

Inuktitut syllabics, used in Canada, is based on [[Cree syllabics]], devised by the missionary [[James Evans (linguist)|James Evans]] based on [[Devanagari]], a [[Brahmi script]]. The present form of Canadian Inuktitut syllabics was adopted by the [[Inuit Cultural Institute]] in Canada in the 1970s.

Though presented in syllabic form, syllabics is not a true [[syllabary]] but an [[abugida]], since syllables starting with the same consonant are written with graphically similar letters.

All of the characters needed for Inuktitut syllabics are available in the [[Unicode]] character repertoire, in the blocks [[Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)|Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]].

===Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait===
The Canadian national organization [[Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami]] adopted Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait, a unified orthography for all varieties of Inuktitut, in September 2019. It is based on the Latin alphabet without diacritics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-inuit-combine-nine-different-scripts-for-writing-inuktitut-into-one-2/|title=Inuit combine nine different scripts for writing Inuktitut into one|last=Weber|first=Bob|date=2019-10-06|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/national-inuit-org-approves-standard-roman-orthography-for-all-dialects/|title=National Inuit org approves new unified writing system|date=2019-09-27|website=Nunatsiaq News|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=This Inuk woman is teaching her Indigenous language online to help others reconnect with Inuit culture |author=Alaa Elassar |website=[[CNN]] |date=19 Feb 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/19/world/inuk-woman-teaches-inuktitut-language-canada/index.html}}

== See also ==
* [[Duncan Pryde]]
* [[Inuit Sign Language]]
* [[Yupik languages]]
* [[Uralo-Siberian languages|Uralo Siberian]]
* [[Inupiaq language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Alia, Valerie (1994) ''Names, Numbers and Northern policy: Inuit, Project Surname and the Politics of Identity''. Halifax NS: Fernwood Publishing.
* Collis, Dirmid R. F., ed. ''Arctic Languages: An Awakening'' {{ISBN|92-3-102661-5}} {{cite web|url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf |title=Available in PDF via the UNESCO website }}&nbsp;{{small|(2.68&nbsp;MB)}}.
* Dorais, Louis-Jacques (2010) ''The Language of the Inuit. Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic''. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
* Greenhorn, Beth [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710200535/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/inuit/054301-e.html Project Naming: Always On Our Minds, Library and Archives Canada, Canada].
* Mallon, Mick [https://web.archive.org/web/20050524165205/http://inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ Inuktitut Linguistics for Technocrats].
* Mallon, Mick (1991) ''Introductory Inuktitut'' and ''Introductory Inuktitut Reference Grammar''. {{ISBN|0-7717-0230-2}} and {{ISBN|0-7717-0235-3}}.
* Okpik, Abe. ''Disk Numbers.'' (Okpik received the Order of Canada for his work on Project Surname) [http://www.katilvik.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726192723/http://www.katilvik.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=30 |date=2008-07-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710200535/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/inuit/054301-e.html Project Naming Website].
* Spalding, Alex (1998) ''Inuktitut: A Multi-dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base)''. {{ISBN|1-896204-29-5}}.
* Spalding, Alex (1992) ''Inuktitut: a Grammar of North Baffin Dialects''. {{ISBN|0-920063-43-8}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Inuit languages}}

=== Dictionaries and lexica ===
* [http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm Interactive IñupiaQ Dictionary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051027152937/http://www.oqaasileriffik.gl/cgi-bin/katersat.cgi?lang=eng Oqaasileriffik Language database]
* {{cite web |url= http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/fb08/IHE/download/InukMorphList.pdf |title= Inuktitut Morphology List |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930090412/http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/fb08/IHE/download/InukMorphList.pdf |archive-date= 2005-09-30 }}&nbsp;{{small|(133&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}
* [https://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/docs/anlm/00434517.pdf Textbook]

=== Webpages ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220722/http://www.itk.ca/communications/technology-syllabics.php A Brief History of Inuktitut Writing Culture]
* [https://www.languagegeek.com/inu/inu_syllabarium.html Inuktitut Syllabarium]
* [http://www.nunavut.com/nunavut99/english/our.html Our Language, Our Selves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051111140658/http://www.nunavut.com/nunavut99/english/our.html |date=2005-11-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050802084421/http://tafkac.org/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html Alt.folklore.urban on Eskimo words for snow.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031212025626/http://www.connexion-dte.dk/inuityupik_en.htm Report of the third Danish Chukotka expedition with information on the Chukotka Yupik]

=== Unicode support ===
*[https://www.unicode.org/charts/ Code Charts]

{{Inuit}}
{{Eskaleut languages}}
{{Greenlandic language}}
{{Languages of Greenland}}
{{Languages of the United States}}
{{Languages of Alaska}}
{{Languages of Canada}}
{{Languages of Yukon}}
{{Languages of Nunavut}}
{{Languages of Quebec}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inuit Language}}
[[Category:Eskaleut languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Arctic|Inuit01]]
[[Category:Inuit languages of Canada|Inuit01]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Alaska|Inuit01]]
[[Category:Languages of Greenland]]
[[Category:Inuit culture]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]]