Editing Irish folklore

{{Short description|Folk culture of Ireland}}
{{Culture of Ireland}}
'''Irish folklore''' ({{langx|ga|béaloideas}}) refers to the folktales, balladry, music, dance and mythology of Ireland. It is the study and appreciation of how people lived.

The folklore of Ireland includes [[banshee]]s, [[fairies]], [[leprechaun]]s and other mythological creatures, and was typically shared orally by people gathering around, sharing stories. Many tales and legends were passed from generation to generation, so were the dances and song in the observing of important occasions such as [[wedding]]s, [[Wake (ceremony)|wakes]], birthdays and holidays or, handcraft traditions.

==Definition==
What constitutes Irish folklore may be rather fuzzy<!--"nebulous"--> to those unfamiliar with Irish literature.{{sfnp|Markey|2006|p=21}} Diarmuid Ó Giolláin, for one, declared that folklore was elusive to define clearly.<!--"Folklore escapes clear definition"-->{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|p=2}}

[[Bo Almqvist]] (c. 1977) gave an all-encompassing definition that folklore covered "the totality of folk culture, spiritual and material", and included anything mentioned in [[Seán Ó Súilleabháin]]'s ''A Handbook of Irish Folklore'' (1942).<!--although Almqvist gave 1940 date--><ref>{{harvp|Almqvist|1977–1979|p=11}}, cited by {{harvp|Markey|2006|p=22}}</ref><ref name="dominican-college"/>

It was not until 1846 that the word "folklore" was coined, by English writer [[William Thoms]], to designate "the manners, customs, observances, [[superstitions]], [[ballads]], [[proverbs]], &c of the olden time".{{sfnp|Markey|2006|p=21}}{{sfnp|Vejvoda|2004|p=43}} The term was first translated into Irish as ''béaloideas'' (lit. 'oral instruction') in 1927.{{sfnp|Markey|2006|p=22}}

===Folktales and songs===
Tales have been traditionally recounted in fireside gatherings,{{efn|Such actual gatherings being reconstructed in [[Patrick Kennedy (folklorist)|Patrick Kennedy]]'s works.}}<ref name=delaney-fireside/> such social gatherings, in which traditional Irish music and dance are also performed, are labeled by some as the {{lang|gd|[[cèilidh]]}},{{sfnp|Read|1916|p=}} though this is a term borrowed from [[Scottish Gaelic]]. The story-telling, songs and dance were also part of how  special occasions were commemorated, on such days as Christmas, Halloween ({{lang|ga|Oíche Shamhna}}, eve of [[Samhain]]), [[Bealtaine]], held on the first day of May,<ref name="dominican-college"/> or [[St. Patrick's Day]]. Irish folklore is closely tied with the pipe and [[fiddle]], the traditional Irish music and folk dance.{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|pp=2–3}}

The [[keening]] {{lang|ga|[[Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire]]}} composed by [[Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill|Eileen Dubh Ní Chonaill]] in her husband's wake is a piece of poetry passed down by folk tradition.<ref name=cullen/>

Other than folktales and legends, the folkloristic genres is complemented by memorates, beliefs, and belief statements.<ref>{{harvp|O'Connor|2005|p=24}}, back cover</ref>

===Handcraft and herb lore===
Also part of Irish folklore are the handed-down skills, such as basket-weaving or making [[Brigid's cross]]es.

As an example, shallow wicker baskets called ''skeeoges'' as [[strainers]] (to empty the boiled potatoes and hot water on, to drain the liquid) were recorded in the [[County Wexford|Co. Wexford]] area by [[Patrick Kennedy (folklorist)|Patrick Kennedy]] in the 19th century. A later folklore collector was unable to ascertain whether this practice was carried out in the locality during the field work in the 1950s (or in the revisit in 1970's).{{Efn|James G. Delaney was a folklore collector for the [[Irish Folklore Commission]].}} This basket's name ''skeeoge'' supposedly derived from the Gaelic word for "shield" ({{langx|ga|sciath}}).<ref name=delaney-skeeoge/><ref>{{harvp|Kennedy|1866 |loc="The Long Spoon" |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA147 147–148]}}</ref>

The [[Irish Folklore Commission]] has accumulated a collection of crosses made on [[Imbolc|St. Bridget's Day]] (1 February), and various craft objects made of plaited straw, etc., gathered from across the county.<ref name=osuillebhain1944/>

Folklore can also include knowledge and skills such as {{citation needed span|how to build a house|date=May 2020}}, or to treat an illness, i.e., [[herb lore]].{{sfnp|Read|1916|pp=255–256}}

==Common themes{{Anchor|Classic Irish folklore}}==
[[File:Banshee.jpg|alt=Bunworth Banshee, Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland by Thomas Crofton Croker, 1825|thumb|[[Bunworth Banshee]], Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland by Thomas Crofton Croker, 1825]]

There are certain stock motifs, often stereotypes, in Irish folklore.

===Fairies===
One commentator attributes to [[Andrew Lang]] the sweeping definition that Irish folklore is all about fairies.{{sfnp|Read|1916|p=250}} The belief in fairies ({{lang|ga|an lucht sidhe}}) has been widespread.{{sfnp|Read|1916|p=250}}

Some, such as Irish poet W. B. [[W. B. Yeats|Yeats]], have divided the fairies into multiple categories and/or species (see [[Classifications of fairies]]). However, Irish fairies are typically divided into two main categories: the fairy race and the solitary fairies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Gillian|title=Hobgoblin and Sweet Puck: Fairy Names and Natures|publisher=Geoffrey Bles|year=1974|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yeats|first=W. B.|title=Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland|publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1973|location=New York, NY}}</ref>

The race of fairy people ({{lang|ga|[[Aos Sí]]}}) were thought to be descendants of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], a godlike race who came to Ireland and conquered the people there. They are described as human sized, beautiful, powerful, and in tune with nature, similar to the modern day fantasy race of Elves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Conor|first=Norreys Jephson|date=1920|title=The Early Irish Fairies and Fairyland|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=28|issue=4|pages=545–557|jstor=27533351|issn=0037-3052}}</ref>[[File:Fairy Trees near Greenan - geograph.org.uk - 962666.jpg|alt=Two green "fairy" trees next to each other in a lush pasture.|thumb|Fairy Trees near Greenan. According to fairy lore, the hawthorn tree, also known as a fairy tree, is said to mark the territory of the fairies.]]

Instead of living together like the elite fairy race, solitary fairies are secretive and isolated, often staying away from humans and coming out at night.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eberly|first=Susan Schoon|date=January 1988|title=Fairies and the Folklore of Disability: Changelings, Hybrids and the Solitary Fairy|journal=Folklore|volume=99|issue=1|pages=58–77|doi=10.1080/0015587x.1988.9716425|issn=0015-587X}}</ref> The solitary fairies include a wide range of magical creatures in Irish folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Carolyn |title=A history of Irish fairies |date=1976 |publisher=Mercier Pr |isbn=978-0-85342-455-0 |series=A Mercier paperback |location=Dublin |pages=56-77}}</ref>

One type of Irish fairy is the female ''banshee'', the death-messenger with her [[keening]], or baleful crying over someone's death,{{sfnp|Read|1916|pp=250–251}} and known by many different names.{{sfnp|Lysaght|1996|pp=152–153}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|For example ''badhbh'' (meaning 'scaldcrow') us commonly used in the south-east of Ireland, though the crow represents the war-goddess [[Badb]] (conflated with [[The Morrígan|Mór-Ríoghain]]) in early Irish literature.{{sfnp|Lysaght|1996|p=156}}}}

Another well-recognized Irish fairy is the [[leprechaun]], which many have identified as the maker of shoes.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The notion is based on Douglas Hydes's etymology of leprechaun, derived from ''leith brog'' or ''{{linktext|leith |brogan}}'' 'one-shoemaker',{{sfnp|Yeats|1888|p=80}} however, others point out the word can be traced to Old Irish ''luchorpán'' meaning some sort of a dwarf(-like being).<ref name=ogiollain1984/> But not only Yeats but [[Bo Almqvist]] refers to the leprechaun as "fairy shoemaker".{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=25}}}}{{sfnp|Read|1916|p=250}}{{sfnp|Yeats|1888|p=80}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Diarmuid Ó Giolláin ([[#CITEREFÓ Giolláin1984|1984 paper]], etc.) is prominent in the study of Leprechauns.{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=25}}}} The [[cluricaune]] is a sprite many treat as synonymous to the leprechaun,{{Refn|[[T. Crofton Croker]] (1824), ''Researches'' and [[Thomas Keightley]] (1860) [1828] ''The Fairy Mythology'', pp. 371–383, cited by {{harvp|Ó Giolláin|1984}}.}}{{Refn|Croker's "The Field of Boliauns" featured the cluricaune, but when [[Joseph Jacobs]] included the tale he altered the spirit to the leprechaun.{{sfnp|Jacobs|1892|pp=245, 26–29}}}} and Yeats muses on whether these and the [[far darrig]] (fear dearg, "red man") are the one and the same.{{sfnp|Yeats|1888|p=80}} Mackillop says these three are the three kinds [[solitary fairies]],<ref name=mackillop-cluricaune/> but Yeats goes on to say "there are other solitary fairies", naming the [[Dullahan]] (headless horsemen), [[Púca]], and so forth.{{sfnp|Yeats|1888|p=80}}

The [[changeling]] is often ascribed to being perpetrated by fairies.<ref name=mackillop-changeling/> The theme is assigned its own migratory legend type, "The Changeling" (ML 5085).{{sfnp|Earls|1992–1993|pp=111, 133}}

===Fairy land===
Fairies are also connected with the Irish traditional belief in the [[Otherworld]] ({{lang|ga|An Saol Eile}}).{{sfnp|O'Connor|2005|pp=31ff}}

Fairy forts and [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] trees, also known as fairy trees, are places where fairies are thought to reside. Thus, to tamper with these sites is seen as hugely disrespectful to the fairies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Irish-FolkloreTraditional-Beliefs-and-Superstitions|title=Irish Folklore: Traditional Beliefs and Superstitions|work=Owlcation|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>

====Hawthorn tree====
There are several trees sacred to Ireland, but the lone hawthorn (aka the "may" tree) is particularly considered a fairy haunt, and patches underneath where the grass have worn down are reputed to be due to fairies dancing.{{efn|Though [[George Henry Kinahan]], a naturalist and archaeologist, reckons they are just as well caused by wayfarers taking refuge.}}<ref name=kinahan-plant-lore/> Though literary fiction more than folklore, two consecutive poems by [[Samuel Ferguson]], "The Fairy Thorn" and "The Fairy Well of Lagnanay" describes the lone Fairy Hawthorn (The Whitethorn).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In the first poem, a fairy abduction takes place,<ref name=hodder/> and in the second, a girl fades away after wishing to be taken to Fairy land, and drinking from the well.<ref name=denman/>}}<ref name=denman/><!--[Tangential: belongs in "fairy tree" type article] These encounters are recorded in Irish fairy tales as well as passed down by word of mouth. The effects of these stories and superstitions are evident, even up to the present day, where even government infrastructure are planned in a way that preserves these sites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irelandinpicture.net/2010/04/fairy-tree-that-delayed-motorway-ennis.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930103958/http://www.irelandinpicture.net/2010/04/fairy-tree-that-delayed-motorway-ennis.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 30, 2011|title=The Fairy tree that delayed a motorway. Ennis Co Clare|website=www.irelandinpicture.net|language=en|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>-->

====Fairy mounds====
The notion that Irish fairies live in fairy mounds (fairy forts, fairy hills) give rise to the names {{lang|ga|[[aos sí]]}} or {{lang|ga|daoine sídhe}} ('people of the {{lang|ga|sidhe}} [fairy mound]').<ref name=monaghan-fairy&f-mound/>

In the instance of "[[The Legend of Knockgrafton]]" (name of a hill), the protagonist named Lusmore is carried inside the fairy "[[Motte-and-bailey castle|moat]]" or [[Rath (ringfort)|rath]] by the fairy wind ({{langx|ga|sidhe gaoithe}}).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Or fairy blast.<ref name=monaghan-fairy-blast/>}}<ref name=giraudon/>

===Heroic sagas===
Other classic themes in Irish folktale literature include [[Cú Chulainn]], [[Children of Lir]], [[Fionn mac Cumhaill|Fionn Mac Cumhail]], from medieval heroic and tragic sagas.

Folklore material in the 'Pre-Croker period', according to [[Bo Almqvist]]'s reckoning, do tentatively include various Medieval written texts (the heroic tales in the [[Ulster Cycle]], [[Finn Cycle]], the [[Cycle of the Kings]], and the [[hagiography]] of [[Saint Patrick|St. Patrick]] and other saints, etc.), with the proviso that these works can no longer be considered intact folk legends, given the accrued literary layers of the "fanciful and fantastic". However they are an excellent well-source of comparative study, as collected folktales are sometimes traceable to these medieval sagas.{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|pp=5–6}} An example is the tale of [[Cú Chulainn]]'s horse{{efn|The lore of Cú Chulainn's horse, the [[Liath Macha and Dub Sainglend|Grey of Macha]], or perhaps the underlying story of the woman [[Macha#Macha, wife of Cruinniuc|Macha]] in the narrative ''[[Noínden Ulad|The Debility of the Ulstermen]]''.}} remnant in the legend type of "The Waterhorse as Workhorse" (MLSIT 4086),{{efn|Migratory Legend Suggested Irish Type index of Bo Almqvist.}} or so argued by [[Carl Wilhelm von Sydow|C. W. von Sydow]].{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=6}}

In the 20th century, the [[Irish Folklore Commission]] collected a large corpus of such romantic heroic sagas, particularly the stories of [[Fionn mac Cumhaill|Fionn Mac Cumhail]] and the [[Fianna]].{{efn|The collection of such folktales was encouraged by the fact that [[Seán Ó Súilleabháin]] included summaries of Ulster cycle and Fenian tales in his 1942 ''Handbook'', which was the field manual for collectors of the commission, and beyond.}}{{sfnp|Lysaght|1998|p=141}}

==History of collecting==
===Early collectors===
For most of the 19th century, collection of Irish folklore was undertaken by English-speakers, and the material collected were recorded only in English.{{sfnp|Hillers|2011|pp=138–139}}

[[Thomas Crofton Croker]] who compiled ''Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland'' (1825–28) is considered one of the earliest collectors.<ref>{{harvp|Alspach|1946|p=404}} Although Alspach's paper focused on the early works "contributing ... to the folklore background of the [Celtic] revival".</ref> Croker is the first among the significant "antiquary-folklorists" (the label applied by [[Richard Dorson]]) to emerge from mere [[antiquarian]]s.{{sfnp|Dorson|1999|p=44}}

=== Tales in the Irish language ===
The Irish-speaking West, the ''[[Gaeltacht]]'' included for example the [[Aran Islands]], where some folklore-collecting was performed by Danish linguist [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]] back in 1896, though the resulting collection was never published until a century later. The playwright [[John Millington Synge|J. M. Synge]] also included a couple of folktales in his ''The Aran Islands'' (1907).{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|pp=125, 112}}

===Irish Folklore Commission{{Anchor|Seán Ó Súilleabháin (1903–1996) and the Irish Folklore Commission}}===
{{more|Irish Folklore Commission}}
[[Séamus Ó Duilearga]] (James Hamilton Delargy), who founded the Folklore of Ireland Society and its ''Béaloideas'' magazine in 1927, was later appointed to head the [[Irish Folklore Commission]] (IFC) in  established by the Irish government in 1935.{{sfnp|Briody|2007|pp=2, 19, 232}} [[Seán Ó Súilleabháin]] was the archivist for the IFC since its inception.  After having undergone 3 month tutelage in [[Uppsala]], Sweden under [[Carl Wilhelm von Sydow|C. W. von Sydow]] on the methods of folklore archiving, the archivist became instrumental in establishing collecting policies for the IFC.{{sfnp|Lysaght|1998|pp=137–139}} One of Ó Súilleabháin's projects was the Schools' Scheme for primary school children to collect folklore (1937-1938).{{sfnp|Lysaght|1998|p=139}}{{sfnp|Briody|2007|pp=260–270}} IFC established a network of 200 or 300 correspondents all over Ireland to whom long questionnaires were sent out to task them with particular areas of folklore collecting.{{sfnp|Lysaght|1998|p=139}}{{sfnp|Briody|2007|pp=281–288}}

Ó Súilleabháin soon compiled a how-tow guidebook for folklore-collecting fieldwork, entitled ''Láimh-Leabhar Béaloideasa'' (1937) in Irish, later expanded and published in English as ''A Handbook of Irish Folklore'' (1942). The methodology was based on the Uppsala system he studied, and the books became the standard bible for any Irish folklore collector.{{sfnp|Ó Súilleabháin|1942|pp=140–141}}{{sfnp|Briody|2007|pp=248–249}}

===Folktale classification===
An effort to catalogue all the known international folk tales in Ireland, either in print or in oral circulation (as of 1956) was mounted by Seán Ó Súilleabháin and [[Reidar Thoralf Christiansen]],  culminating in ''The Types of the Irish Folktale'' (1963), a compilation of some 43,000 versions under 700 international tales.{{sfnp|Lysaght|1998|p=141}}

Christiansen was the creator of the index of Norwegian migratory legends (ML index),{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=26}} and Bo Almqvist adapted this for Irish legends, calling it MLSIT (for Migratory Legend Suggested Irish Type).{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=27}} Although ''The Types of the Irish Folktale'' purportedly deals with folktale but not folk legend, there are found to be some intersections between these comparative study apparatuses.{{sfnp|Almqvist|1991|p=20}}

==Sociological trends{{Anchor|The evolution of Irish folklore}}==
Folklore is a part of national identity, and its meaning has evolved through time.

===Irish identity===
In Ireland the word ''folklore'' has deep meaning to its people and brings societies together, it is a word that has ideological significance in the country.{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|pp=1–2}} To put it succinctly, folklore is an important part of the national identity.<ref>{{harvp|Markey|2006|p=34}}, quoting Lady Wilde, ''Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland'', {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP14|2=p. xii}}: "the legends have a peculiar and special value as coming direct from the national heart".</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ó Giolláin|2000|p=4}}</ref>

===Effects of Christianity on Irish folklore===
When [[History of Christianity in Ireland|Christianity was first brought in Ireland]] during the 5th century by missionaries, they were not able to totally wipe out the pre-existing folklore and beliefs in God-like fairies. But folklore did not remain untouched, and the myths and [[Christian Beliefs|Christian beliefs]] were combined such that Irish folklore would "enforce Christian ideals but still remain as a concession to early fairy belief systems".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transceltic.com/irish/changelings-fairies-deities-and-saints-integration-of-irish-christianity-and-fairy-tale-belief|title=Changelings, Fairies, Deities, and Saints: The Integration of Irish Christianity and Fairy Tale Belief {{!}} Transceltic - Home of the Celtic nations|website=www.transceltic.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-date=2018-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012002/https://www.transceltic.com/irish/changelings-fairies-deities-and-saints-integration-of-irish-christianity-and-fairy-tale-belief}}</ref> [[Christianity]] altered the importance of some beliefs and define a new place for them in folklore. For example, fairies, who were previously perceived as God, became merely magical, and of much lesser importance. Along with it, a fusion of folklore legends and Christianity was witnessed. One of the major example of this is the existence of legends featuring both [[Saint Patrick]], a central figure in the Irish church, and [[Fairy|fairies]] (for example, "The Colloquy of the Ancients" is a dialogue between [[Saint Patrick]] and the ghost of Caeilte of the Fianna, an ancient clan of Celtic warriors).

All in all, the current Irish folklore shows a strong absorption of Christianity, including its lesson of morality and spiritual beliefs, creating a "singular brand of fairy tale tradition".<ref name=":6" />

===English colonization===
During the 16th century, [[Tudor conquest of Ireland|the English conquest]] overthrew the traditional political and religious autonomy of the country.

===Great Famine===
[[Great Famine (Ireland)|The Great famine of the 1840s]], and the deaths and emigration it brought, weakened a still powerful Gaelic culture, especially within the rural [[proletariat]], which was at the time the most traditional social grouping. At the time, intellectuals such as [[William Wilde|Sir William Wilde]] expressed concerns on the decay of traditional beliefs:

{{Quote|In the state of things, with depopulation the most terrific which any country ever experienced, on the one hand, and the spread of education, and the introduction of railroads, colleges, industrial and other educational schools, on the other – together with the rapid decay of our Irish bardic annals, the vestige of Pagan rites, and the relics of fairy charms were preserved, - can superstition, or if superstitious belief, can superstitious practices continue to exist?{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|p=17}}}}

===Modern society===
Moreover, global migration has helped overcoming special spatial barriers<ref>{{cite book |title=The condition of postmodernity: an enquiry into the origins of cultural change|last=Harvey |first=David |date=1990 |publisher=Blackwell|isbn=0-631-16294-1|location=Oxford|oclc=18747380}}</ref> making it easier for cultures to merge into one another (such as the amalgam between [[Samhain]] and [[Halloween]]).

All those events have led to a massive decline of native learned Gaelic traditions and [[Irish language]], and with Irish tradition being mainly an oral tradition,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://owlcation.com/humanities/Guide-to-Irish-Fairy-Tales|title=A Guide to Irish Folk Tales|work=Owlcation|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en}}</ref> this has led to a loss of identity and historical continuity, in a similar nature to [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]]'s [[anomie]].{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|pp=14–17}}

==Folk history==
Irish folklore is replete with oral traditions that pertain to historical subjects. This was recognised in Seán Ó Súilleabháin's A ''Handbook of Irish Folklore'', which includes a chapter specifically dedicated to collecting "Historical Tradition".{{sfnp|Ó Súilleabháin|1942|pp=520-547}} Irish folk history  was commonly known by the name {{lang|ga|seanchas}}, a term defined by Séamus Ó Duilearga as "orally preserved social-historical tradition."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delargy |first1=James Hamilton |title=The Gaelic Storyteller: With Some Notes on Gaelic Folk Tales |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |date=1945 |volume=31 |page=178}}</ref> When conducting fieldwork in county Fermanagh, the American folklorist [[Henry Glassie]], a pioneer in the study of folk history, observed that in Irish storytelling "history is a topic for conversation".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassie |first1=Henry |title=Passing the Time in Ballymenone: Culture and History of an Ulster Community |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Indiana University Press |page=109}}</ref> In his prize-winning works on the memory of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], the Israeli historian [[Guy Beiner]] has written in-depth case studies of folk history, powerfully demonstrating the value of folklore for the study of social and cultural history.{{sfnp|Beiner|2006|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfnp|Beiner|2018|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} Beiner has advocated for use of the term "vernacular historiography", which he argues "consciously steers clear of the artificial divides between oral and literary cultures that lie at the heart of conceptualizations of oral tradition" and also allows for the inclusion of folklife sources found in ethnological studies of material and visual culture.{{sfnp|Beiner|2018|pp=13-16}}

==In popular culture==
Finnish folklorist [[Lauri Honko]] has referred to the re-contexted exploitation of folklore as its "second life".{{sfnp|Ó Giolláin|2000|p=174}} Irish folklore material is now being used in marketing (with strategies suggesting tradition and authenticity for goods), movies and TV shows (''[[The Secret of Kells]]'', mention of the [[Banshee]] are found in TV shows such as ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'', ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'' or ''[[Charmed]]''), books (the book series ''[[The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel]],'' the novel ''[[American Gods]]''...), contributing to the creation of a new body of Irish folklore.

==See also==
* [[Aos Sí]]
* [[Celtic mythology]]
* [[Cornish mythology]]
* [[English folklore]]
* [[Folklore]]
* [[Fairy]]
* [[Hebridean mythology and folklore]]
* [[Irish mythology]]
* [[List of fairy tales]]
* [[Welsh folklore]]
* [[Welsh mythology]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=cullen>{{cite journal|last=Cullen |first=L. M. |author-link=<!--L. M. Cullen--> |title=The Contemporary and Later Politics of 'Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoire' |journal=Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr |publisher=<!--Eighteenth-Century Ireland Society--> |volume=8 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVoiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22caoineadh%22 |pages=8<!--7–38-->|jstor=30070942}}</ref>

<ref name=delaney-fireside>{{cite journal|last=Delaney |first=James G. |author-link=<!--James G. Delaney--> |title=At the Foot of Mount Leinster: Collecting Folklore in the Kennedy Country in 1954  |journal=The Past<!--The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society--> |publisher=<!--Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society--> |number=16 |year=1988 |pages=3–27|jstor=25519976}}</ref>

<ref name=delaney-skeeoge>{{cite journal|last=Delaney |first=James G. |author-link=<!--James G. Delaney--> |title=Patrick Kennedy, Folklorist: A Preliminary Assessment |journal=The Past<!--The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society--> |publisher=<!--Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society--> |number=14 |year=1983 |page=63<!--49–66--> |jstor=25519963}}</ref>

<ref name=denman>{{cite journal|last=Denman |first=Peter |author-link=<!--Peter Denman--> |title=Ferguson and 'Blackwood's': The Formative Years |journal=Irish University Review |publisher=<!--Edinburgh University Press--> |volume=16 |number=2 |date=Autumn 1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbvfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Una+Baun%22 |page=146<!--141-158--> |jstor=25477633}}</ref>

<ref name="dominican-college">{{cite web|url=http://dominican-college.com/other/environment/139-irish-folklore-myth-and-reality |title=Irish Folklore: Myth and Reality |website=dominican-college.com |access-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121180357/https://dominican-college.com/other/environment/139-irish-folklore-myth-and-reality |archive-date=2019-11-21 }}</ref>

<ref name=giraudon>{{citation|last=Giraudon |first=Daniel |author-link=<!--Daniel Giraudon--> |title=Supernatural Whirlwinds in the Folklore of Celtic Countries |journal=Béaloideas |volume=75 |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgPaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Knockgrafton%22 |page=8<!--1–23--> |jstor=20520921}}</ref>

<ref name=hodder>{{cite journal|last=Hodder |first=William |author-link=<!--William Hodder (scholar)--> |title=Ferguson's 'The Fairy Thorn': A Critique |journal=Irish University Review |publisher=<!--Edinburgh University Press--> |volume=21 |number=1 (Special Issue: Contexts of Irish Writing) |date=Spring–Summer 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUUiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Anna+Grace%22 |pages=118–129 |jstor=25484407}}</ref>

<ref name=kinahan-plant-lore>{{cite journal|last=Kinahan |first=G. H. |author-link=George Henry Kinahan |title=Irish Plant-Lore Notes  |journal=The Folk-Lore Journal |volume=6 |number=4 |year=1888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwgNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA266 |page=266<!--265–267-->|jstor=1252608}}</ref>

<ref name=mackillop-changeling>{{harvp|MacKillop|1998}} ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', s. v. "[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-958?rskey=Q2kxvy&result=2 changeling]".</ref>
<ref name=mackillop-cluricaune>{{harvp|MacKillop|1998}} ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', s. v. "[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095619599 cluricaune]".</ref>

<ref name=monaghan-fairy&f-mound>{{harvp|Monaghan|2004}} ''Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore'', s. v., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0Cg=PA168 fairy]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" and "[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C&pg=PA175 fairy mound]".</ref>

<ref name=monaghan-fairy-blast>{{harvp|Monaghan|2004}}  ''Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore'', s. v., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0Cg=PA169 fairy blast]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", s. v., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0Cg=PA169 fairy blast]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"</ref>

<ref name=ogiollain1984>{{cite journal|last=Ó Giolláin |first=Diarmuid |author-link=<!--Diarmuid Ó Giolláin--> |title=The Leipreachán and Fairies, Dwarfs and the Household Familiar: A Comparative Study |journal=Béaloideas |volume=52 |number=16 |year=1984 |pages=75–78<!--75–150-->|doi=10.2307/20522237 |jstor=20522237}}</ref>

<ref name=osuillebhain1944>{{cite journal|last=Ó Súilleabháin |first=Seán |author-link=Seán Ó Súilleabháin |title=Irish Folklore Commission: Collection of Folk  |journal=The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland |series=Seventh Series |volume=14 |number=4 |date=31 December 1944 |pages=225–226 |jstor=25510467}}</ref>

}}

===Primary sources===
====Early modern sources====
{{refbegin}}
* ''[[Annals of the Four Masters|Annala na gCeithre Mháistrí]]'' (''The Annals of the Four Masters'')
* [[Geoffrey Keating|Keating, Geoffrey]] (1866) ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn: The History of Ireland'' [[John O'Mahony|O'Mahony John]] (Trans) New York. James B. Kirker Retrieved from Boston College Libraries via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/forasfeasaareiri00keat_0 12 October 2017] also republished as [[Geoffrey Keating|Keating, Geoffrey]] (1902–14) ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn: The History of Ireland'' [[David Comyn|Comyn, David]] and [[Patrick S. Dinneen|Dinneen, Patrick S.]] (eds.) 4 vols. London David Nutt for the [[Irish Texts Society]]. Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/forasfeasaarir06keatuoft 12 October 2017]
{{refend}}

====Folktales====
{{refbegin}}
<!--
* Anonymous, ''The Royal Hibernian Tales; Being 4 Collections of the Most Entertaining Stories Now Extant'', Dublin, C.M. Warren, Retrieved from Google Books on [https://books.google.com/books?id=-C9gu42s8zgC 4 November 2017]
* [[Padraic Colum|Colum, Padraic]] (1967) ''A Treasury of Irish Folklore: The Stories, Traditions, Legends, Humor, Wisdom, Ballads, and Songs of the Irish People''. New York Crown Publishers {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|0517420465}}}} Retrieved from Opensource via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/ATreasuryOfIrishFolklore_619 10 April 2018]
* [[Padraic Colum|Colum, Padraic]] (1916). ''The King of Ireland's Son''. New York: H. Holt and Company Retrieved from Project Gutenberg via [1] [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3495/3495-h/3495-h.htm 24 November 2017] 
* [[Padraic Colum|Colum, Padraic]] (1918). ''The Boy Who Knew How to Speak to Birds''. New York: The MacMillan Company Retrieved from New York Public Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/boywhoknewwhatbi00colu 24 November 2017] 
* [[Padraic Colum|Colum, Padraic]] (1929) [First Pub. 1919]. ''The Girl Who Sat by the Ashes''. New York: The MacMillan Company Retrieved from New York Public Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/girlwhosatbyashe00colu 24 November 2017] 
* [[Sinéad de Valera|De Valera, Sinéad]] (1927). ''Irish Fairy Stories'', London: MacMillan Children's Books. {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|9780330235044}}}} Retrieved 27 November 2017 .
* [[Philip Dixon Hardy|Dixon Hardy, Phillip]]. (1837).''Legends, Tales, and Stories of Ireland'' Dublin: P.J. John Cumming, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/legendstalesand00hardgoog 23 November 2017]
* Tibbitts, Charles John [C.J.T.] (1889). ''Folk-Lore and Legends: Ireland''. London: W.W. Gibbings. Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/folkloreandlege00unkngoog 21 November 2017]  also republished as Anonymous [C.J.T.] (1904). ''Irish Fairy Tales Folklore and Legends''. London: W.W. Gibbings. Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/irishfairytales00unkngoog 21 November 2017]
* [[Walter Evans-Wentz|Evans-Wentz, W. Y.]] (1911). ''The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries''. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairyfaithincelt00evanrich 12 October 2017]
* Frost, William Henry. (1900).''Fairies and Folk of Ireland'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairiesfolkofire00fros 6 November 2017]
* [[Alfred Perceval Graves|Graves, Alfred Perceval]]. (1909).''The Irish Fairy Book'' London: T. Fisher Unwin, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/irishfairybook00gravrich 22 November 2017]
* [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Le Fanu, Sheridan]], (February 5, 1870) ''The Child That Went with the Fairies''  ''[[All the Year Round]]'' pp.&nbsp;228–233 Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/stream/allyearround03charrich#page/228/mode/2up 10 April 2018] Republished in [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Sheridan Le Fanu, Joseph]] (1923) ''Madam Crowl's Ghost and Other Tales of Mystery'' [[M. R. James|James, Montague Rhodes]] (ed.) London: George Bell & Sons, Retrieved from Project Gutenberg [https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lefanu-crowl/lefanu-crowl-00-h.html#twelve 10 April 2018]
* McAnally, David Russell (1888). ''Irish Wonders: The Ghosts, Giants, Pookas, Demons, Leprechawns, Banshees, Fairies, Witches, Widows, Old Maids, and Other Marvels of the Emerald Isle'' Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Company Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/irishwondersghos00mcan_0 20 November 2017]
* [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Le Fanu, Sheridan]], (February 5, 1870) ''The Child That Went with the Fairies''  ''[[All the Year Round]]'' pp.&nbsp;228–233 Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/stream/allyearround03charrich#page/228/mode/2up 10 April 2018] Republished in [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Sheridan Le Fanu, Joseph]] (1923) ''Madam Crowl's Ghost and Other Tales of Mystery'' [[M. R. James|James, Montague Rhodes]] (ed.) London: George Bell & Sons, Retrieved from Project Gutenberg [https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lefanu-crowl/lefanu-crowl-00-h.html#twelve 10 April 2018]
-->
* [[Thomas Crofton Croker|Croker, Thomas Crofton]] (1825).''Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland vol. 1'' London: John Murray, Retrieved from Oxford University Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairylegendsand00crokgoog 6 November 2017] 
* [[Thomas Crofton Croker|Croker, Thomas Crofton]] (1828).''Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland vol. 2'' London: John Murray, Retrieved from Oxford University Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairylegendsand04crokgoog 6 November 2017] 
* [[Thomas Crofton Croker|Croker, Thomas Crofton]] (1828).''Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland vol. 3'' London: John Murray, Retrieved from Oxford University Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairylegendsand03crokgoog 6 November 2017]
* [[Jeremiah Curtin|Curtin, Jeremiah]] (1890). ''Myths and Folk-Lore of Ireland'' London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/mythsfolkloreofi00curtuoft 8 November 2017] 
* [[Jeremiah Curtin|Curtin, Jeremiah]] (1894). ''Hero-Tales of Ireland''. London: MacMillan and Company Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/herotalesofirela00curtuoft 8 November 2017] 
* [[Jeremiah Curtin|Curtin, Jeremiah]] (1895). ''Tales of the Fairies and of the Ghost World: Collected from Oral Tradition in South-West Munster''. Boston: Little Brown Company Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesfairiesand00curtgoog 8 November 2017]
* [[Douglas Hyde|Hyde, Douglas]] (1890). ''Beside the Fire: A Collection of Irish Gaelic Folk Stories''. London: David Nutt Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/besidefirecollec00hyde 9 November 2017] 
* [[Douglas Hyde|Hyde, Douglas]] (1896). ''Five Irish Stories: Translated from the Irish of the "Sgeuluidhe Gaodhalach"''. Dublin: Gill & Son Retrieved from University of California Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fiveirishstories00hydeiala 9 November 2017] 
* [[Douglas Hyde|Hyde, Douglas]] (1915). ''Legends of Saints and Sinners'' (Every Irishman's Library). London: T. Fisher Unwin Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/legendsofsaintss00hyde 9 November 2017]
* {{cite book|editor-last=Jacobs |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Jacobs |title=Celtic Fairy Tales |location=London |publisher=D. Nutt |date=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gqAAAAYAAJ}}; [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Celtic_Fairy_Tales.djvu Retrieved from Wikisource 17 October 2017]
* {{cite book|editor-last=Jacobs |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Jacobs |title=More Celtic Fairy Tales |location=London |publisher=D. Nutt |date=1895 |isbn=978-0-598-67358-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T79ZAAAAMAAJ&q=more+celtic+fairy+tales}}; [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/More_Celtic_Fairy_Tales Retrieved from Wikisource 07 May 2021]
* [[Thomas Keightley|Keightley, Thomas]]. (1892) ''Fairy Mythology''. London: George Bell & Sons, Retrieved from Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41006/41006-h/41006-h.htm 15 October 2017]
* {{cite book|last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Kennedy (folklorist) |title=Legendary fictions of the Irish Celts |place=London |publisher=Macmillan and Company |year=1866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfdLAAAAcAAJ}}; [https://archive.org/details/legendaryfiction00kenn text] via IA.
* [[Samuel Lover|Lover, Samuel]] (1831).''Legends and Stories of Ireland vol. 1'' Dublin: W.F. Wakeman, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/legendsstories00love 6 November 2017] 
* [[Samuel Lover|Lover, Samuel]] (1831).''Legends and Stories of Ireland vol. 2'' London: Baldwin and Cradock, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/legendsandstori02lovegoog 7 November 2017]
* [[Seumas MacManus|MacManus, Seumas]]. (1899).''In the Chimney Corners: Merry Tales of Irish Folk Lore'' New York: Doubleday and McClure Company, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/inchimneycorne00macm 24 November 2017] 
* [[Seumas MacManus|MacManus, Seumas]] (1900). ''Donegal Fairy Stories'' New York: Doubleday, Page & and Company, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/donegalfairysto00macmgoog 22 November 2017]
* [[Jane Wilde|Wilde, Lady Francesca Speranza]] (1888).''Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland'' London: Ward and Downey, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/cu31924074445770 5 November 2017]
*{{citation|last=Yeats |first=William Butler |author-link=:en:William Butler Yeats |title=Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry |location=London |publisher=Walter Scott |year=1888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsIqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80}}; Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairyfolktalesof00yeatuoft 20 November 2017]
* [[W. B. Yeats|Yeats, William Butler]]. (1888).''Irish Fairy Tales'' London: T. Fisher Unwin, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairytalesirish00yeatrich 20 November 2017]
<!--Fiction / Fairy tales which may incorporate folklore
* [[Frances Browne|Browne, Frances]]. (1904). ''Granny's Wonderful Chair'' New York: McClure, Phillips and Company, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/donegalfairysto00macmgoog 22 November 2017]
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1830). ''Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, First Series Vol. 1''. Dublin: William Curry, Jun, and Company Retrieved via [https://archive.org Archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/traitsstoriesofi01carlt 11 November 2017] 
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1830). ''Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, First Series Vol. 2''. Dublin: William Curry, Jun, and Company Retrieved via [https://archive.org Archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/traitsstoriesofi02carlt 11 November 2017] 
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1834). ''Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, Second Series Vol. 1''. Dublin: William Frederick Wakeman Retrieved via [https://archive.org Archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/traitsstoriesofi01carl1 11 November 2017] 
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1834). ''Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, Second Series Vol. 2''. Dublin: William Frederick Wakeman Retrieved via [https://archive.org Archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/traitsstoriesofi01carl1 11 November 2017] 
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1834). ''Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, Second Series Vol. 3''. Dublin: William Frederick Wakeman Retrieved via [https://archive.org Archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/traitsstoriesofi01carl1 11 November 2017] 
* [[William Carleton|Carleton, William]] (1845). ''Tales and Sketches Illustrating the Character, Usages, Traditions, Sports, and Pastimes of the Irish Peasantry''. Dublin: James Duffy Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talessketchesill00carlrich 11 November 2017]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1842) ''Tales of the Jury-Room in Three Volumes. Vol.1'' London Maxwell and Co. Publishers Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talisqualisortal01grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1842) ''Tales of the Jury-Room in Three Volumes. Vol.2'' London Maxwell and Co. Publishers Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talisqualisortal02grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1842) ''Tales of the Jury-Room in Three Volumes. Vol.3'' London Maxwell and Co. Publishers Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talisqualisortal03grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1827) ''Tales of the Munster Festivals in Three Volumes. Vol.1'' London Saunders and Otley Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesofmunsterfe01grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1827) ''Tales of the Munster Festivals in Three Volumes. Vol.2'' London Saunders and Otley Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesofmunsterfe02grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1827) ''Tales of the Munster Festivals in Three Volumes. Vol.3'' London Saunders and Otley Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesofmunsterfe03grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Benedict Kiely|Kiely, Benedict]] (2011). ''The Penguin Book of Irish Short Stories'' London: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|978-0-241-95545-1}}. Retrieved 27 November 2017 . (Traditional Irish story translated from "The Stories of Johnny Shemisin") (no Date), Ulster Council of the Gaelic League
* [[Edmund Leamy|Leamy, Edmund]]. (1906).''Irish Fairy Tales'' Dublin: M.A. Gill & Son. Ltd, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/irishfairytales00leamuoft 6 November 2017]
* O'Faolain, Eileen (1954). ''Irish sagas and Folk Tales'' London: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|0192741047}}}}; {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|978-0192741042}}}}.
* [[Liam O'Flaherty|O'Flaherty, Liam]] (1927). ''The Fairy Goose and Two Other Stories'', London: Crosby Gaige. Retrieved [https://books.google.com/books?id=91oWAQAAMAAJ 27 November 2017] .
* [[Ella Young|Young, Ella]]. (1910).''Celtic Wonder Tales Book'' Dublin: Maunsel & Company LTD, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/celticwondertale00younrich 22 November 2017]
-->
{{refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{refbegin}}
<!--
* Anonymous. [https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2017/1205/925267-folklore-archive/ Irish folklore archive inscribed into UNESCO register] ''[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs|Rte News]]'' 6 December 2017 Retrieved 10 April 2018
* [[Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville|Arbois de Jubainville, M. H. D']] and [[Richard Irvine Best]] (1903). ''The Irish Mythological Cycle and Celtic Mythology''. Dublin Hodges, Figgis, and Company. Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7EPXAAAAMAAJ 12 October 2017]
* [[Katharine Mary Briggs|Briggs, Katharine]] (1978). ''The Vanishing People: Fairy Lore and Legends''. New York: Pantheon.
* MacKillop, James (1986). ''Fionn Mac Cumhail: Celtic Myth in English Literature'' New York Syracuse University Press {{ISBN|0-8156-2344-5}} Retrieved on [https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKvGA2McVYC 14 March 2018]
* MacKillop, James (2005). ''Myths and Legends of the Celts''. London. Penguin Books {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|9780141017945}}}}.Retrieved on [https://books.google.com/books?id=HI5yXNhbebYC&pg=PT215&dq=Goídel+Glas 14 March 2018]
* [[Ethna Carbery|MacManus, Anna (Ethna Carbery)]]. (1904).''In The Celtic Past'' New York: Funk and Wagnalls, Retrieved via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/incelticpast00macm 22 November 2017]
* {{cite journal|last=McClintock|first=Letitia |author-link=Letitia McClintock |title=Folklore of the County Donegal |journal=Dublin University Magazine |volume=88 |number=527 |date=November 1876 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXAaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA607 |pages=607–614}}
* [[Kevin Danaher|Ó Danachair, Caoimhín]] (1978). ''A Bibliography of Irish Ethnology and Folk Tradition''. Dublin Mercier Press {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|085342490X}}}}
* White, Carolyn (2005) [1st pub.1976], ''[https://www.bookdepository.com/History-Irish-Fairies-Carolyn-White/9780786715398 A History of Irish Fairies]'' New York. Avalon Publishing Group. {{ISBN|{{Format ISBN|0786715391}}}} 
-->
* {{cite journal|last=Almqvist |first=Bo |author-link=Bo Almqvist |title=The Irish Folklore Commission: Achievement and Legacy |journal=Béaloideas  |volume=45/47 |date=1977–1979 |pages=6–26 |doi=10.2307/20521388 |jstor=20521388}}
* {{cite journal|last=Almqvist |first=Bo |author-link=Bo Almqvist |title=Irish Migratory Legends on the Supernatural: Sources, Studies and Problems |journal=Béaloideas |volume=59 |issue=The Fairy Hill Is on Fire! Proceedings of the Symposium on the Supernatural in Irish and Scottish Migratory Legends |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEcsAQAAIAAJ&q=Kennedy |pages=1–43 |doi=10.2307/20522374 |jstor=20522374|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last=Alspach |first=Russel K. |author-link=<!--Russel K. Alspach--> |title=The Use by Yeats and Other Irish Writers of the Folklore of Patrick Kennedy |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=59 |number=234 |date=Oct–Dec 1946 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQcaAAAAMAAJ |pages=404–412 |doi=10.2307/537040 |jstor=537040|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Beiner |first1=Guy |title=Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory |date=2006 |publisher=Madison: University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |url=https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/3846.htm}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beiner |first1=Guy |title=Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/forgetful-remembrance-9780198749356}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Briody|2007}}|last=Briody |first=Mícheál |author-link=<!--Mícheál Briody--> |title=The Irish Folklore Commission 1935-1970: History, Ideology, Methodology |location=Helsinki |publisher=Finnish Literature Society |year=2018 |orig-date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoZRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |isbn=951-746-947-0<!--, 9789517469470-->}} and ''Studia Fennica Foloristica'' 17 urn:ISBN 9517469470.<!--Retrieved via Google on [https://books.google.com/books?id=RoZRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA512 10 April 2018]-->
*{{cite book|last=Dorson |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard Dorson |title=History of British Folklore |volume=1 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiCjLRGRkS4C&pg=PA52 |pages=52–57 |isbn=0-415-20476-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Earls |first=Brian |title=Supernatural Legends in Nineteenth-Century Irish Writing |journal=Béaloideas |volume=60/61 |year=1992–1993  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_8hAQAAMAAJ&q=%22printed+folklore%22 |pages=93–144 |doi=10.2307/20522401 |jstor=20522401|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hillers |first=Barbara |title='The Knight of the Green Cloak' and Other Irish Folklore Marvels in Harvard Libraries |journal=Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium|volume=31 |year=2011 |pages=137–157 |jstor=41759259}}
*{{cite book|last=Lysaght |first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia Lysaght--> |date=1996 |chapter=Aspects of the Earth-Goddess in the Traditions of the Banshee in Ireland |editor1-last=Billington |editor1-first=Sandra |editor1-link=<!--Sandra Billington--> |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Miranda |editor2-link=Miranda Jane Aldhouse-Green |title=The Concept of the Goddess |location=London |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBiEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |pages=<!--152–165--> |isbn=0-415-19789-9 |oclc=51912602}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lysaght |first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia Lysaght--> |date=1998 |title=Seán Ó Súilleabháin (1903-1996) and the Irish Folklore Commission |journal=Western Folklore |volume=57 |issue=2/3 |pages=137–151 |doi=10.2307/1500217 |jstor=1500217}}
* {{cite journal|last=Markey |first=Anne |author-link=<!--Anne Markey--> |title=The Discovery of Irish Folklore |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=10 |number=4 |date=Winter 2006|pages=21–43 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2006.0069 |jstor=20558106|s2cid=143629147 }}
* {{Cite book|last=O'Connor |first=Anne |author-link=<!--Anne O'Connor b. 1958--> |title=The blessed and the damned: sinful women and unbaptised children in Irish folklore |location=Oxford |publisher=Peter Lang |date=2005 |isbn=3-03910-541-8 |oclc=62533994}}
* {{cite book|last=Ó Giolláin |first=Diarmuid |author-link=<!--Diarmuid Ó Giolláin--> |title=Locating Irish folklore: tradition, modernity, identity|location=Cork/Sterling, VA |publisher=Cork University Press /Stylus |date=2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/irishfolkloretra00diar |url-access=registration |isbn=1-85918-169-4 |oclc=43615310}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVmjCLpjCr0C e-text] via Google.
* {{cite book|last=Ó Súilleabháin |first=Seán |author-link=Seán Ó Súilleabháin |title=A Handbook of Irish Folklore |location=Dublin |publisher=Educational Company of Ireland Limited |date=1942 |isbn=978-0-8103-3561-5}}
* Ó Súilleabháin, Seán & Christiansen, Reidar Th. (1963). ''The Types of the Irish Folktale''. Folklore Fellows' Communications No. 188. Helsinki 1963.
* {{cite journal|last=Read|first=D. H. Moutray |author-link=<!--D. H. Moutray Read--> |title=Some Characteristics of Irish Folklore |journal=Folklore |volume=27 |number=3 |date= 30 September 1916 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcTjAAAAMAAJ&q=22irish+folklore%22 |pages=250–278 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1916.9718928 |jstor=1255137|url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation|last=Vejvoda |first=Kathleen |author-link=<!--Kathleen Vejvoda--> |title="Too Much Knowledge of the Other World": Women and Nineteenth-Century Irish |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |publisher=<!--Cambridge University Press--> |volume=32 |number=1 |date=2004 |pages=41–61 |doi=10.1017/S106015030400035X |jstor=25058651|s2cid=162138066 }}
{{refend}}

===Tertiary sources===
{{refbegin}}
* Koch, John T. (2005). ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia Vol. 1'' A-Celti.  Oxford. ABC-Clio. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-440-0}} Retrieved on [https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC 14 March 2018]
* {{citation|last=MacKillop|first=James |author-link=<!--James MacKillop--> |title=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology|location=<!--Oxford--> |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674 |isbn=0-19-860967-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia|author-link=Patricia Monaghan |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |date=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C|isbn=978-1-4381-1037-0<!--(2004) 0-8160-4524-0-->}}
* [[Jack Zipes|Zipes, Jack]] (2015) ''The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales'' 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0 -19-968982-8}} Retrieved  [https://books.google.com/books?id=okEFCgAAQBAJ 10 April 2018]
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Carrassi |first=Vito |title=The Irish Fairy Tale: A Narrative Tradition from the Middle Ages to Yeats and Stephens |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=John Cabot University Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-61149-380-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=Reidar Th. |title=Towards a Printed List of Irish Fairytales |journal=Béaloideas |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=1937 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.2307/20521948|jstor=20521948 }} Accessed May 7, 2021.
* {{cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=Reidar Th. |title=Towards a Printed List of Irish Fairytales: II |journal=Béaloideas |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=1938 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.2307/20521982|jstor=20521982 }} Accessed May 7, 2021.
* {{cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=Reidar Th. |title=Further Notes on Irish Folktales |journal=Béaloideas |volume=22 |date=1953 |pages=70–82 |doi=10.2307/20521213|jstor=20521213 }} Accessed May 7, 2021.
* {{cite journal |last=Ó Duilearga |first=Séamus |title=Supplement: Irish Folk-Tales |journal=Béaloideas |volume=12 |issue=1/2 |date=1942 |pages=II-166 |doi=10.2307/20522051|jstor=20522051 }} Accessed May 7, 2021.
* {{cite journal |author-link=Dáithí Ó hÓgáin |last=Ó hÓgáin |first=Dáithí |title=The Importance of Folklore within the European Heritage: Some Remarks |journal=Béaloideas |volume=68 |date=2000 |pages=67–98 |doi=10.2307/20522558|jstor=20522558 }}.
* [[Lady Gregory]]. ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18070/18070-h/18070-h.htm#Page_128 Poets and Dreamers: Studies and Translations from the Irish by Lady Gregory]''. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis and Co. 1903. pp.&nbsp;128–192. 
* {{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth |date=1936 |title=The International Folktale in Ireland |journal=Folklore |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=263–293 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718646}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT - Corpus of Electronic Texts]

{{Ireland topics}}
{{Tomm Moore}}

[[Category:Culture of Ireland]]
[[Category:Irish folklore| ]]