Editing Irnerius

{{Short description|Italian jurist}}
{{For|the saint|Himerius of Cremona}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Luigi Serra - Irnerio che glossa le antiche leggi.jpg|thumb|right|192px|<div style="text-align: center;"> ''Irnerius'' ''elucidates the [[Justinian Code]]'' by [[Luigi Serra]] </div>]]

'''Irnerius''' ({{Circa|1050}} – after 1125), sometimes referred to as ''lucerna juris''<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y|wstitle=Irnerius |volume=14 |page=796}}</ref> ("lantern of the law"), was an Italian [[jurist]], and founder of the [[School of Glossators]] and thus of the tradition of [[medieval Roman Law]].

He taught the newly recovered Roman lawcode of [[Justinian I]], the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'', among the liberal arts at the [[University of Bologna]], his native city. The recovery and revival of Roman law, taught first at Bologna in the 1070s, was a momentous event in European cultural history. Irnerius' [[interlinear glosses]] on the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' stand at the beginnings of a European law that was written, systematic, comprehensive and rational, and based on Roman law.

== Life ==
He was born in [[Bologna]] about 1050.

At the urging of Countess [[Matilda of Tuscany]] he began to devote himself to the study of [[jurisprudence]], taking the [[Justinian code]] as a guide. After teaching jurisprudence for a short while in Rome he returned to Bologna, where he founded a new school of jurisprudence in 1084 or 1088, which would rival the law school of Ravenna.

Some jurisprudence had been taught at Bologna, before Irnerius founded his school, by [[Pepo (jurist)|Pepo]] and a few others, and a tradition of jurisprudence had developed at [[Pavia]] since the mid-ninth century.<ref>The emergent role of Pavia put forward by Charles M. Radding, ''The Origins of Medieval Jurisprudence: Pavia and Bologna, 850–1150''(Yale University Press, 1988) was considered to be overstated by most reviewers.</ref> He introduced the custom of explaining the Roman law by means of glosses, which originally were meagre interlinear elucidations of the text. But since the glosses were often too extensive to be inserted between the lines of the text, he began to write them on the margin of the page, thus being the first to introduce the marginal glosses which afterwards came into general use.
[[Image:Decretals glossa.jpg|thumb|Decretals with Glossa ordinaria]]

After the death of [[Pope Paschal II]], he defended the rights of [[Emperor Henry V]] in the papal election and upheld the legality of the election of the imperial [[antipope Gregory VIII]]. After 1116 he appears to have held some office under the emperor.<ref name=EB1911/> He died, perhaps during the reign of the emperor [[Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair II]], but certainly before 1140.<ref name=EB1911/>

== Teaching ==
Irnerius taught along lines firmly established in the teaching of [[Bible|Scripture]], by reading aloud a section of the civil law, which the students would copy, and add to the text his commentary and explanatory glosses. Thus he was the first of the [[glossator]]s,<ref name=EB1911/> whose explications of the law became an essential part of the legal curriculum.

The text of Justinian's ''[[Pandects]]'' used in Bologna, referred to as the ''Littera Bononiensis'', closely parallel to the ''[[Littera Florentina]]'', would be disseminated throughout Europe as students returned home from Bologna: there are versions of the Bolognese ''Littera'' with provenances in Paris, Padua, Leipzig and at the Vatican (Purpura 2001).

== Works ==
[[File:Irnerius – Glossae ad Digestum vetus, 12th-century – BEIC 7271247.jpg|thumb|''Glossae ad Digestum vetus'', 12th-century manuscript. [[Padua]], Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova, Fondo manoscritti, ms. 941, ff. 1-198.]]

According to ancient opinion (which, however, has been much controverted), Irnerius was the author of the [[epitome]] of the ''Novellae'' of Justinian, called the ''Authentica'', arranged according to the titles of the Code. His ''Formularium tabellionum'' (a directory for notaries) and ''Quaestiones'' (a book of judicial decisions) are no longer extant.<ref name=EB1911/>

The ''Summa Codicis'', attributed to Irnerius by Herman Fitting in his 1894 edition <ref>Fitting, ''Summa Codicis des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung'' (Berlin, 1894)</ref> is now widely considered a later work of between 1130 and 1159, but remains the earliest known summa on Justinian's ''Code'' <ref>Lange, ''Rómisches Recht im Mittelalter I'' (Munich, 1997), pp. 403-405.</ref>

Another important work, ''Quaestiones de juris subtilitatibus'',<ref>Fitting, "Quaestiones de juris subtilitatibus des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung" in ''Festschrift zum 200jährigern Jubiläum der Universitat Halle-Wittenberg'', 1894.</ref> was generally ascribed to Irnerius until Hermann Kantorowicz published a manuscript from the [[British Library|British Museum]].<ref>Kantorowicz with W.W. Buckland, ''Studies in the Glossators of the Roman Law: Newly Discovered Writings of the Twelfth Century'' (New York, 1939) reassigned ''Quaestiones de juris subtilitatibus'' to [[Placentinus]].</ref>

Other juridical works and glosses that are ascribed to Irnerius are extant only in fragments, or their authorship is uncertain.

== Reputation ==
Irnerius was largely forgotten until his name was revived by German historians of the later 19th century and came to prominence with the celebrations marking the [[octocentennial]] of the University of Bologna.<ref>F. W. Maitland, reviewing Enrico Besta, ed. ''L'Opera del' Irnerio'', vols I and II (Turin, 1896) in ''The English Historical Review'' '''13''' No. 49 (January 1898:143f).</ref>

Anders Winroth has questioned much of the received account of Irnerius' life as well as his importance to the history of Roman law in the Middle Ages.<ref>Anders Winroth, ''The Making of Gratian's Decretum'' (Cambridge, 2000)</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]], {{lang|de|Geschichte des Römischen Rechts im Mittelalter}} (2nd. ed., Heidelberg, 1834–1851) iii. 83
* Alberto Del Vecchio, {{lang|it|Notizie di Irnerio e della sua scuola}} (Pisa, 1869)
* [[Julius von Ficker]], {{lang|de|Forsch. z. Reichs- u. Rechtsgesch. Italiens}}, vol. iii. (Innsbruck, 1870)
* [[Hermann Fitting]], {{lang|de|Die Anfange der Rechtsschule in Bologna}} (Berlin, 1888)
* [[Anders Winroth]], ''The Making of Gratian's Decretum'' (Cambridge, 2000)
* Gabor Hamza: {{lang|de|Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsentwicklungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition}} (Budapest, 2009)
* Gabor Hamza: {{lang|it|Origine e sviluppo degli ordinamenti giusprivatistici moderni in base alla tradizione del diritto romano}} (Santiago de Compostela, 2013)

== Sources ==
* {{Catholic |wstitle=Irnerius |volume=8 |first=Michael |last=Ott}}
* ''Nouveau Larousse illustré'' (in French) undated, early 20th century

== External links ==
{{NIE Poster|Irnerius}}
* {{DBI |title= IRNERIO |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/irnerio_(Dizionario-Biografico)|last= Cortese|first= Ennio|volume= 62}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310140926/http://www.archaeogate.org/iura/article/199/1/la-littera-florentina-di-gianfranco-purpura.html Archaeogate: Gianfranco Purpura, "La Littera Florentina", 2001] (in Italian)
*[https://www.paralipomenaiuris.com/direito-comum-i-glosadores Works of Irnerius at ParalipomenaIuris]
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[[Category:12th-century Italian jurists]]
[[Category:12th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Italian jurists]]