Editing Irwin Rose

{{short description|American biologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Irwin Rose
| birth_name = Irwin Allan Rose
|image             = Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg
|image_size        = 
|caption=Irwin Rose, c. 2000
|birth_date        = {{birth date|mf=yes|1926|7|16}}
|birth_place       = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|2015|6|2|1926|6|16}}
|death_place=[[Deerfield, Massachusetts]], U.S.
|field             = [[Biology]]
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]]
* [[University of Pennsylvania]]
* [[University of California, Irvine]]
* [[Yale University]]}}
|education        = [[University of Chicago]] (BS, PhD) [[NYU]] (postdoc)
|thesis_title      = Studies on the Biochemical Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
|thesis_url        = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302012646/
|thesis_year       = 1952
|doctoral_advisor  = Bernard S. Schweigert
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for         = [[Ubiquitin]]-mediated [[protein degradation]]
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|prizes            = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (2004)
|spouse=Zelda Budenstein<ref name="Rose">{{cite journal | last=Rose | first=I | title=Early work on the ubiquitin proteasome system, an interview with Irwin Rose | journal=Cell Death & Differentiation | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=9 | date=11 August 2005 | issn=1350-9047 | doi=10.1038/sj.cdd.4401700 | pages=1162–1166| pmid=16094392 | doi-access=free }}</ref> 
| children = 4<ref name="Rose" />
}}

'''Irwin Allan Rose''' (July 16, 1926 – June 2, 2015) was an American [[biologist]].  Along with [[Aaron Ciechanover]] and [[Avram Hershko]], he was awarded the 2004 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for the discovery of [[ubiquitin]]-mediated [[protein degradation]].<ref name=WilkinsonHershko2015>{{cite journal|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Keith|last2=Hershko|first2=Avram|title=Irwin Allan Rose (1926–2015) Established role of ubiquitin in the destruction of cellular proteins|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=523|issue=7562|year=2015|pages=532|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/523532a|pmid=26223618|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Rose" /><!--<ref>{{Citation | pmid=15881872 | year=2005 | title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004. Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose | volume=49 | issue=1 | periodical=Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. | pages=121}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | pmid=15700582 | last1=Latonen | first1=Leena | last2=Laiho | first2=Marikki | publication-date=2004 | year=2004 | title=Nobel prize in chemistry goes to three persons with a key role in revealing the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway | volume=120 | issue=24 | periodical=Duodecim; Lääketieteellinen Aikakauskirja | pages=2868–71}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | pmid=15694320 | last=Goldberg | first=Alfred L | publication-date=Feb 3, 2005 | year=2005 | title=Nobel committee tags ubiquitin for distinction | volume=45 | issue=3 | periodical=Neuron | pages=339–44 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.019| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | pmid=15646859 | last1=Neefjes | first1=J | last2=Groothuis | first2=T A M | last3=Dantuma | first3=N P | publication-date=Dec 25, 2004 | year=2004 | title=The 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation | volume=148 | issue=52 | periodical=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | pages=2579–82}}</ref>--><ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.1073/pnas.76.7.3107 | last1 = Hershko | first1 = A. | last2 = Ciechanover | first2 = A. | last3 = Rose | first3 = I.A. | year = 1979 | title = Resolution of the ATP-dependent proteolytic system from reticulocytes: a component that interacts with ATP | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 76 | issue = 7| pages = 3107–3110 | pmid = 290989 | pmc = 383772 | postscript = . | bibcode = 1979PNAS...76.3107H | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Education and early life==
Rose was born in [[Brooklyn, New York]], into a secular [[Jews|Jewish]] family, the son of Ella (Greenwald) and Harry Royze, who owned a flooring store.<ref name="Nobel">{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2004 ''Ubiquitin at Fox Chase''</ref> Rose attended [[Washington State University]] for one year prior to serving in the Navy during World War II.  Upon returning from the war he received his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 1948 and his [[PhD]] in biochemistry in 1952, both from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name=nyt/> He did his post-doctoral studies at [[NYU]].<ref name="Nobel"/>

==Career and research==
Rose served on the faculty of [[Yale School of Medicine]]'s department of biochemistry from 1954 to 1963. He then joined the [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]] in 1963 and stayed there until he retired in 1995.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/irwin-rose-who-shared-2004-nobel-prize-in-chemistry-dies-at-88/2015/06/03/671a2ece-0996-11e5-95fd-d580f1c5d44e_story.html | title=Irwin Rose, who shared 2004 Nobel Prize in chemistry, dies at 88 | newspaper=Washington Post | date=3 June 2015 | access-date=4 June 2015 | author=Weil, Martin}}</ref> He joined [[University of Pennsylvania]] during the 1970s and served as a Professor of Physical Biochemistry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/awards/nobel.html | title=Selected Awards and Honors to Penn Faculty and Alumni: Nobel Prizes | work=University of Pennsylvania Website | access-date=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103064008/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/awards/nobel.html | archive-date=3 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a distinguished professor-in-residence in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the [[University of California, Irvine School of Medicine]] at the time his Nobel Prize was announced in 2004.<ref name=wapo/>

Irwin (Ernie) trained several [[postdoctoral research]] fellows while at the [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]] in Philadelphia. These included Art Haas,<ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.1073/pnas.77.4.1783 | last1 = Hershko | first1 = A. | last2 = Ciechanover | first2 = A. | last3 = Heller | first3 = H. | last4 = Haas | first4 = A.L. | last5 = Rose | first5 = I.A. | year = 1980 | title = Proposed role of ATP in protein breakdown: conjugation of protein with multiple chains of the polypeptide of ATP-dependent proteolysis | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 77 | issue = 4| pages = 1783–1786 | pmid = 6990414 | pmc = 348591 | postscript = . | bibcode = 1980PNAS...77.1783H | doi-access = free }}</ref> the first to see Ubiquitin chains, Keith Wilkinson,<ref name=WilkinsonHershko2015/> the one to first identify APF-1 as Ubiquitin, and Cecile Pickart.<ref>{{Citation | pmid=15486272 | last=Vogel | first=Gretchen | publication-date=Oct 15, 2004 | year=2004 | title=Nobel Prizes. Gold medal from cellular trash | volume=306 | issue=5695 | periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | pages=400–1 | doi=10.1126/science.306.5695.400b | s2cid=177309829 }}</ref>

==Published work==

When Irwin Rose started on his prizewinning work on ubiquitin he was already very distinguished as an enzymologist.

===Classical enzymology===

Only a selection of Rose's very extensive work in this field is mentioned here.

In collaboration with [[Marianne Grunberg-Manago]], Saul Korey and [[Severo Ochoa]] he investigated the Mg<sup>2+</sup>- or Mn<sup>2+</sup>-dependent formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate and ATP catalyzed by acetate kinase, an essential reaction for priming the tricarboxylate cycle,<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J. Biol. Chem. |title = Enzymatic phosphorylation of acetate|volume= 211|number = 2|pages = 737–756 |year = 1954|first1 = Irwin A.|last1 = Rose|first2 =  Marianne |last2 = Grunberg-Manago|first3 = Saul R. |last3 = Korey|first4 = Severo |last4 =Ochoa| doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71161-7 | pmid=13221579 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | doi= 10.1016/0076-6879(55)01102-6|title = &#91;97&#93; Acetate kinase of bacteria (Acetokinase)|first1 = Irwin A.|last1 = Rose|series = Methods Enzymol.|volume = 1|pages = 591–595|year = 1955| isbn=9780121818012 }}</ref> describing the purification of the enzyme and measuring the equilibrium constant of the reaction.

With Edward O'Connell, Rose investigated the mechanisms of the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase<ref>{{cite journal | journal= J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 236 |number = 12|pages = 3086–3092|year = 1959|first1 = Irwin A.|last1 = Rose|last2 = O'Connell| first2 = E. L. |title = Intramolecular hydrogen transfer in phosphoglucose isomerase reaction| doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93975-X | pmid = 14493830 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and, with Sidney Rieder, of triose phosphate isomerase<ref>{{cite journal | journal= J. Biol. Chem. |volume = 234 |number = 5|pages = 1007–1010|year = 1959|title = Mechanism of the triosephosphate isomerase reaction|first1 = Irwin A.|last1 = Rose|last2 = Rieder| first2 = S. V. |doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98120-2 |pmid = 13654309 |doi-access = free }}</ref>

With Jessie Warms, he studied the mechanism of [[hexokinase]] of sarcoma tumor,<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J. Biol. Chem. |title = Mitochondrial hexokinase: Release, rebinding, and location|last1 = Rose|first1 = I. A.|last2 = Warms|first2 = J. V. B.|volume = 242|number = 7|pages = 1635–1645|year = 1966| doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96139-9 | pmid=4225734 | doi-access=free }}</ref> finding that it was located in the mitochondria of liver and brain, and bound in accord with a Mg<sup>2+</sup>-dependent equilibrium.

He had a general interest in the role of magnesium in cells, and studied it on the basis of the equilibrium of the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1073/pnas.61.3.1079|journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |last1 = Rose|first1 = I.A.| volume = 61|number = 3 |pages= 1079–1086 |title = State of magnesium in cells as estimated from adenylate kinase equilibrium|year = 1968|pmid = 5246543 |pmc = 305438 |bibcode = 1968PNAS...61.1079R |doi-access = free }}</ref> a complicated question, because numerous complexes of Mg<sup>2+</sup>, H<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> with ATP, ADP and AMP need to be taken into account.

Starting from [[Alexander George Ogston|Ogston's]] theory, Rose<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1073/pnas.50.5.981 | title = The absolute stereochemical course of citric acid biosynthesis| journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 50| number=5|pages = 981–988|year = 1963|last2 = Rose|first2 = I. A.|last1 = Hanson| first1 = K. R.| pmid = 14082366| pmc = 221959| bibcode = 1963PNAS...50..981H| doi-access = free}}</ref> was concerned with the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, investigating various enzymes,<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J. Biol. Chem.|doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62662-6|last1 = Rose|first1 = I.A.|title = Stereochemistry of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase, and malate enzyme reactions|volume = 245|number = 22|pages = 6052–6056|year = 1970| pmid=5484463 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and later glutamine synthetase.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= J. Biol. Chem. |volume = 251|number=19|pages=5881–5887|year = 1976|title = Stereochemical method for detection of ATP terminal phosphate transfer in enzymatic reactions: glutamine synthetase|first1 = C. F.|last1 = Midelfort|first2 = Irwin A.|last2 = Rose| doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33034-X | pmid=9406 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This was the topic of a review article written with Kenneth Hanson.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1021/ar50085a001|title = Interpretations of enzyme reaction stereospecificity|journal = Accounts of Chemical Research |volume = 8| number = 1|pages = 1–10|last2 = Rose|first2 = I. A.|last1 = Hanson| first1 = K. R.|year = 1975}}</ref>

===Ubiquitin===

After its discovery by Gideon Goldstein and colleagues in 1975,<ref name="pmid1078892">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein G, Scheid M, Hammerling U, Schlesinger DH, Niall HD, Boyse EA | title = Isolation of a polypeptide that has lymphocyte-differentiating properties and is probably represented universally in living cells | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–5 | date = January 1975| doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.1.11| pmid = 1078892 | pmc = 432229 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72...11G | doi-access = free }}</ref> ubiquitin was extensively studied by Rose, with [[Avram Hershko]], [[Aaron Ciechanover]], A. L. Haas and H. Heller,<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1073/pnas.77.4.1783|journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|last1 = Hershko|first1 = A|last2 =Ciechanover|first2 = A|last3 =Heller|first3 = H|last4=Haas|first4 =A L|last5 = Rose|first5 =I A|volume = 77|number = 4|pages = 1783–1786|year=1980|title = Proposed role of ATP in protein breakdown: conjugation of proteins with multiple chains of the polypeptide of ATP-dependent proteolysis| pmid=6990414 | pmc=348591 | bibcode=1980PNAS...77.1783H | doi-access=free }}</ref> one of many papers on the subject.

==Awards and honors==
Rose was awarded the Nobel prize in 2004.<ref name="Nobel"/><ref>{{Citation | pmid=15483574 | last=Giles | first=Jim | publication-date=Oct 14, 2004 | year=2004 | title=Chemistry Nobel for trio who revealed molecular death-tag | volume=431 | issue=7010 | periodical=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | pages=729 | doi=10.1038/431729a| bibcode=2004Natur.431..729G | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rose was married to Zelda Budenstein and had four children.<ref name=nyt>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/science/irwin-rose-nobel-winning-biochemist-dies-at-88.html | title=Irwin A. Rose, Nobel-Winning Biochemist, Dies at 88 | work=New York Times | date=2 June 2015 | access-date=4 June 2015 | author=Chang, Kenneth}}</ref> He died on June 2, 2015, at [[Deerfield, Massachusetts]].<ref name=nyt /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/2004-nobel-chemistry-winner-irwin-rose-dies-88-31483881|title=2004 Nobel Chemistry Winner Irwin Rose Dies at 88|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref> His widow died in 2016.

== See also ==

* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links ==
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2004 ''Ubiquitin at Fox Chase''
{{Commons category}}

{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 2001–2025}}
{{2004 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, Irwin}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:American biologists]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
[[Category:People from Spokane, Washington]]
[[Category:University of California, Irvine faculty]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Fox Chase Cancer Center people]]