Editing Islam in Brazil

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[[File:Omar Ibn Al-Khatab Mosque, Foz do Iguaçu 72.jpg|thumb|right|Mosque in [[Foz do Iguaçu]]]]
{{islam by country}}
'''[[Brazil]]''' is a predominantly [[Christian]] country with [[Islam]] being a minority religion, first brought by [[Slavery in Brazil|African slaves]] and then by [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and [[Syrians|Syrian]] immigrants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=P Forsythe|first1=David|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 2|date=27 August 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195334029|pages=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&q=brazil+%22largest+slave+population+in+the+world%22&pg=PA187}}</ref> Due to the [[secular]] nature of [[Constitution of Brazil|Brazil's constitution]], Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. However, Islam is not independently included in charts and graphics representing religions in Brazil due to its very small size, being grouped in "other religions", which generally represent about 1% of the country's population. The number of Muslims in Brazil, according to the [[2010 Brazilian Census|2010 census]], was 35,207 out of a population of approximately 191 million people.<ref name="census2000">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-03 |title=Migrações entre Religiões "O novo retrato da fé no Brasil" - Confira... - Inforgospel |url=http://blogs.odiario.com/inforgospel/2011/08/23/migracoes-entre-religioes-o-novo-retrato-da-fe-no-brasil-confira/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140203034554/http://blogs.odiario.com/inforgospel/2011/08/23/migracoes-entre-religioes-o-novo-retrato-da-fe-no-brasil-confira/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-03 |access-date=2025-04-05 }}</ref> This corresponds to 0.018% of the Brazilian population.

==History==
===African immigration===
[[Image:Rugendasroda.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''[[Capoeira]] or the Dance of War'' by  [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]], 1835]]

The history of Muslims in Brazil begins with the importation of African slave labor to the country. Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded. Over 3 million slaves were sent to Brazil. Starting around 1550, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native [[Tupi people]] deteriorated. Scholars claim that Brazil received more enslaved Muslims than anywhere else in the Americas.<ref>Lovejoy, Paul E., ''Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil'', Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}.</ref>

During the days of the Barbary Wars, some native Brazilians came into interaction with Muslim lands. It was noted by Dr. Antonio Sosa, a Portuguese cleric held captive in North Africa in the 1570s, that the port of [[Algiers]] maintained one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world including Amerindians from Iberian colonies in the New World.<ref>Garcés, María Antonia. "Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale." Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2002, p. 35</ref> [[Barbary pirates]] were known to attack the shipping of slaves and merchandise while taking prisoners coming from the Americas. In 1673, 140 prisoners were taken from a Rio de Janeiro fleet, while a 1674 capture of a Brazilian ship contributed in the decision to increase naval protection.<ref>Hanson, Carl A. "Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal: 1668-1703." London: Macmillan, 1981, p. 250</ref>

===Malê Revolt===
{{Main|Malê Revolt}}
The Muslim uprising of 1835 in [[Bahia]] illustrates the condition and legacy of resistance among the community of ''Malês'', as African Muslims were known in 19th-century Bahia. The majority of the participants were Nago, the local designation for ethnic [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. [[Pacifico Licutan]] was one of the leaders of the revolt. Many of the "Malês" had been soldiers and captives in the wars between [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]], [[Ilorin]] and other Yoruba [[city-states]] in the early part of the 19th century. Other participants included [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Nupe people|Nupe]] clerics, along with Jeje or [[Dahomean]] soldiers who had converted to [[Islam]] or fought in alliance with [[Muslims]].<ref>Slave rebellion in Brazil: the Muslim uprising of 1835 in Bahia, p. 139</ref>"

Beginning on the night of January 24, 1835, and continuing the following morning, a group of African born slaves occupied the streets of [[Salvador da Bahia|Salvador]] and for more than three hours they confronted soldiers and armed civilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=R. K. |title=African Revolt in Bahia: 24-25 January 1835 |journal=Journal of Social History |date=1970 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=334–356 |doi=10.1353/jsh/3.4.334 |jstor=3786298 }}</ref><ref name=reis1988>{{cite journal |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Resistance in Brazil: Bahia, 1807-1835 |journal=Luso-Brazilian Review |date=1988 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=111–144 |jstor=3513114 }}</ref>

Even though it was short lived, the revolt was the largest slave revolt in Brazil and the largest urban slave revolt in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil|date=1 September 1995|website=jhu.edu|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207165718/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 300 Africans took part and the estimated death toll ranges from fifty to a hundred, although exact numbers are unknown.  This number increases even more if the wounded who died in prisons or hospitals are included.<ref name=reis1988/>  Many participants were sentenced to death, prison, whippings, or deportation. The rebellion had nationwide repercussions. Fearing the example might be followed, the Brazilian authorities began to watch the ''malês'' very carefully and in subsequent years intensive efforts were made to force conversions to [[Catholicism]] and erase the popular memory of and affection towards [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia |date=1993 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4462-1 }}{{pn|date=November 2020}}</ref> However, the African Muslim community was not erased overnight, and as late as 1910 it is estimated there were still some 100,000 African Muslims living in Brazil.<ref>Steven Barboza, ''American Jihad'', 1993</ref>

===Muslim immigrants in Brazil===
Following the revolt of the [[Afro-Brazilian]] Muslim community, the next period of Islam in the country was primarily the result of Muslim immigration from the [[Middle East]] and [[South East Asia]]. Some 11 million [[Demographics of Syria|Syrian]] and [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] (mostly [[Maronite]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]]) immigrants live throughout Brazil.<ref name=oliveira2006>{{cite journal |last1=de Oliveira |first1=Vitória Peres |title=Islam in Brazil or the Islam of Brazil? |journal=Religião & Sociedade |date=2006 |volume=2 |url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-85872006000200002 }}</ref> The biggest concentration of Muslims is found in the greater [[São Paulo]] region.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} There is also a growing [[Bangladeshi immigration to Brazil|Bangladeshi Brazilian]] community, numbering in the thousands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Ezaz |date=2021-05-19 |title=Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Architecture and cuisine also bear the trademarks of the culture brought to the hemisphere by the Arabs. As an example, the second largest fast food chain in Brazil is [[Habib's]], which serves Arab food. The diversity of influence also stretches to businesses such as the textile industry, which is mostly run by merchants of Syrian-Lebanese origin (mainly of Christian faith). The São Paulo city council has a Muslim Councillor by the name of Mohammad Murad, a lawyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iviews.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=IV9906-510|title=Islam Under Wraps - IslamiCity|website=iviews.com|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> A number of mosques dot the greater São Paulo area, the oldest and most popular of these being found on [[:pt:Avenida do Estado|Avenida do Estado]]. Since its establishment, the mosque has added a Quranic school, library, kitchen and meeting hall for various functions.

==Today==
[[Image:Mesquita de Cuiabá.jpg|thumb|left|Mosque in [[Cuiabá]], [[Brazil]].]]

===Population===
According to the [[Brazil]]ian [[census]] of 2010<ref name="census2010">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Accessed 07.08.2012.</ref> there were 35,167 [[Muslims]] living in the country, primarily concentrated in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], compared to 22,450 Muslims in 1990 and 27,239 in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Os caminhos do Islã no Brasil [The paths of Islam in Brazil]|url=http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/349181_OS+CAMINHOS+DO+ISLA+NO+BRASIL|website=IstoÉ|date=21 February 2014|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103092304/http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/349181_OS+CAMINHOS+DO+ISLA+NO+BRASIL|url-status=dead}}</ref>  There are significant Muslim communities in the industrial [[suburb]]s of the city of [[São Paulo]] and in the port city of [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], as well as in smaller communities in [[Paraná State]] in the coastal region and in [[Curitiba]] and [[Foz do Iguaçu]] in the [[Triple Frontier|Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay triborder area]]. The community is overwhelmingly [[Sunni]]; the Sunnis are almost completely assimilated into broader society. The recent [[Shi'ite]] immigrants gravitate to small insular communities in São Paulo, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguaçu.

A recent trend has been the increase in [[Religious conversion#Islam|conversion]]s to Islam among non-[[Arab]] citizens.<ref name="religiousfreedom2006">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-30 |title=Brazil |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127381.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031802/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127381.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2025-04-05 }}</ref> A recent Muslim source estimated that there are close to 10,000 Muslim converts living in Brazil.<ref name=oliveira2006/> During the past 30 years, Islam has become increasingly noticeable in Brazilian society by building not only mosques, but also [[libraries]], arts centres, and [[school]]s and also by funding [[newspaper]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/america-south/brazil/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316043322/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/america-south/brazil/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2007|title=Loving Muslims Through Prayer » Brazil's Muslim Peoples|date=16 March 2007|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> The growth of Islam within Brazil is demonstrated in the fact that 2 of the 3 existing Portuguese translations of the [[Qur'an]] were created by Muslim translators in São Paulo.<ref name=oliveira2006/>

According to the [[IBGE]] census, 83.2% of Muslims are self-declared as white, 12.2% are mixed, 3.8% black, 0.8% orientals and 0.04% indigenous. Almost all Brazilian Muslims (99,2%) have been living in urban areas. Despite 60% of Brazilian Muslims being men, 70% of converted Muslims are women.<ref>[https://istoe.com.br/349181_OS+CAMINHOS+DO+ISLA+NO+BRASIL/ Os caminhos do islã no Brasil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415071241/https://istoe.com.br/349181_OS+CAMINHOS+DO+ISLA+NO+BRASIL/ |date=2021-04-15 }} In english: The paths of Islam in Brazil</ref>

===Infrastructure===
[[File:Centro Islâmico de Campinas.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Islamic Centre of [[Campinas]].]]
There are over 150 [[List of mosques in Brazil|mosques in Brazil]] and the number is growing.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Guide to Finding Mosques in Brazil |url=https://www.halaltrip.com/other/blog/a-guide-to-finding-mosques-in-brazil/ |website=halaltrip.com |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>  As has been the case in many of the larger metropolitan mosques in [[South America]], foreign assistance and individual effort have played major roles in the sustainability of the mosques in the greater São Paulo area. For example, the Imam of the Av. Do Estado Mosque is from the Middle East and often Imams are chosen jointly by the Mosques' management committees and the Arab governments that pay for the Imam's services. Ismail Hatia, a South African who came to Brazil in 1956, built a mosque in [[Campinas]] many years ago. Hatia, who also runs a language school, felt that the approximately 50 Muslim families in Campinas were in dire need of some community organization to help provide cohesion and direction for the Muslims. The Campinas mosque now holds regular Friday [[Jumu'ah|juma'at]] prayers.

==Notable Muslims==
*[[Pacifico Licutan]], a leader during the [[Malê Revolt]].
*[[Alex Pereira]] MMA UFC Champion and Glory Kickboxing champion, converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-when-alex-pereira-convert-islam-watch-rare-video-ufc-star-taking-oath-faith | title=When did Alex Pereira convert to Islam? Watch rare video of the UFC star taking an oath in the faith | date=7 November 2023 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Brazil}}
*[[Latin American Muslims]]
*[[Hispanic and Latino American Muslims|Latino Muslims]]
*''[[Hijab - Mulheres de véu]]''
*[[Shia Islam in Brazil]]
*[[Islam by country]]
*[[Religion in Brazil]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070902221325/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=235 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] Clouds Over Iguaçu (Video)
*[http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=13&i=P&c=2094 Brazilian 2010 Census]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150308064743/http://www.islamfortoday.com/brazil.htm Islam in Brazil]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051126160504/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.arabs.of.brazil.htm The Arabs of Brazil]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202105224/http://islamamericas.com/  Islam in the Americas by Florida International University research-led team]

{{Mosques in South America}}
{{Islam in the Americas}}

[[Category:Islam in Brazil| ]]