Editing Isabella II

{{Short description|Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868}}
{{about|the queen of Spain|the queen of Jerusalem|Isabella II of Jerusalem}}
{{redirect|Isabel II|ships named Isabel II|Spanish ship Isabel II{{!}}Spanish ship ''Isabel II''}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Isabella II
| title        = 
| succession   = {{br separated entries|[[Queen of Spain]]}}
| moretext     = ([[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|more...]])
| image        = Isabel de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias.jpg
| caption      = Formal portrait, 1860
| reign        = 29 September 1833 – {{nowrap|30 September 1868}}
| reign-type   = [[Reign of Isabella II|Reign]]
| cor-type     = {{nowrap|[[Enthronement#Spain|Enthronement]]}}
| coronation   = 10 November 1843
| predecessor  = [[Ferdinand VII]]
| successor    = [[Amadeo I]] (1870)
| regent       = ''[[List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain#Kingdom_of_Spain_(1823–1868)|Full list]]''
| reg-type     = Prime&nbsp;ministers
| reg-type1    = [[Regencies on behalf of Isabella II|Regents]]
| regent1      = [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Queen María Cristina]] {{nowrap|(1833–1840)}}<br />[[Baldomero Espartero]] {{nowrap|(1840–1843)}}
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1830|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] <br/> [[Madrid]], Spain
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1904|4|9|1830|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[The Peninsula Paris|Palacio Castilla]]<br/> [[Paris]], France
| burial_place = [[El Escorial]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]]|1846|1902|end=d.}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti|Isabel, Princess of Asturias]]
* [[Alfonso XII]]
* [[Infanta María del Pilar]]
* [[Infanta María de la Paz]]
* [[Infanta María Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = Among others...
| full name    = María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias
| house        = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]
| father       = [[Ferdinand VII]]
| mother       = [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholicism]]
| signature    = Isabella II signature.svg
}}

'''Isabella II''' ({{langx|es|Isabel II}}, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830&nbsp;– 9 April 1904) was [[Queen of Spain]] from 1833 until [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|her deposition in 1868]]. She is the only [[queen regnant]] in the history of unified Spain.<ref>''Monarchy and Liberalism in Spain: The Building of the Nation-State, 1780–1931''. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2020.</ref>{{Refn|group=n.|She was formally Queen of Spain, unlike [[Isabella I]], who was proclaimed Queen of Castile, although the latter is nevertheless sometimes considered to have also been Queen of Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kings-and-Queens-Regnant-of-Spain-1830606|website=Britannica|title=Kings and Queens Regnant of Spain|date=31 October 2023 }}</ref>}}

Isabella was the elder daughter of [[King Ferdinand VII]] and [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Queen Maria Christina]]. Shortly before Isabella's birth, her father issued the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830|Pragmatic Sanction]] to revert the [[Salic Law]] and ensure the succession of his firstborn daughter, due to his lack of a son. She came to the throne a month before her third birthday, but her succession was disputed by her uncle [[Infante Carlos]] (founder of the [[Carlist movement]]), whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the [[Carlist Wars]]. Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, adopting the [[Spanish Royal Statute of 1834|Royal Statute of 1834]] and [[Spanish Constitution of 1837|Constitution of 1837]].

Isabella was declared of age and began her personal rule in 1843. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military ''[[pronunciamiento]]s''. Her marriage to [[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]] was an unhappy one, and her personal conduct as well as rumours of affairs damaged her reputation. In September 1868, a naval mutiny began in [[Cadiz]], marking the beginning of the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]]. The defeat of her forces by Marshal [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre]], brought her reign to an end, and she went into exile in France. In 1870, she formally abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of her son, [[Alfonso XII|Alfonso]]. In 1874, the [[First Spanish Republic]] was overthrown in a coup. The [[Bourbon monarchy]] was restored, and Alfonso ascended the throne as King Alfonso XII. Isabella returned to Spain two years later but soon again left for France, where she resided until her death in 1904.

== Birth and regencies ==
[[Image:Isabel II, niña.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Isabella II as a child. She is depicted wearing the sash of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]].]]{{Main|Early life of Isabella II of Spain}}
Isabella was born in the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] in 1830, the eldest daughter of King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]], and of his fourth wife and niece, [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]]. She was entrusted to the royal governess [[María del Carmen Machín y Ortiz de Zárate]]. Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three-year-old daughter Isabella was proclaimed sovereign following the death of Ferdinand VII.

Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII had induced the [[Cortes Generales]] to help him set aside the [[Salic law]], introduced by the Bourbons in the early 18th century, and to reestablish the older succession law of Spain. The first [[pretender]] to the throne, Ferdinand's brother [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina]], fought for seven years during Isabella's minority to dispute her title (see [[First Carlist War]]). The supporters of Carlos and his descendants were known as [[Carlists]], and the fight over the succession was the subject of a number of [[Carlist Wars]] in the 19th century.

Isabella's reign was maintained only through the support of the army. The Cortes and the [[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate Liberals]] and [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressives]] reestablished constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders and confiscated their property (including that of the [[Jesuits]]), and tried to restore order to Spain's finances. After the Carlist war, the regent, Maria Christina, resigned to make way for [[Baldomero Espartero]], Prince of Vergara, the most successful and most popular Isabelline general. Espartero, a Progressive, remained regent for only two years.

Her minority saw [[Spanish-American relations#Mid-nineteenth century|tensions with the United States]] over the [[United States v. The Amistad|''Amistad'' affair]].

Baldomero Espartero was deposed in 1843 by a military and political ''[[pronunciamiento]]'' led by Generals [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] and [[Ramón María Narváez]]. They formed a cabinet, presided over by [[Joaquín María López y López]]. This government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at 13. Between the beginning of her reign in 1833, and the [[Abdication of Margrethe II|abdication]] of [[Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 2024, at any given time, there was a queen regnant in Europe.

==Reign as an adult==
{{main|Reign of Isabella II of Spain}}

=== Beginnings ===
[[File:Castelaro-isabel II jura la constitucion.JPG|thumb|''Isabella swears the Constitution'', by {{ill|José Castelaro|es}}.]]
Isabella was declared of age and swore the [[Spanish Constitution of 1837|1837 Constitution]] on 10 November 1843,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Los mecanismos de creación normativa en la España del siglo XIX a través de la codificación penal|first=Gabriela|last=Cobo del Rosal Pérez|journal=Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español|issn=0304-4319|issue=81|year=2011<!--|pages=921–972-->|page=935|url=https://www.boe.es/publicaciones/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-H-2011-10092100972_ANUARIO_DE_HISTORIA_DEL_DERECHO_ESPA%C3%91OL_Los_mecanismos_de_creaci%C3%B3n_normativa_en_la_Espa%C3%B1a_del_siglo_XIX_a_trav%C3%A9s_de_la_codificaci%C3%B3n_penal}}</ref> age thirteen. Despite the alleged parliamentary supremacy, in practice, the "double trust" led to Isabella having a role in the making and toppling of governments, undermining the progressives.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=228|title=Liberalismo y cultura política liberal en la España del siglo XIX|first=Antonio|last=Moliner Prada|journal=Revista de História das Ideias|issn=0870-0958|publisher=[[University of Coimbra|Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra]]|location=Coimbra|volume=37|year=2019|doi=10.14195/2183-8925_37_9|s2cid=244017803|url=https://digitalis-dsp.uc.pt/jspui/bitstream/10316.2/46670/3/ebook%20Historia%20das%20Ideias%2037.pdf}}</ref> The uneasy alliance between moderates and progressives that had toppled Espartero in July 1843 was already disintegrating by the time of the coming of age of the queen.<ref name=perezalonso /> Following a brief government led by progressive [[Salustiano de Olózaga]], the moderates elected their candidate, [[Pedro José Pidal]], to the presidency of the Cortes.<ref name=perezalonso /> After the subsequent decision to dissolve the hostile Cortes by Olózaga on 28 November, rumours about an alleged forcing of the queen to sign the royal decree spread. As a result, Olózaga was prosecuted, removed from political office, and forced to exile, with the Progressive Party already being beheaded, in what was the starting point of their growing disaffection from the Isabelline monarchy.<ref name=perezalonso>{{Cite journal|title=Ramón María Narváez: biografía de un hombre de estado. El desmontaje de la falsa leyenda del "Espadón de Loja"|journal=Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional|issn=1576-4729|issue=14|year=2013|last=Pérez Alonso|first=Jorge|pages=539–540|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5700017.pdf}}</ref>

=== Moderate decade ===
{{Main|Década moderada}}
[[File:Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz - Retrato de Isabel II - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait painting of Isabella II by [[Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz]] (1844).]]
Dominated by the figure of [[Ramón María Narváez|Marshal Narváez]], the ''Espadón'' ("Big Sword") of Loja, the so-called "[[Moderate decade]]" began in 1844. The constitutional reforms devised by Narváez moved away from the 1837 Constitution by rejecting national sovereignty and reinforcing the power of the monarch, to the point of a "co-sovereignty" between the Cortes and the Queen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clases sociales y partidos políticos en la década moderada (1844–1854)|first=Miguel|last=Beltrán Villalva|journal=Historia y política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales|issn=1575-0361|issue=13|year=2005|pages=49–78|url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/Hyp/article/view/44708|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|UCM]]; [[UNED]]; [[Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales|CEPC]]}}</ref>
<!--Moderados ruled from 1846 to 1854, Progressives from 1854 to 1856, and Unión Liberals from 1856 to 1863. Moderados and Unión Liberals quickly succeeded each other to keep out the Progressives, thus sowing the seeds for the Revolution of 1868.<ref>F.H. Gribble, ''The tragedy of Isabella, II'' (1913).</ref>-->
{{Main|Affair of the Spanish Marriages}}
On 10 October 1846, the Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin [[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]] (1822–1902), the same day that her younger sister, [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|Infanta Luisa Fernanda]], married [[Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier]].{{Refn|group=n.|Isabella and Francisco de Asís were rather caustically described by 1866 by an English contemporary thus:

::… The Queen is large in stature, but rather what might be called bulky than stately. There is no dignity either in her face or figure, and the graces of majesty are altogether wanting. The countenance is cold and expressionless, with traces of an unchastened, unrefined, and impulsive character, and the indifference it betrays is not redeemed by any regularity or beauty of feature.

::The King Consort is much smaller in figure than his royal two-thirds, and certainly is not a type that could be admired for its manly qualifications; but we have to remember that in Spain aristocratic birth is designated rather by a diminutive stature and sickly complexion than by those attributes of height, muscular power, open expression, and florid hue, which in England constitute the ideal of ‘race.’<ref>Mrs. Wm. Pitt Byrne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y8hBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22cosas+de+Espana%22 ''Cosas De España, Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are, Volume II''], Page 7, Alexander Strahan, Publisher, London and New York, 1866.</ref>}} Disgusted by her marriage, Isabella reportedly commented later to one of her intimates: "what shall I tell you about a man whom I saw wearing more lace than I was wearing on our wedding night?"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.realacademiabellasartessevilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PEDRO-S%C3%81NCHEZ-N%C3%9A%C3%91EZ.pdf|page=219|title=El Duque de Montpensier, entre la historia y la leyenda|first=Pedro|last=Sánchez Núñez|journal=Temas de Estética y Arte|issn=0214-6258|issue=28|year=2014|publisher=[[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría]]|location=Seville}}</ref>

The marriages suited [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Louis Philippe, King of the French]], who as a result bitterly quarrelled with Britain.<ref>[[Jasper Ridley (historian)|Jasper Ridley]], ''Lord Palmerston'' (1970) pp. 308–315.</ref> However, the marriages were not happy; persistent rumour had it that few if any of Isabella's children were fathered by her [[King Consort]], rumoured to be a homosexual. The Carlist party asserted that the heir-apparent to the throne, who later became Alfonso XII, had been fathered by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans.<ref>Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón, Isabel II: Los Espejos de la Reina (2004)</ref>
[[File:Bautizo de la Infanta doña Isabel, Princesa de Asturias (Rafael Benjumea).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Baptism of the Princess of Asturias in December 1851, by {{ill|Rafael Benjumea|es|Rafael Benjumea (pintor)}}]]
In 1847, a major scandal took place when Isabella, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|General Serrano]] and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís;{{Sfn|Burdiel|2012|p=33}} though Narváez and Isabella's mother [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Christina]] solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain General of Granada in 1848—,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/madrid/20150212/abci-historia-calle-serrano-madrid-201502101226.html|website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|title=Serrano, el amante de Isabel II que dio nombre a la calle más comercial de Madrid|first=M.R.|last=Domingo|date=13 February 2015}}</ref> the deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on.{{Sfn|Burdiel|2012|p=33}} Following the [[Revolutions of 1848#Spain|near-revolution of 1848]], Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849.{{Sfn|Beltrán Villalva|2005|p=50}}

In late 1851, Isabella II gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as [[Infanta Isabella, Countess of Girgenti|María Isabel Francisca de Asís]].{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=168}} Historians have attributed the Princess of Asturias' biological parenthood to [[José Ruiz de Arana y Saavedra, Duke of Baena|José Ruiz de Arana]],<ref name=aportes>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.actashistoria.com/pdf/aportes/aportes_069/06_resenas.pdf|first=Agustín|last=Esteban Monasterio|title=Sexenio Revolucionario y Restauración|page=119|journal=Aportes|issue=69|volume=XXIV|year=2009}}</ref> [[Gentilhombres de cámara con ejercicio|''Gentilhombre de cámara'']].
[[File:Museo del Romanticismo - CE3809 - Regicidio del Cura Merino.jpg|thumb|right|Attempted regicide by the ''cura Merino'' in 1852]]

On 2 February 1852, Isabella and the Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]] intending to go with her parade to the [[Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha]]: {{ill|Martín Merino y Gómez|es}}, an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|pp=170–171}} and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by the [[baleen]] stays of her [[corset]], and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariosur.es/sociedad/201610/11/corse-reina-20161011203550.html|website=Diario Sur|title=El corsé de la reina|date=14 October 2016|first=Antonio|last=Paniagua}}</ref> Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso),{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=172}} was removed from sacerdocy and executed by ''[[garrote]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madridiario.es/452630/cura-merino-efemerides|website=Madridiario|title=Puñalada en el costado en nombre de Martín Merino|first=Víctor|last=Sanz|date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Episodio de la revolución de 1854 en la Puerta del Sol (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|July 1854 revolution in Madrid]]
Under the government of the [[Luis José Sartorius, 1st Count of San Luis|Count of San Luis]] (whose ascension to premiership had been solely founded on the support from the networks of the royal court),<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://jornades.uab.cat/congresinternacionalcorrupcio/sites/jornades.uab.cat.congresinternacionalcorrupcio/files/nunez_garcia_v._m.pdf|chapter=Corrupción y redes de poder en la Corte Isabelina|first1=Víctor Manuel|last1=Núñez García|first2=María Luisa|last2=Calero Delgado|title=La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar|year=2018|access-date=2020-08-22|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044843/https://jornades.uab.cat/congresinternacionalcorrupcio/sites/jornades.uab.cat.congresinternacionalcorrupcio/files/nunez_garcia_v._m.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the system was in a critical state by June 1854.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernández Trillo|year=1982|page=17|first=Manuel|url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/24871/THVIII~N87~P16-29.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|journal=Tiempo de Historia|volume=VIII|issue=87|title= La Vicalvarada y la Revolución Española de 1854}}</ref> On 28 June 1854 a military ''[[pronunciamiento]]'' intending to force the queen to oust the government of the Count of San Luis, featuring [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] (a "puritan" moderate), took place in [[Vicálvaro]], the so-called ''[[Vicalvarada]]''.{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=18–19}} The military coup (rather dominated by the moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by [[Ángel Fernández de los Ríos]] and [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]]) proceeded then to seek for civilian support, promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the ''[[Manifesto of Manzanares]]'', drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854.{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|pp=18–20}}

Days later, the situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid,{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=25}} and barricades erected in the streets. With the prospect of a civil war on the horizon, Isabella was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=188}}{{Sfn|Fernández Trillo|1982|p=27}} This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the ''bienio progresista''.

=== Progressive biennium ===
{{Main|Bienio progresista}}
<!--[[File:Eduardo Rosales Gallinas - Episodio de la Batalla de Tetuán.jpg|thumb|[[Spanish–Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish–Moroccan War]] in 1859]]-->
Espartero entered the capital of Spain on 28 July,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=192}} and proceeded to separate again Isabella from the influence of María Christina.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=194}} In any case, though Isabella accepted advice from María Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=194}}

By virtue of a royal decree, the port of [[Iloilo City|Iloílo]] in then-[[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]] was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html |author=Demy Sonza |title=The Port of Iloilo: 1855–2005 |work=Graciano Lopez-Jaena Life and Works and Iloilo History Online Resource|publisher=Dr. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (DGLJ) Foundation, Inc.|url-status=usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160119170507/http://www.gracianolopezjaena.org/port_of_iloilo.html |archive-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/07/21/iloilos.position.under.colonial.rule.html |author=Henry Funtecha |title=Iloilo's position under colonial rule |publisher=thenewstoday.info}}</ref>

A [[Spanish Draft Constitution of 1856|Liberal Constitution]] ("the Unborn One") was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power.

=== Later reign ===
[[File:Reina Isabel II de España.jpg|thumb|right|Isabella circa 1868]]
On 28 November 1857, Isabella II gave birth to a male heir,{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=210}} who was baptised on 7 December 1857 as [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María Gregorio y Pelagio]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]]|title=Biografía de Alfonso XII de Borbón (1875–1885)|first=Rafael|last=Fernández Sirvent|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/reyes_y_reinas_espana_contemporanea/alfonso_xii_biografia/}}</ref> Assumed by historians to be the biological son of {{ill|Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans|es}},<ref name=aportes /> the toddler, who replaced infanta Isabella as [[Prince of Asturias]] upon his birth, was known under the moniker {{lang|es|el Puigmoltejo}}, in reference to the rumours about his presumed biological parenthood.<ref name=vilches>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/opinion/tribunas/20170629/227597240_12.html|website=[[El Español]]|title=El puñal del godo en la familia Borbón|first=Jorge|last=Vilches|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Isabella II showed a special affection for the child, greater than that shown to her daughters.<ref name=vilches />

The later part of her reign saw a [[Hispano–Moroccan War (1859–1860)|war against Morocco]] (1859–1860), which ended in a treaty advantageous for Spain and cession of some Moroccan territory, the [[Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic|Spanish retaking of Santo Domingo]] (1861–1865), and the fruitless [[Chincha Islands War]] (1865–1866) against [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].

==== Revolution and coup ====
In August 1866, exiled forces comprising both elements from the [[Democratic Party (Spain)|Democratic]] and the [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]] met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the [[Pact of Ostend]] under the initiative of [[Juan Prim|Marshal Prim]], seeking to topple Isabella.<ref name="xl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.xlsemanal.com/conocer/historia/20181017/revolucion-1868-la-gloriosa-isabel-ii-prim.html|website=XLSemanal|title=¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II?|date=17 October 2018}}</ref> On 7 July 1868, Isabella banished her sister and brother-in-law from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the [[Liberal Union (Spain)|Liberal Union]].{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}}

Since the late summer, Isabella II had been enjoying her traditional holiday on the coast at [[Lekeitio]], Biscay.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=246–247}} The royal entourage moved to [[San Sebastián]] to hold a meeting with [[Napoleon III]] and [[Eugenia de Montijo]], scheduled for 18 September, but it did not take place, as the French royals did not arrive in time and it was subsequently aborted.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=248–249}}

On that day, a ''[[pronunciamento]]'' took place in [[Cádiz]]. Led by Marshal Prim and the [[Juan Bautista Topete|Admiral Topete]] (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier),{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}} it marked the beginning of the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]].<ref name="xl" /> The Democratic Party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military statement into an actual revolution.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=249}}

Factors for the revolution included the weariness of the moderates alienated by the Crown and the progressives barely having even the chance to rule. Both developed a [[wiktionary:vis-à-vis#English|vis-à-vis]] with the Isabelline monarchy.<ref name="constitulib" /> Other factors were the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the [[bourgeoisie]].<ref name="constitulib">{{Cite journal|issue=3|year=2018|issn=2530-4127|page=49|title=Evolución histórica del estado y la consolidación del constitucionalismo liberal español|first=Emna Mylena|last=Quintero Niño|journal=Auctoritas: Revista On-Line de Historiografía en Historia, Derecho e Interculturalidad|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6946520.pdf}}</ref> Historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that [[peasant]]ry, [[Petite bourgeoisie|small bourgeoisie]], and the [[proletariat]] formed an alternative to bourgeoisie proper, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=44|year=2001|url=http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/44-1-ayer44_SexenioDemocratico_Serrano.pdf|title=La historiografía en torno al Sexenio 1868-1874: entre el fulgor del centenario y el despliegue sobre lo local|first=Rafael|last=Serrano García|page=15|journal=Ayer}}</ref>
[[File:¡A Francia!, de Ortego.jpg|thumb|right|''To France!'', a caricature by [[Francisco Ortego]] depicting the exile of Isabella published in ''Gil Blas'' on 4 October 1868]]
By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political [[iconoclasm]] carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a ''[[Damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Iconoclasia antiborbónica en España el repudio simbólico de Isabel II durante la Revolución de 1868|first=Sergio|last=Sánchez Collantes|journal=Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional|issn=1576-4729|issue=20|year=2019|page=25; 29|doi=10.17811/hc.v0i20.593|s2cid=204383086|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7095649.pdf}}</ref>

The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by [[Manuel Pavía y Lacy]] by the revolutionary forces led by [[Marshal Serrano]] at the 28 September 1868 [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|Battle of Alcolea]] led to the definitive demise of Isabella II's 35-year reign. In the light of the news, Isabella and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to [[Biarritz]] (France) on 30 September.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=251}} As Isabella entered France after her abdication, her train passed a group of homecoming exiles who taunted her with cries of "Down with the Bourbons!", "Long Live Liberty!" and "Long Live the Republic!".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carmen |first=Ennesch |title=Emigrations politiques, d'hier et d'aujourd'hui |publisher=Editions I.P.C. |year=1946 |location=Paris |pages=161 |language=fr}}</ref>

Prim{{Emdash}}leader of the liberal progressives{{Emdash}}was received in a festive mood by the Madrilenian people at his arrival in the capital in early October. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|p=212}} At the [[Puerta del Sol]], he gave a highly symbolic hug to Serrano, the leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|pp=212-213}}

== Life after ousting ==
Following the crossing of the [[French–Spanish border]] by train on 30 September, the Queen and King spent 5 weeks in the [[Château de Pau]] organising their Parisian future. They went to the French capital and arrived on 8 November, settling in the [[Rue de Rivoli]] 172.{{Sfn|Reyero|2020|pp=209–210}} Isabella was forced to renounce to her dynastic rights in Paris in favour of her son [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso]] on 25 June 1870, officially "freely and spontaneously".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cadenaser.com/programa/2018/06/25/la_ventana/1529939758_396463.html|title=a crucial decisión de Isabel II|date=25 June 2018|first=Nieves|last=Congostrina}}</ref> Involving an economic settling, the formal separation between Isabella and Francisco had pended on the passing of the former queen's dynastic rights to her son.{{Sfn|Reyero|2020|p=220}}
[[Image:Isabella II of Spain in exile.jpg|thumb|right|The former queen in Paris]]
Following the election to the Spanish throne of [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo of Savoy]] (second son of [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]]) in November 1870, Isabella reconciled in 1871 with her brother-in-law, the Duke of Montpensier, who assumed the political management of the family.{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=220}}

The [[First Spanish Republic]] that followed Amadeo's short reign was overthrown by a military coup started in [[Sagunto]] by General [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]] on 29 December 1874 that proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy and the [[Bourbon dynasty]] in the person of Isabella's son Alfonso XII,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://clio.rediris.es/fichas/restaur01.htm|website=Clío|title=El sistema político de la Restauración|first=César|last=Layana}}</ref> who landed in Barcelona on 9 January 1875.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/barcelona/20180225/visitas-de-los-borbones-a-barcelona-barceloneando-6648899|website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]|title=Otras visitas de los Borbones a Barcelona|first=Toni|last=Sust|date=25 February 2018}}</ref>

After 1875 she lived in a relationship with [[Marqués de Alta Villa|Ramiro de la Puente y González Nandín]], her secretary and chief of staff.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwdnm2EETO4C&pg=PA275|page=275|title=Sevilla y la monarquía: las visitas reales en el siglo XIX|first=María del Carmen|last=Fernández Albéndiz|publisher=[[Universidad de Sevilla]]|year=2007|location=Seville|isbn=978-84-472-0911-8}}</ref>

Cánovas del Castillo, the dominant figure of the new regime, became convinced that the figure of Isabella had become an issue for the Crown and wrote her a letter bluntly stating "Your Majesty is not a person, it is a reign, it is a historical time, and what the country needs is another reign, a different time", hellbent on avoiding the former queen stepping onto the Spanish capital before the proclamation of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1876|new constitution in June 1876]].<ref name=elmundo>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.elmundo.es/loc/casa-real/2020/06/20/5eec7fc921efa090268b45b6.html|journal=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|title=Isabel II de España: cuando abdicar supuso tener prohibido pisar el país|date=20 June 2020|first=Eduardo|last=Álvarez}}</ref>

She returned to Spain in July 1876, stayed in [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] and [[El Escorial]] and was only allowed to visit Madrid for barely hours on 13 October.<ref name=elmundo /> She moved to [[Seville]], where she remained for a longer time and left for France in 1877.<ref name=elmundo /> Isabella's son would marry [[Mercedes of Orléans]] (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding.{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=220}}

Isabella mostly lived in Paris for the rest of her life, based at the [[Palacio Castilla]]. She paid some visits to Seville.<ref name=elmundo /><!--no sources During her later life, she grew closer to her husband, with whom she maintained an ambiguous friendship until his death in 1902.{{cn|date=August 2020}} Her last days were marked by the marital problems of her youngest daughter, Eulalia.{{cn|date=August 2020}}-->

She wrote her [[Will and testament|testament]] in Paris in June 1901, making her will to be entombed in [[El Escorial]].{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|pp=332–333}} Less than a month after passing through a cold categorised as "flu" by the physicians, she died on 9 April 1904, at 8:45 AM.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|pp=328–329}} Her corpse was moved from the Palacio Castilla to the [[Gare d'Orsay]],{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|pp=329}} and arrived to El Escorial on 15 April.{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=330}} The funeral took place on the next day at [[Basilica of San Francisco el Grande, Madrid|San Francisco el Grande]].{{Sfn|Cambronero|1908|p=334}}

== Issue ==
[[Image:Queen Isabella II with her three youngest daughters.jpg|thumb|Isabella II with her three youngest daughters Pilar, Paz, and Eulalia.]]
Isabella had twelve pregnancies, but only five children reached adulthood:<ref name="abc" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Carlos Robles do |title="Los Infantes de España tras la derogación de la Ley Sálica (1830)" |url=https://www.ramhg.es/images/stories/pdf/anales/12_2009/05_robles.pdf |website=Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía |access-date=2024-08-16 |archive-date=2019-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819120659/https://www.ramhg.es/images/stories/pdf/anales/12_2009/05_robles.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
* Infante Luis Fernando (20 May 1849 – 20 May 1849), stillborn. 
* Infante Fernando Francisco (12 July 1850 – 12 July 1850), died five minutes after his birth. 
* [[Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti|Infanta María Isabel]] (20 December 1851 – 22 April 1931): married her parents' first cousin [[Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti]]. 
* Infanta María Cristina (5 January 1854 - 7 January 1854). 
* Infanta Margarita (23 September 1855 - 24 September 1855), she was born prematurely.  
* Infante Francisco de Asís Fernando (21 December 1856 – 21 December 1856), stillborn. 
* [[Alfonso XII|Alfonso XII of Spain]] (28 November 1857 – 25 November 1885) Future King of [[Spain]]. 
* Infanta María de la Concepción (1859 - 21 October 1861). 
* [[Infanta María del Pilar of Spain|Infanta María del Pilar]] (4 June 1861 – 5 August 1879).
* [[Infanta María de la Paz of Spain|Infanta María de la Paz]] (23 June 1862 – 4 December 1946); married her paternal first cousin [[Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria]]. 
* [[Infanta Eulalia of Spain|Infanta María Eulalia]] (12 February 1864 – 8 March 1958); married her maternal first cousin [[Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera|Infante Antonio d'Orléans, Duke of Galliera]]. 
* Infante Francisco de Asís Leopoldo María Enrique (24 January 1866 - 14 February 1866). 

There has been considerable speculation that some or all of Isabella's children were not fathered by Francisco de Asís; this has been bolstered by rumours that Francisco de Asís was either [[homosexual]] or impotent. Francisco de Asís recognised all of them: he played the offended, proceeding to blackmail the queen to receive money in exchange for keeping his mouth shut.<ref name=abc>{{Cite web|website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|title=Isabel II: la supremacía de los instintos|first=Mari Pau|last=Domínguez|url=https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-isabel-supremacia-instintos-201808250052_noticia.html|date=25 August 2018}}</ref> The extortion by her husband would continue and intensify during Isabella's exile.{{Sfn|Reyero|2020|p=217}}

==Sobriquets==
She came to be known by the [[List of monarchs by nickname|sobriquets]] of ''the Traditional Queen'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''la Reina Castiza''),{{Refn|group=n.|Due to her fondness for traditional Spanish cultural expressions in connection with {{ill|Casticismo|es|lt=}} and {{ill|Casticismo madrileño|es|lt=}}.<ref>Vanity Fair (10 October 2020): [https://www.revistavanityfair.es/realeza/articulos/reina-isabel-ii-espana-francisco-asis-borbon/47105 «Isabel II de España: la reina que tuvo 12 hijos sin consumar su matrimonio»]</ref>}} and ''the Queen of Sad Mischance'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''la de los Tristes Destinos'').{{Refn|group=n.|After the 1907 work by [[Benito Pérez Galdós]], {{ill|La de los tristes destinos|es|lt=''La de los tristes destinos''}}, part of the ''[[Episodios Nacionales]]''. The use of the name in reference to Isabella II, however, dates back to 4 July 1865, when [[Antonio Aparisi Guijarro]]<ref>El Diario Montañés (22 July 2008): [http://www.eldiariomontanes.es/20080722/opinion/articulos/isabel-tristes-destinos-20080722.html «Isabel II: 'la de los tristes destinos'»]</ref> took the nickname from a verse in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]''. Thus, in Act IV-Scene IV, Queen Margaret tells Queen Elizabeth:
::'''Farewell, York’s wife, and queen of sad mischance: These English woes shall make me smile in France'''.
[[Antonio Aparisi Guijarro|Aparisi Guijarro]] made a reference to Isabella II in such a predictive fashion during a [[Cortes Generales|parliamentary session]] discussing the recognition of the [[Kingdom of Italy]].{{Sfn|Vilches|2006|p=776}}}}

==Honours==
* {{Flagcountry|Spain|1785}}: Dame of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]], ''10 October 1830''<ref>{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308038&view=1up&seq=93|title=Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa|date=1832|journal=Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid|access-date=14 November 2020|page=57|language=es}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Austrian Empire}}: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved">, VV. AA., Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo CLXXVI, Cuaderno I, 1979, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, España, páginas = 211 & 220, español, 6 de junio de 2010 Information Containing the Orders and Decorations received by Isabella II of her European tour after her coming of age to reign as Queen</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Austrian Empire}}: Dame of the [[Order of the Starry Cross|Order of the Starry Cross, 1st Class]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagcountry|Empire of Brazil}}: Knight Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Christ (Brazil)|Imperial and Royal Order of Christ]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagcountry|Empire of Brazil}}:: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Order of the Southern Cross|Imperial and Royal Order of the Southern Cross]], ''1848''<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* France
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon-French Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Royal Order of the Holy Spirit]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon-French Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Saint Michael|Royal Order of Saint Michael]]
** {{flagicon|Second French Empire}} [[House of Bonaparte|French Imperial Family]]: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Legion of Honour|Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bavaria}} [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]: Knight Grand Cross with Chain of the [[Order of Saint Hubert]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bavaria}} [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Theresa]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bavaria}} [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Elizabeth]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Falcon]], ''1 November 1861''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183895/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0430.tif 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830065732/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183895/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0430.tif |date=2019-08-30 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Saxony}} [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Rue Crown]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Saxony}} [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Sidonia]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Saxony}} [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]: Dame of the [[:de:Maria-Anna-Orden|Order of Maria-Anna, Special Class]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Greece]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* Italy
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Collar of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]
** [[File:Flag of the Vatican City (2 by 3).svg|25px]] [[Holy See]]: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Supreme Order of Christ]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
** {{flagicon|Two Sicilies}} [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Two Sicilian Royal Family]]: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Saint Januarius]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/bourbon/spain/brbspngn.htm|title=GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SPAIN|website=Chivalricorders.org|access-date=2017-05-23}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Two Sicilies}} [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Two Sicilian Royal Family]]: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Two Sicilian Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]
* Mexico
** {{flagicon image|Bandera de la Segunda República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg}} [[Second Mexican Republic|Mexican Republic]]: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Order of Guadalupe|National Order of Guadalupe]], ''1854''<ref>{{citation|title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866|year=1866|language=es|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ|chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA244 244]|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Second Mexican Empire}} [[House of Iturbide|Mexican Imperial Family]]: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Charles (Mexico)|Imperial Order of Saint Charles]], ''10 April 1865''<ref>{{citation|journal=Diario del Imperio|language=es|page=347|title=Soberanas y princesas condecoradas con la Gran Cruz de San Carlos el 10 de Abril de 1865|access-date=14 November 2020|publisher=National Digital Newspaper Library of Mexico|url=http://www.hndm.unam.mx/consulta/publicacion/crearPDF/558a33917d1ed64f169776fb.pdf}}</ref>
* {{flag|Monaco}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint-Charles]], ''17 September 1865''<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" /><ref name="Spain">[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/0e88813c528ee19fedaed437ca78f2c2.pdf Sovereign Ordonnance of 17 September 1865]</ref>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]], ''23 June 1834''<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Isabel]]<ref name="TourHonoursRecieved" />

===Honorific eponyms===
* {{flag|Philippines}}:
**[[Cavite]]: [[Bridge of Isabel II]]
**[[Isabela (province)]]
**[[Isabela, Basilan]]
**[[Manila]]: ''El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II'' former name of the current [[Bank of the Philippine Islands]].
* {{flag|Puerto Rico}}:
**[[Isabel II]]: barrio-pueblo (referred to as Isabel Segunda in Spanish) is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) in the downtown area in the island-municipality of [[Vieques, Puerto Rico]].

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Isabella II of Spain'''
|2= 2. [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]]
|4= 4. [[Charles IV of Spain]]<ref name="EB1911-Ferdinand VII">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ferdinand VII. of Spain |volume=10}}</ref> (= 14)
|5= 5. [[Maria Luisa of Parma]]<ref name="EB1911-Ferdinand VII"/> (= 15)
|6= 6. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]<ref name="DBE-María Cristina">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/11418/maria-cristina-de-borbon-dos-sicilias |title=María Cristina de Borbón dos Sicilias |encyclopedia=Diccionario biográfico España |first=Trinidad |last=Ortúzar Castañer |publisher=[[Real Academia de la Historia]] |language=es}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Maria Isabella of Spain]]<ref name="DBE-María Cristina"/>
|8= 8. [[Charles III of Spain]]<ref name="Genealogie9">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|pages=9}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]<ref name="Genealogie9"/>
|10= 10. [[Philip, Duke of Parma]]<ref name="Genealogie96">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|pages=96}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Louise Élisabeth of France]]<ref name="Genealogie96"/>
|12= 12. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]<ref name="EB1911-Francis I">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Francis I. of the Two Sicilies |volume=10}}</ref>
|13= 13. [[Maria Carolina of Austria]]<ref name="EB1911-Francis I"/>
|14= 14. [[Charles IV of Spain]]<ref name="DBE-María Isabel">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/20857/maria-de-la-o-isabel-de-borbon |title=María de la O Isabel de Borbón |encyclopedia=Diccionario biográfico España |first=Esperanza |last=Navarrete Martínez |publisher=[[Real Academia de la Historia]] |language=es |access-date=2019-03-29 |archive-date=2020-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802050644/http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/20857/maria-de-la-o-isabel-de-borbon |url-status=dead }}</ref> (= 4)
|15= 15. [[Maria Luisa of Parma]]<ref name="DBE-María Isabel"/> (= 5)
}}

==Film portrayal==
In the 1997 film ''[[Amistad (film)|Amistad]]'', she was played by [[Anna Paquin]], and is depicted as a spoiled 11-year-old girl.

==See also==
*[[Philip V of Spain]] – monarch who implemented a Salic Law in the country
*[[Carl Schurz]], who was U.S. ambassador to Spain for a brief time at the beginning of [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]'s [[President of the United States|presidency]], in his ''Reminiscences'' (New York, McClure's Publ. Co., 1907, Volume II, Chapter VI) describes Isabel II and her court.
* [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] province in the [[Philippines]].
* [[Mid-19th-century Spain]]
* [[Spain under the Restoration]]
* [[Plaza de Isabel II (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)]]

==References==
;Informational notes
{{reflist|group=n.}}
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{Cite book|title=Los borbones en pelota|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/32/48/_ebook.pdf|year=2012|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|isbn=978-84-9911-196-4|pages=7–74|first=Isabel|last=Burdiel|chapter=El descenso de los reyes y la nación moral. A propósito de Los Borbones en pelota}}
* {{Cite book|title=Isabel II, íntima; apuntes histórico-anecdóticos de su vida y de su época|last=Cambronero|first=Carlos|year=1908|url=https://archive.org/details/isabeliintimaa00camb/page/170/mode/2up|location=Barcelona|publisher=Montaner y Simón, Editores}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea|issn=0214-400X|volume=40|year=2018|pages=199–218|title=La revolución de puerto en puerto hacia la capital: la vertiente marítima de la "Gloriosa" y la llegada de Prim a Madrid|first=Alberto|last=Cañas de Pablos|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|location=Madrid|doi=10.5209/CHCO.60329|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/viewFile/60329/4564456547270|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Reyero|first=Carlos|url=https://revistas.uam.es/librosdelacorte/article/view/12390|title=Cuando el rey Francisco de Asís perdió el aura regia. Caricatura y vida cotidiana en el París del Segundo Imperio (1868-1870)|journal=Libros de la Corte|issn=1989-6425|issue=20|year=2020|pages=207–234|doi=10.15366/ldc2020.12.20.007|publisher=[[Universidad Autónoma de Madrid]]|location=Madrid|doi-access=free|hdl=10486/694703|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Vilar García|first=María José|url=https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/6614|journal=Historia Contemporánea|year=2012|volume=44|pages=241–270|issn=1130-2402|title=El primer exilio de Isabel II visto desde la prensa vasco-francesa (Pau, septiembre-noviembre 1868)|location=Bilbao|publisher=[[University of the Basque Country|Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea]]}}
* {{Cite journal|title=La política en la literatura. La creación de la imagen pública de Isabel II en Galdós y Valle-Inclán|first=Jorge|last=Vilches|url=https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/4197/3743|volume=33|year=2006|publisher=[[University of the Basque Country|Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea]]|location=Bilbao|journal=Historia Contemporánea|pages=769–788|issn=1130-2402}}

{{EB1911 poster|Isabella II}}
{{commons}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Isabella II|volume=14|pages=859–860|ref=none}}

==Further reading==
* Barton, Simon. ''A History of Spain'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0230200125 excerpt and text search]
* [[Raymond Carr|Carr, Raymond]], ed. ''Spain: A History'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192802364 excerpt and text search]
* Esdaile, Charles J. ''Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0631219137 excerpt and text search]
* Gribble, Francis Henry. ''The tragedy of Isabella, II'' (1913) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ugtXAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22isabella+ii%22+spain&pg=PA1 online].
* [[Peter de Polnay|de Polnay, Peter]]. ''A Queen of Spain: Isabel II'' (1962)

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Isabel II of Spain}}

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{{Monarchs of Spain}}
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{{Princes of Asturias}}
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