Editing Invincible-class battlecruiser

{{Short description|Royal Navy ships}}
{{Good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Invincible (1907) British Battleship.jpg
|Ship caption=An early photograph of ''Invincible'', before her [[torpedo nets]] were removed
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=''Invincible''-class battlecruiser
|Builders=
*[[Armstrong Whitworth]]
*[[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering|Fairfield Shipbuilding & Eng.]]
*[[John Brown and Company|John Brown & Co.]]
|Operators={{navy|United Kingdom}}
|Class before=None
|Class after={{sclass|Indefatigable|battlecruiser|4}}
|Cost=[[pound sterling|£]]1.7 m
|Built range=1906–1909
|In service range=1908–1921
|Total ships completed=3
|Total ships lost=1
|Total ships scrapped=2
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Battlecruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|17250|LT|MT|lk=on}} (normal)
*{{convert|20420|LT|MT}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship length= {{convert|567|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship beam={{convert|78|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship draught={{convert|30|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} (deep load)
|Ship propulsion=4 shafts; 2 direct-drive [[steam turbine]] sets 
|Ship speed= {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range= {{convert|3090|nmi|km|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|Ship power=*31 [[water-tube boiler]]s
*{{convert|41000|shp|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|Ship complement= 784
|Ship armament=*4 × twin [[BL 12 inch Mk X naval gun|{{cvt|12|in|mm|0}} guns]]
*16 × single [[QF 4 inch naval gun Mk I - III|4 in (102&nbsp;mm) guns]]
*5 × single [[British 18 inch torpedo|18 in (450&nbsp;mm) torpedo]] tubes
|Ship armour=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|4|-|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]s: {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Barbette]]s: {{convert|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun turret|Turrets]]: {{convert|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|6|-|10|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Torpedo bulkhead]]s: {{convert|2.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
The three '''''Invincible''-class battlecruisers''' were built for the [[Royal Navy]] and entered service in 1908 as the world's first [[battlecruiser]]s.<ref>Osborne, p. 206</ref> They were the brainchild of [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|Admiral Sir John ("Jacky") Fisher]], the man who had sponsored the construction of the world's first "all-big-gun" warship, {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}. He visualised a new breed of warship, somewhere between the [[armoured cruiser]] and [[battleship]]; it would have the armament of the latter, but the high speed of the former. This combination would allow it to chase down most ships, while allowing it to run from more powerful designs.

This design philosophy would prove to be most successful when the ''Invincible''s were able to use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships. The classic example was during [[World War I]] at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]], where {{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}} and {{HMS|Inflexible|1907|2}} sank the German armoured cruisers {{SMS|Scharnhorst}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau}}; despite numerous hits by the German ships, ''Inflexible'' and ''Invincible'' incurred very few casualties among their crews. They were least successful when standing in the main line of battle, where they faced enemy [[capital ship]]s. An example is the loss of ''Invincible'' to a magazine explosion during the [[Battle of Jutland]] about eighteen months after her success in the Falklands, although this explosion owed more to flaws in British ammunition-handling practices &ndash; that exposed numerous [[cordite]] charges to a fire in one of her gun turrets &ndash; than any flaws in the design of the ship.<ref name=b67>Brown, pp. 165–167</ref>

After the loss of ''Invincible'', the two surviving ships had an uneventful time for the rest of the war conducting patrols of the [[North Sea]], as the [[High Seas Fleet]] was forbidden to risk any more losses. They were put into [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] in early 1919 and sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] in 1921.

==Design==
After Admiral Fisher was appointed [[First Sea Lord]] on 20 October 1904, he pushed through the [[British Admiralty|Board of Admiralty]] in early December 1904 a decision to arm the next armoured cruiser with {{convert|12|in|0|adj=on}} guns and that it would have a speed no less than {{convert|25.5|kn|lk=in}}. Shortly afterwards he convened a "Committee on Designs" to investigate and report on requirements for future ships. While nominally independent, it served to validate decisions already made and to deflect criticism off Fisher and the Board of Admiralty, as it had no ability to consider options other than those already decided upon by the Admiralty. Fisher appointed all of the members of the Committee and himself as President of the Committee. During its last meeting on the 22 of February 1905 it decided on the outline design of the fast armoured cruiser. This, in turn, was approved by the Board on March the 16th with only minor changes, such as the reduction in the anti-[[torpedo boat]] armament from twenty to eighteen [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pdr]] guns.<ref>Roberts, pp. 18–20, 22–24</ref>

===General characteristics===
The ''Invincible''-class ships were formally known as armoured cruisers until 1911, when they were redesignated as battlecruisers by an Admiralty order of 24 November. Unofficially a number of designations were used until then, including cruiser-battleship, dreadnought cruiser and battle-cruiser.<ref>Roberts, pp. 24–25</ref>

The ''Invincible''s were significantly larger than their armoured cruiser predecessors of the {{sclass|Minotaur|cruiser (1906)|4}}. They had an [[length overall|overall]] length of {{convert|567|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|78.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|30|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} at deep load. They displaced {{convert|17250|LT|MT}} at load and {{convert|20420|LT|MT}} at deep load, nearly {{convert|3000|LT|MT|-1}} more than the earlier ships.<ref>Roberts, pp. 43–44</ref>

===Propulsion===
Early in the design process the "Committee on Designs" had thought to power these ships with the traditional reciprocating vertical [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engines]], but were persuaded to adopt [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[steam turbine]]s as they required fewer boilers for the same amount of power, were easier to protect from damage as they were more compact than reciprocating engines and could be kept below the waterline. In addition they were significantly lighter and more reliable than the older design. The [[Direct-drive mechanism|direct-drive]] turbines then in use did have one significant drawback in that they ran at a relatively high speed which required small-diameter, fine-pitch propellers of a large blade area which adversely affected manoeuvrability at low speeds. [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Parsons]] alleviated this problem by his suggestion of fitting more powerful astern turbines on all four shafts, which could increase manoeuvrability by reversing the turbines as needed.<ref>Roberts, pp. 68–69</ref>

An additional solution was to fit twin balanced rudders behind each inner shaft, in contrast to the single central rudder used on earlier ships. This greatly increased the effectiveness of the rudder and substantially decreased the turning circle of the ''Invincible''s in comparison to earlier ships of their size.<ref>Roberts, pp. 69–70</ref>

The ''Invincible''s had two paired sets of Parsons turbines housed in separate engine-rooms. Each set consisted of a high-pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an outboard shaft, and a low-pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an inner shaft. A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft, although these were not used often and were eventually disconnected. Each shaft drove a propeller {{convert|11|ft|m}} in diameter. The turbines were designed to produce a total of {{convert|41000|shp|lk=on}}, but reached nearly {{convert|47000|shp|abbr=on}} during trials in 1908. Designed speed was {{convert|25|kn|1}}, but all three bettered {{convert|26|kn|1}} during trials.<ref>Roberts, pp. 76, 80</ref> {{HMS|Indomitable|1907|2}} maintained an average speed of {{convert|25.3|kn|1}} for three days during a passage of the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]] in August 1908.<ref>Roberts, p. 75</ref>

The steam plant consisted of 31 [[Yarrow Shipbuilders|Yarrow]] (''Invincible'' and ''Inflexible'') or [[Babcock & Wilcox]] (''Indomitable'') [[water-tube boiler|large-tube boiler]]s, arranged in four boiler rooms.<ref>Roberts, pp. 70–75</ref> Maximum bunkerage was approximately {{convert|3000|LT|MT|-1}} of coal, with an additional {{convert|725|LT|MT}} of [[fuel oil]] to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate.<ref>Roberts, p. 76</ref> At full fuel capacity, the ships could steam for {{convert|3090|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=c24>Preston, p. 24</ref>

===Armament===
[[File:HMS Indomitable guns LOC 16724.jpg|thumb|left|The guns of 'P' and 'Q' turrets trained across the deck|alt=The crowded midships area of {{HMS|Indomitable|1907|6}} dominated by the masses of the 12-inch guns of 'P' and 'Q' turrets, each of which is trained across the deck]]
Each carried eight [[BL 12 inch Mk X naval gun|BL 12-inch (305&nbsp;mm) Mk X guns]] in four hydraulically powered BVIII twin [[gun turret|turrets]], except for ''Invincible'' which mounted her guns in two BIX and two BX electrically driven turrets. Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline, identified as 'A' and 'X' respectively. Two turrets were mounted amidships between the second and third funnels, identified as 'P' and 'Q'. 'P' turret was mounted on the port side and normally faced forward, 'Q' turret was mounted on the starboard side and normally faced aft (rearwards). 'P' and 'Q' turrets were staggered—'P' was forward of 'Q', enabling 'P' to fire in a limited arc to the starboard side and 'Q' to likewise fire in a limited arc towards the port side. These were the same guns as those mounted in the British {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}, the {{sclass|Lord Nelson|battleship|4}} and the {{sclass|Bellerophon|battleship|4}}, and for a brief period the ''Invincible''s equalled the firepower of any other nations' battleships.<ref>Roberts, pp. 81–84</ref>

The guns could initially be depressed to −3° and elevated to 13.5°, although the turrets were modified to allow 16° of elevation during [[World War I]]. They fired {{convert|850|lb|kg|adj=on}} projectiles at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|2725|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}; at 13.5°, this provided a maximum range of {{convert|16450|m|yd|abbr=on}} with [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|armour-piercing (AP)]] 2 [[List of British ordnance terms#C.R.H.|crh]] shells. At 16° elevation, the range was extended to {{convert|20435|yd|m|abbr=on}} using the more aerodynamic, but slightly heavier 4 crh AP shells. The rate of fire of these guns was 1–2 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_12-45_mk10.htm|title=Britain 12"/45 (30.5&nbsp;cm) Mark X |date=30 January 2009|access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref> The ships had a total of 880 rounds during wartime for 110 shells per gun.<ref name=r3>Roberts, p. 83</ref>

The ships' [[secondary armament]] initially was intended to consist of eighteen {{convert|3|in|adj=on}} [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pdr]] guns, but firing trials against the old destroyer {{HMS|Skate|1895|2}} in 1906 showed that the 12-pdr gun had little chance of stopping a destroyer or torpedo boat before it got close enough to fire its torpedoes.

[[File:Inflexible Q turret 4 inch gun.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|4-inch guns seen mounted on roof of ''Inflexible'''s Q turret, 1909}}]]
The originally intended 12-pounder guns were exchanged for sixteen [[QF 4 inch naval gun Mk I - III|4-in (102&nbsp;mm) QF Mk III guns]] early in the construction process. They were positioned in the superstructure and on turret roofs in open mounts as they were not expected to be manned in a ship-to-ship engagement during daylight. During 1914–15 the turret roof guns were transferred to the superstructure and the total number of guns was reduced to twelve. All of the remaining guns were enclosed in [[casemate]]s and given blast shields at that time to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action.<ref>Roberts, pp. 96–97</ref>

The guns on their PI* mounts had a maximum depression of 10° and a maximum elevation of 20°. They fired {{convert|25|lb|kg|adj=on}} projectiles at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2300|-|2370|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}; at 20°, this provided a maximum range of {{convert|9600|yd|m|abbr=on}} using [[British ordnance terms#Common Pointed|Common pointed]] shells. Their rate of fire was 8–10 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-40_mk3.htm|title=British 4"/40 (10.2&nbsp;cm) QF Marks I, II and III |date=10 January 2009|access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref>

These guns were replaced by twelve [[BL 4 inch Mk IX naval gun|4-inch BL MK IX]] guns on CPI mountings on ''Inflexible'' during 1917.<ref name=r3/> They could depress 10° and elevate to 30°. They fired {{convert|31|lb|kg|adj=on}} shells at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2625|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} to a maximum range of {{convert|13500|yd|m|abbr=on}} at a rate of fire of 10–12 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-45_mk9.htm|title=Britain 4"/45 (10.2&nbsp;cm) BL Marks IX and X|date=28 February 2009|access-date=15 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217005213/http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-45_mk9.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The QF Mk III guns were replaced by twelve [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII|4-inch BL MK VII]] guns on PVI mountings on ''Indomitable'' during 1917.<ref name=r3/> These guns could depress 7° and elevate to 15°. They fired {{convert|31|lb|kg|adj=on}} shells at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2864|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} which gave a maximum range of {{convert|11600|yd|m|abbr=on}}. Their rate of fire was 6–8 rounds per minute. An additional gun was fitted on ''Indomitable'' in April 1917 as an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] (AA) gun. It was mounted on a MK II high-angle mounting with a maximum elevation of 60°. It had a reduced propellant charge with a muzzle velocity of only {{convert|2864|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-50_mk7.htm|title=BL 4-inch naval gun Mk VII|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref>

Earlier anti-aircraft guns included a 3-pounder [[Hotchkiss gun]] on a high-angle Mk Ic mounting with a maximum elevation of 60°. Both ''Invincible'' and ''Indomitable'' carried theirs from November 1914 to August 1917.<ref name=r3/> It fired {{convert|3.3|lb|kg|adj=on}} projectiles at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1873|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute. This provided a maximum range of {{convert|7600|yd|m|abbr=on}} at 45°, but the maximum effective anti-aircraft range was only {{convert|1200|yd|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_3pounder_H_mk1.htm|title=British Hotchkiss 3-pdr (1.4&nbsp;kg) [1.85"/40 (47 mm)] QF Marks I and II|date=27 February 2007|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref>

Each of the ''Invincible''s was also fitted with a single [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt]] AA gun on a high-angle MKII mount at the aft end of the superstructure.<ref name=r3/> This had a maximum depression of 10° and a maximum elevation of 90°. It fired a {{convert|12.5|lb|kg|adj=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2500|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} at a rate of fire of 12–14 rounds per minute. They had a maximum effective ceiling of {{convert|23500|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_3-45_mk1.htm|title=British 12-pdr [3"/45 (76.2 cm)] 20cwt QF HA Marks I, II, III and IV |date=27 February 2007|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref>

Gardiner and Gray quote an additional seven [[Maxim gun]]s, but this cannot be confirmed. Five [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch (450&nbsp;mm)]] submerged [[torpedo tube]]s were mounted on the ''Invincible''s, two on each side and one in the stern<ref name=c24/> and fourteen torpedoes were carried.<ref name=r3/>

===Fire control===
The spotting tops at the head of the fore and main masts controlled the fire of the ''Invincible''s' main guns. Data from a {{convert|9|ft|m|adj=on|1}} [[Barr and Stroud]] [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]] was input into a [[Dumaresq]] mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to [[Vickers range clock]]s located in the Transmitting Station located beneath each spotting top where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. Each gun turret had its own transmission equipment and the turrets, Transmitting Stations, and spotting tops could be connected in almost any combination. Firing trials against {{HMS|Hero|1885|2}} in 1907 revealed this system's vulnerability to gunfire as the spotting top was hit twice and a large splinter severed the [[Speaking tube|voice pipe]] and all wiring running along the mast. To guard against this possibility, 'A' turret was fitted, during refits between 1911 and 1914, with a 9-foot rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof and it was equipped to control the entire main armament.<ref>Roberts, pp. 90–91</ref>

Fire control technology advanced quickly during the years immediately preceding World War I and the development of the [[Frederic Charles Dreyer#Dreyer Fire Control Table|Dreyer Fire Control Table]] was one such advance. It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock and a simplified version, the Mk I, was fitted to the ''Invincible''s during refits in 1915–16. The more important development was the director firing system. This consisted of a [[Fire-control system#Naval fire control|fire control director]] mounted high in the ship which electrically provided gun data to the turrets via pointers, which the turret crewmen only had to follow. The director officer fired the guns simultaneously, which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. ''Invincible'' was the first battlecruiser to receive this system during her refit from April to August 1914, but its installation was interrupted by the outbreak of the war and it was not fully working until after the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] in November. ''Indomitable'' and ''Inflexible'' didn't receive their systems until May 1916, immediately before the [[Battle of Jutland]].<ref>Roberts, pp. 92–93</ref>

===Protection===
The armour protection given to the ''Invincible''s the waterline [[Belt armor|belt]] measured {{convert|6|in|mm|0}} amidships was only slightly more than half the thickness of {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|2}}'s {{convert|11|in|mm|0}}. The belt was six inches thick roughly between the fore and aft twelve-inch gun turrets, but was reduced to four inches from the fore turret to the bow and did not extend aft of the rear turret. A six-inch [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]] met the [[barbette]] of X turret to fully enclose the armoured citadel. The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by {{convert|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of armour, except for the turret roofs which used {{convert|3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of [[Krupp]] non-cemented armour (KNC). The thickness of the main [[deck (ship)|deck]] was {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} around the base of barbettes and the crown of the base of the rear [[conning tower]]. It was {{convert|2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} over the crown of the base of the forward conning tower. The lower deck armour was {{convert|1.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} on the flat and two inches thick on the slope, except aft of the rear turret where it was increased to {{convert|2.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to protect the steering gear. The front and sides of the forward conning tower were {{convert|10|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} thick while its rear was {{convert|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}. The walls of the rear conning tower were six inches thick. The roof and floor of both conning towers were KNC armour 2&nbsp;inches thick while their communication tubes were {{convert|3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of KNC. The signal tower immediately aft of the forward conning tower also had three inches of KNC. [[Plain-carbon steel|Mild steel]] [[torpedo bulkhead]]s of 2.5-inch thickness were fitted abreast the [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s and shell rooms. [[Krupp cemented armour]] was used throughout, unless otherwise mentioned.<ref>Roberts, pp. 109, 112</ref>

===Aircraft===
By 1918 the two surviving ''Invincible''s carried a [[Sopwith Pup]] and a [[Sopwith 1½ Strutter]] on flying-off ramps fitted on top of 'P' and 'Q' turrets.<ref name=c24/> Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather.<ref>Roberts, p. 92</ref>

==Ships==
The three ''Invincible''s were ordered at the same time as ''Dreadnought'' as part of the 1905–06 Naval Programme. The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the ''Invincible'' class. Whilst standard British practice at that time was for these costs to '''exclude''' armament and stores, for some reason the cost quoted in [[Brassey's Naval Annual|The Naval Annual]] for this class ''includes'' armament.
{| class="wikitable" plaintowheaders"
|+ Construction data
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Ship
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Builder
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[Laid down]]
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Commissioned
! scope="col" colspan = 2 |Cost<small> according to</small>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| [[Brassey's Naval Annual|BNA]] 1914<br> (estimated cost, including guns)<ref>Brassey's Naval Annual 1914, pp. 192–199</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Parkes<ref>Parkes, pp. 492–496</ref>
|- 
| scope="row" | {{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}}
|align=center | [[Armstrong Whitworth]], [[Elswick, Tyne and Wear|Elswick]]
|align=center | 2 April 1906
|align=center | 13 April 1907
|align=center | 20 March 1909<ref>Roberts, Preston and Brassey's say 1909, though Parkes says 1908.</ref>
|align=right | [[pound sterling|£]]1,768,995
|align=right | £1,635,739<br /><small>armament </small>£90,000
|- 
| scope="row" |{{HMS|Inflexible|1907|2}}
|align=center | [[John Brown and Company|John Brown & Co.]], [[Clydebank]]
|align=center | 5 February 1906
|align=center | 26 June 1907
|align=center | 20 October 1908
|align=right | £1,728,229
|align=right | £1,677,515<br /><small>armament </small>£90,000
|- 
| scope="row" |{{HMS|Indomitable|1907|2}}
|align=center | [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company|Fairfield]], [[Govan]]
|align=center | 1 March 1906
|align=center | 16 March 1907
|align=center | 25 June 1908
|align=right | £1,761,080
|align=right | £1,662,337<br /><small>armament </small>£90,000
|}

==Service history==
All three ships entered service from the second half of 1908. Initially, ''Invincible'' and ''Inflexible'' were assigned to the [[Home Fleet]], while ''Indomitable'' took the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]] (later [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]]) to the tercentennial celebrations in Canada, before also joining the [[Home Fleet]]. ''Invincible''{{'}}s electrically driven turrets proved to be a failure despite two lengthy refits in 1909 and 1911 and were converted to hydraulic power during her refit in early 1914 at the enormous cost of £151,200. The situation was so bad during her gunnery trials in October 1908 that the [[captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] of {{HMS|Excellent|shore establishment|6}}, the Royal Navy's gunnery school described their operation thusly: "When the order was given to train the turret, elevate or run a gun in or out, it was only necessary to push a button, or move a switch, but the result was often a flash of blue flame which seemed to fill the turret."<ref>Captain Reginald Tupper, quoted in Roberts, p. 85</ref>

In 1914, ''Invincible'' was refitting in England, while ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'', together with the newer {{HMS|Indefatigable|1909|2}} formed the nucleus of the [[British Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean Fleet]], where ''Inflexible'' served as flagship from November 1912. It was in the Mediterranean that the first naval action of the [[First World War]] took place, when the British pursued the German warships {{SMS|Goeben||2}} and {{SMS|Breslau||2}} upon the outbreak of war.

===World War I===
====Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau====
{{Main|Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau}}
''Indomitable'', accompanied by ''Indefatigable'', under the command of [[Admiral]] [[Archibald Berkeley Milne|Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne]] encountered the battlecruiser ''Goeben'' and the light cruiser ''Breslau'' on the morning of 4 August 1914 headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of [[Philippeville, Algeria|Philippeville]], but Britain and Germany were not yet at war so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to [[Messina]] to recoal. All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers, but ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th. By this time war had been declared, after the German invasion of Belgium, but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a six-mile (10&nbsp;km) limit from the Italian coast precluded entrance into the passage of the [[Strait of Messina]] where they could observe the port directly. Therefore, Milne stationed ''Inflexible'' and ''Indefatigable'' at the northern exit of the Straits of Messina, still expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports, the light cruiser {{HMS|Gloucester|1909|2}} at the southern exit and sent ''Indomitable'' to recoal at [[Bizerte]] where she was better positioned to react to a German sortie into the Western Mediterranean.<ref>Massie, p. 39</ref>

The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east, towards [[Constantinople]], trailed by ''Gloucester''. Milne, still expecting [[Rear Admiral]] [[Wilhelm Souchon]] to turn west, kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August when he set sail for [[Cape Matapan]] at a leisurely {{convert|12|kn|0}}, where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier. At 2:30&nbsp;p.m. he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria – war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne followed his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian break-out attempt, rather than seek ''Goeben''. Finally on 9 August Milne was given clear orders to "chase ''Goeben'' which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east."  Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], unaware that the ''Goeben'' did not intend to come out.<ref>Massie, pp. 45–46</ref> ''Indomitable'' remained in the Mediterranean to blockade the [[Dardanelles]], but ''Inflexible'' was ordered home on 18 August.<ref name=c25>Preston, p. 25</ref>

On 3 November 1914, [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Turkey and Russia. The attack was carried out by ''Indomitable'' and ''Indefatigable'', as well as the French [[pre-dreadnought battleship]]s {{ship|French battleship|Suffren||2}} and {{ship|French battleship|Vérité||2}}. The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response. The results were deceptively encouraging. In a twenty-minute bombardment, a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at [[Sedd el Bahr]] at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, displacing (but not destroying) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers. The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences, and they set about expanding the mine field.<ref>Carlyon p. 47</ref> This attack actually took place before a formal [[declaration of war]] had been made by Britain against the [[Ottoman Empire]] which happened on 6 November. ''Indomitable'' was ordered to return to England in December where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS).<ref name=r22>Roberts, p. 122</ref>

====Battle of Heligoland Bight====
{{Main|Battle of Heligoland (1914)}}
''Invincible''{{'}}s first action was as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Admiral Beatty]] during the Battle of Heligoland Bight operation on 28 August 1914. Beatty's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the [[High Seas Fleet]] sortied in response to the British attacks. They turned south at full speed at 11:35<ref group=Note>The times used in this section are in [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], which is one hour behind [[Central European Time|CET]], which is often used in German works.</ref> when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the [[Jade estuary]]. The brand-new light cruiser {{HMS|Arethusa|1913|2}} had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the light cruisers {{SMS|Strassburg||2}} and {{SMS|Cöln|1909|2}} when Beatty's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12:37. ''Strassburg'' was able to duck into the mists and evade fire, but ''Cöln'' remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron. But Beatty was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser {{SMS|Ariadne||2}} directly to his front. He turned in pursuit, but reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at a range under {{convert|6000|yd|m}}. At 13:10 Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire.<ref name=m9>Massie, pp. 109–113</ref> At this time, ''Invincible'', trailing the main body of battlecruisers, opened fire on ''Cöln''. She fired 18 rounds, all misses,<ref>Tarrant, p. 33</ref> before Beatty's main body encountered the crippled ''Cöln'' shortly after turning north and she was sunk by two salvos from {{HMS|Lion|1910|2}}.<ref name=m9/>

===Battle of the Falklands===
{{Main|Battle of the Falkland Islands}}
[[File:HMS Invincible, Battle of the Falkland Islands (Warships To-day, 1936).jpg|thumb|''Invincible'' during the pursuit of the German cruiser squadron]]
The West Indies Squadron of [[Christopher Cradock|Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock]] was destroyed by the German [[East Asia Squadron]] commanded by [[Maximilian von Spee|Admiral Graf von Spee]] during the [[Battle of Coronel]] on 1 November 1914. In response, the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] ordered that a squadron be sent to destroy the Germans. The squadron, under the command of [[Doveton Sturdee|Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee]], consisted of ''Invincible'' (flag) and ''Inflexible''. They departed on 11 November and rendezvoused with several other cruisers under Rear Admiral Stoddard at [[Abrolhos Marine National Park|Abrolhos Rocks]] off the coast of [[Brazil]] on the 26th. The combined force departed the following day and reached [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]] on the morning of 7 December.<ref>Massie, pp. 248–251</ref>

Spee, making a leisurely voyage back to the Atlantic, decided to destroy the radio station at Port Stanley and sent the armoured cruiser {{SMS|Gneisenau}} and the light cruiser {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|2}} on the morning of 8 December to see if the harbour was clear of British warships. They were spotted at 07:30 although the pre-dreadnought {{HMS|Canopus|1897|2}}, grounded in Stanley Harbour to defend the town and its wireless station, did not receive the signal until 07:45. It mattered little because Sturdee was not expecting an engagement and most of his ships were coaling. Furthermore, the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|2}} and the light cruiser {{HMS|Bristol|1910|2}} had one or both of their engines under repair. The armed merchant cruiser ''Macedonian'' was patrolling the outer harbour entrance while the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Kent|1901|2}} was anchored in the outer harbour, scheduled to relieve the ''Macedonian'' at 08:00. The Germans were not expecting any resistance and the first salvo from ''Canopus''{{'}}s guns at 09:20 caused them to sheer off from their planned bombardment of the wireless station and fall back on Spee's main body.<ref>Massie, pp. 254–261</ref>

Sturdee's ships did not sortie from the harbour until 9:50, but they could see the retreating German ships on the southwest horizon. The ''Invincible''s, fresh out of dry dock, had a {{convert|5|kn}} advantage over Spee's ships which all had [[fouled bottom]]s that limited their speeds to {{convert|20|kn}} at best. The light cruiser {{SMS|Leipzig|1905|6}} was lagging behind the other ships and Inflexible opened fire on her when the range dropped to {{convert|17500|yd|km}} at 12:55. ''Invincible'' opened fire shortly afterwards and both ships began straddling Leipzig as the range closed to {{convert|13000|yd|m}}. At 01:20 Spee ordered his squadron to separate and ordered his light cruisers to turn to the southwest while his armoured cruisers turned to the north east to cover their retreat. The German ships opened fire first at 13:30 and scored their first hit at 13:44 when {{SMS|Scharnhorst}} hit ''Invincible'', although the shell burst harmlessly on the belt armour. Both sides fired rapidly during the first half-hour of the engagement before Sturdee opened up the range a little to put his ships outside the effective range of the German guns. British gunnery was very poor during this period, scoring only four hits out of 210 rounds fired. The primary cause was the smoke from the guns and funnels as the British were downwind of the Germans,<ref>Massie, pp. 261–266</ref> although one gun of ''Invincible''{{'}}s 'A' turret jammed at 13:42 and was out of action for thirty minutes.<ref>Tarrant, p. 61</ref>
[[File:HMS Infexible Falklandy.jpg|thumb|left|''Inflexible'' picking up survivors from SMS ''Gneisenau'']]
Spee turned to the south in the hope of disengaging while the British had their vision obscured, but only opened the range to {{convert|17000|yd|m}} before the British saw his course change. This was futile as the British battlecruisers gave chase at {{convert|24|kn}}. Forty minutes later the British opened fire again at {{convert|15000|yd|m}}. Eight minutes later Spee turned again to the east to give battle. This time his strategy was to close the range on the British ships so he could bring his {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} secondary armament into play. In this he was successful and the 15&nbsp;cm guns were able to open fire at 15:00 at maximum elevation. On this course the smoke bothered both sides, but multiple hits were made regardless. Those made by the Germans either failed to detonate or hit in some insignificant area. On the contrary ''Gneisenau'' had her starboard engine room put out of action. Sturdee ordered his ships at 15:15 back across their own wakes to gain the windward advantage. Spee turned to the northwest, as if to attempt to [[Crossing the T|cross the British T]], but actually to bring ''Scharnhorst''{{'}}s undamaged starboard guns to bear as most of those on his port side were out of action. The British continued to hit ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' regularly during this time and ''Scharnhorst'' ceased fire at 4:00 before [[capsizing]] at 16:17 with no survivors. ''Gneisenau'' had been slowed by earlier damage and was battered for another hour and a half by ''Inflexible'' and ''Invincible'' at ranges down to {{convert|4000|yd|m}}. Despite the damage her crew continued to fire back until she ceased firing at 16:47. Sturdee was ready to order 'Cease fire' at 17:15 when an ammunition hoist was freed up and she made her last shot. The British continued to pound her until 17:50, after her captain had given the order to scuttle her at 17:40. She slowly capsized at 18:00 and the British were able to rescue 176 men.<ref>Massie, pp. 261–273</ref> ''Invincible'' and ''Inflexible'' fired 513 and 661 twelve-inch shells respectively during the battle,<ref name=c25/> but ''Inflexible'' had been hit only three times and ''Invincible'' had been hit twenty-two times. Two of her bow compartments were flooded and one hit on her waterline abreast 'P' turret had flooded a coal bunker and temporarily given her a 15° list. Only one man was killed and five wounded aboard the battlecruisers during the battle.<ref>Massie, p. 280</ref>

====Battle of Dogger Bank====
{{Main|Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)}}
On 23 January 1915, a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]] sortied to clear the [[Dogger Bank]] of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements. But the British were reading their coded messages and sailed to intercept them with a larger force of British battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Beatty, which included ''Indomitable''. Contact was initiated at 07:20 on the 24th when the British light cruiser ''Arethusa'' spotted the German light cruiser {{SMS|Kolberg}}. By 07:35 the Germans had spotted Beatty's force and Hipper ordered a turn to the south at {{convert|20|kn}}, believing that this would suffice if the ships that he saw to his northwest were British battleships and that he could always increase speed to {{SMS|Blücher||2}}'s maximum speed of {{convert|23|kn}} if they were British battlecruisers.<ref>Massie, pp. 376–384</ref>

Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practicable speed to catch the Germans before they could escape. ''Indomitable'' managed to exceed 26 knots and Beatty recognised her performance with a signal at 08:55 "Well done, ''Indomitable''"<ref>Massie, p. 385</ref> Despite this achievement ''Indomitable'' was the slowest of Beatty's ships and gradually fell behind the newer and faster battlecruisers. By 10:48 ''Blücher'' had been heavily damaged by fire from all the other battlecruisers and her speed had dropped to {{convert|17|kn}} and her steering gear had been jammed; Beatty ordered ''Indomitable'' to attack her. But due to a combination of a mistake by Beatty's flag lieutenant in signalling, and heavy damage to Beatty's flagship {{HMS|Lion|1910|2}} which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal [[halyard]]s so that Beatty couldn't communicate with his ships, the rest of the battlecruisers turned away from Hipper's main body and engaged ''Blücher''.<ref>Massie, pp. 385–406</ref> ''Indomitable'' fired 134 shells at ''Blücher'' before she capsized and sank at 12:07.<ref name=c25/> After the end of the battle ''Indomitable'' was ordered to tow ''Lion'' back to port as one of her engines had been knocked out, the other was failing and she'd been holed a number of times beneath the waterline. It took over a day and a half at speeds of {{convert|7|-|10|kn}}.<ref>Massie, pp. 410–412</ref>

====Dardanelles Campaign====
{{Main|Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign}}
After the Battle of the Falklands ''Invincible'' and ''Inflexible'' were repaired and refitted at [[Gibraltar]]. ''Invincible'' sailed to England and joined the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron while ''Inflexible'' arrived at the Dardanelles on 24 January 1915 where she replaced ''Indefatigable'' as the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet. She bombarded Turkish fortifications on 19 February, the start of the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], to little effect, and again on 15 March, with the same results. She was part of the first line of British ships on 18 March as they attempted to suppress the Turkish guns so the minefields could be swept.<ref name=r22/> She was moderately damaged by Turkish gunfire, but was seriously damaged by a mine, probably about {{convert|100|kg|abbr=on}} in size, that blew a large hole in her starboard bow and flooded the forward torpedo flat, drowning 39 men. She had to be beached at the island of [[Bozcaada]] ([[Tenedos]]) to prevent her sinking, as she'd taken in some {{convert|1600|LT}} of water, but she was temporarily repaired with a [[cofferdam]] over the {{convert|30|x|26|ft|m|adj=on}} hole. She sailed to Malta, escorted by the battleship {{HMS|Canopus|1897|2}} and cruiser {{HMS|Talbot|1895|2}} on 6 April. She nearly foundered when her cofferdam worked loose in heavy weather en route and had to be towed stern-first by ''Canopus'' for six hours while the cofferdam was repaired. She was under repair at Malta until early June before she sailed for home.<ref>Burt, pp. 56–57.</ref> She reached the UK on 19 June where she joined the 3rd BCS.<ref name=r22/>

Towards the end of the year, the British battlecruiser force was organised into three [[Squadron (naval)|squadrons]], with the 3rd BCS consisting of the three ''Invincible''-class ships under the command of Rear Admiral [[Horace Hood]] in ''Invincible''. The 1st and 3rd BCS had sortied in response to the German [[bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft]] on 24–25 April 1916, but failed to locate the German ships in heavy weather. During the return home, ''Invincible'' was rammed by the patrol yacht ''Goissa''. ''Goissa''{{'}}s bow was embedded in ''Invincible''{{'}}s side which partially stoved-in. ''Invincible''{{'}}s speed was reduced to {{convert|12|kn}} through flooding and she was forced to haul out of line and proceed independently to [[Rosyth]] for repairs which lasted until 22 May.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 95–96.</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{Main|Battle of Jutland}}
At the end of May 1916, the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron was temporarily assigned to the [[Grand Fleet]] for gunnery practice. On 30 May, the entire Grand Fleet, along with Admiral Beatty's battlecruisers, had been ordered to sea to prepare for an excursion by the German [[High Seas Fleet]]. To support Beatty, Rear Admiral Hood took his three battlecruisers ahead of the Grand Fleet. At about 14:30 ''Invincible'' intercepted a radio message from the British light cruiser {{HMS|Galatea|1914|2}}, attached to Beatty's Battlecruiser Force, reporting the sighting of two enemy cruisers. This was amplified by other reports of seven enemy ships steering north. Hood interpreted this as an attempt to escape through the [[Skagerrak]] and ordered an increase in speed to {{convert|22|kn}} at 15:11 and steered East-Southeast to cut off the fleeing ships. Twenty minutes later ''Invincible'' intercepted a message from Beatty reporting five enemy battlecruisers in sight and later signals reporting that he was engaging the enemy on a south-easterly course. At 16:06 Hood ordered full speed and a course of south-southeast in an attempt to converge on Beatty. At 16:56, with no British ships in sight, Hood requested Beatty's course, position and speed, but never received a reply.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 98–99</ref>

Hood continued on course until 17:40 when gunfire was spotted in the direction to which his light cruiser {{HMS|Chester|1915|2}} had been dispatched to investigate other gunfire flashes. ''Chester'' encountered four light cruisers of Hipper's 2nd Scouting Group and was badly damaged before Hood turned to investigate and was able to drive the German cruisers away from ''Chester''. At 17:53 ''Invincible'' opened fire on {{SMS|Wiesbaden||2}} and the other two ''Invincible''s followed two minutes later. The German ships turned for the south after fruitlessly firing torpedoes at 18:00 and attempted to find shelter in the mist. As they turned ''Invincible'' hit ''Wiesbaden'' in the engine room and knocked out her engines while ''Inflexible'' hit {{SMS|Pillau||2}} once. The 2nd Scouting Group was escorted by the light cruiser {{SMS|Regensburg||2}} and 31 destroyers of the 2nd and 9th Flotillas and the 12th Half-Flotilla which attacked the 3rd BCS in succession. They were driven off by Hood's remaining light cruiser {{HMS|Canterbury|1915|2}} and the five destroyers of his escort. In a confused action the Germans only launched 12 torpedoes and disabled the destroyer {{HMS|Shark|1912|2}} with gunfire. Having turned due west to close on Beatty's ships, the ''Invincible''s were broadside to the oncoming torpedoes, but ''Invincible'' turned north, while ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'' turned south to present their narrowest profile to the torpedoes. All the torpedoes missed although one passed underneath ''Inflexible'' without detonating. As ''Invincible'' turned north, her helm jammed and she had to come to a stop to fix the problem, but this was quickly done and the squadron reformed heading west.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 103–105</ref>
[[File:InvincibleWrecksp2470.jpg|thumb|left|The wreck of ''Invincible'' prior to the ship finally sinking]]
At 18:21, with both Beatty and the Grand Fleet converging on him, Hood turned south to lead Beatty's battlecruisers. Hipper's battlecruisers were {{convert|9000|yd|m}} away and the ''Invincible''s almost immediately opened fire on Hipper's flagship {{SMS|Lützow||2}} and {{SMS|Derfflinger||2}}. ''Indomitable'' hit ''Derfflinger'' three times and {{SMS|Seydlitz||2}} once,<ref>Campbell, pp. 185–187</ref> while the ''Lützow'' quickly took 10 hits from {{HMS|Lion|1910|2}}, ''Inflexible'' and ''Invincible'', including two hits below the waterline forward by ''Invincible'' that would ultimately doom her.<ref>Campbell, p. 183</ref> But at 18:30 ''Invincible'' abruptly appeared as a clear target before ''Lützow'' and ''Derfflinger''. The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at ''Invincible'', and sank her in 90 seconds. A 305&nbsp;mm (12-inch) shell from the third salvo struck ''Invincible''{{'}}s midships 'Q' turret, flash detonated the magazines below, and the ship blew up and broke in half, killing all but 6 of her crew of 1,032 officers and men, including Hood.<ref>Campbell, p. 159</ref>

''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'' remained in company with Beatty for the rest of the battle. They encountered Hipper's battlecruisers only {{convert|10000|yd|m}} away as the sun was setting about 20:19 and opened fire. ''Seydlitz'' was hit five times before the battlecruisers were rescued by the [[pre-dreadnought battleship]]s of Rear Admiral Mauve and the British shifted fire to the new threat. Three of the predreadnoughts were hit before they too were able to turn into the gloom.<ref>Campbell, pp. 252–254, 272</ref>

===Post-Jutland career===
The loss of three battlecruisers at Jutland (the others were {{HMS|Queen Mary||2}} and {{HMS|Indefatigable|1909|2}}) led to the force being reorganised into two squadrons, with ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'' in the 2nd BCS. However, after Jutland there was little significant naval activity, for the ''Invincible''s, other than routine patrolling, thanks to the [[Kaiser Wilhelm II|Kaiser's]] order that his ships should not be allowed to go to sea unless assured of victory. The end of the war saw the end for many of the older vessels, not least the two remaining ''Invincible''-class ships. Both were sent to the Reserve Fleet in 1919, and were [[paid off]] in March 1920.<ref name=r22/>

After the end of the war, Chile began seeking additional ships for its navy. In April 1920, Chile bought [[Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre|''Canada'']] and four destroyers, all of which had been ordered by Chile prior to the war's outbreak and requisitioned by the British for the war.<ref>Livermore, p. 48</ref> Further planned expansion included ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'', but when the secret negotiations to acquire them were leaked to the press, a major uproar erupted in Chile. The most visible dissension came from a bloc of officers in the navy, who publicly opposed any possible purchase and instead promoted a "New Navy" which would acquire submarines and aircraft. They argued that these weapons would cost less and give the country, and its lengthy coastline, better protection from external threats. The ships were not bought for reasons of cost, but neither were the aircraft its supporters had been hoping for.<ref>Somervell, pp. 393–394</ref> Both were sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] on 1 December 1921.<ref name=r22/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Brown|first=David K.|title=The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922 |publisher= Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1999 |isbn=1-55750-315-X|author-link=David K. Brown}}
* {{cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships of World War One|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-863-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-324-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Carlyon|first=Les|title=Gallipoli|publisher=Transworld Publishers|location=London |year=2001|isbn=0-385-60475-0|author-link=Les Carlyon}}
* {{cite journal|last=Livermore|first=Seward W.|title=Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925 |journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=16|issue=1|year=1944|pages=31–44 |jstor=1870986 |issn=0022-2801|oclc=62219150|doi=10.1086/236787|s2cid=145007468}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Brassey's Naval Annual|The Naval Annual 1914]]|editor=Hythe, Viscount|editor-link=Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey}}
*{{cite book| last1=Johnston|first1=Ian| last2 =Buxton| first2=Ian| title=The Battleship Builders - Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships| publisher=Naval Institute Press| location= Annapolis, Maryland| date=2013| isbn=978-1-59114-027-6|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |author-link=Robert K. Massie|publisher=Random House|year=2003|location= New York |isbn=0-679-45671-6|ref=Massie|title-link=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea}}
* {{cite book|author=Osborne, Eric W. | title=Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=1-85109-369-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PryqSiAk9y4C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Parkes |first1=Oscar |title=British Battleships, ''Warrior'' 1860 to ''Vanguard'' 1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament |date=1990 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-075-4 |edition=New & rev.|orig-year=1966|author-link=Oscar Parkes}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |year=1985 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Great Britain and Empire Forces|first1=Antony|last1=Preston|author-link=Antony Preston|pages=1–104}}
* {{cite journal|last=Somervell|first=Philip|title=Naval Affairs in Chilean Politics, 1910–1932 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies|volume=16|issue=2|year=1984|pages=381–402 |jstor=157427|issn=1469-767X|oclc=47076058|doi=10.1017/s0022216x00007112|s2cid=145293853 }}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=John|title=Battlecruisers|publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1997|isbn=1-55750-068-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Tarrant|first=V. E.|title=Battlecruiser ''Invincible'': The History of the First Battlecruiser, 1909–16|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986 |isbn=0-87021-147-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Invincible class battlecruiser}}
* [http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Invincible_Class_Battlecruiser_(1907) Dreadnought Project] Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships
* [http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/battlecruiser/hms-invincible.html World War 1 Naval Combat]

{{Invincible class battlecruiser}}
{{WWI British ships}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Invincible class battlecruiser}}
[[Category:Battlecruiser classes]]
[[Category:Invincible-class battlecruisers| ]]
[[Category:World War I battlecruisers of the United Kingdom| Invincible class battlecruiser]]
[[Category:Ship classes of the Royal Navy]]