Editing Isotta Fraschini

{{Short description|Italian automotive and engine manufacturer}}
{{Redirects|Fraschini|the Italian singer|Gaetano Fraschini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
 | name             = Isotta Fraschini
 | logo             = Isotta-fraschini.jpg
 | logo_size        = 120px
 | type             = 
 | genre            = 
 | foundation       = {{start date and age|1900|p=yes}} in [[Milan]], Italy
 | founder          = {{ublist|Cesare Isotta|Vincenzo Fraschini|Oreste Fraschini|Antonio Fraschini}}
 | location_city    = [[Bari]]
 | location_country = Italy
 | location         = 
 | locations        = 
 | area_served      = 
 | key_people       = 
 | industry         = 
 | defunct          = 
 | products         = {{ublist|[[Automobiles]]|aircraft engines|marine engines|others}}
 | services         = 
 | revenue          = 
 | operating_income = 
 | net_income       = 
 | assets           = 
 | equity           = 
 | owner            = [[Fincantieri]]
 | num_employees    = 
 | parent           = 
 | divisions        = 
 | subsid           = 
 | caption          = 
 | homepage         = {{URL|https://www.isottafraschini.it/}}
 | footnotes        = Original firm ceased automobile production 1949
 | intl             = 
}}

'''Isotta Fraschini''' ({{IPA|it|iˈzɔtta fraˈskiːni}}) is an Italian luxury car manufacturer, also producing trucks, as well as engines for marine and aviation use. Founded in [[Milan]], Italy, in 1900 by Cesare Isotta and the brothers Vincenzo, Antonio, and Oreste Fraschini, in 1955 it was merged with engine manufacturer [[Società Italiana Ernesto Breda|Breda Motori]] and renamed F.A. Isotta Fraschini e Motori Breda.

==History==
The firm was named for its founders, Cesare Isotta and Vincenzo Fraschini, who had been importing [[Mors (automobile)|Mors]] and [[Renault]] automobiles as well as [[Ateliers de Construction Mecanique l'Aster|Aster]] proprietary engines since 1899.<ref>{{citation | ref = IFBB | title = Isotta-Fraschini: the noble pride of Italy | last = Nicholson | first = Tim | isbn = 0-345-02289-0 | publisher = Ballantine Books Inc. | page = 18 | date = May 1971 | location = New York, NY }}</ref> The company they founded as '''Società Milanese Automobili Isotta, Fraschini & C.''' on 27 January 1900 had the stated purpose to "Import, sell, repair cars". Prior to establishing their own products in 1904, Isotta and Fraschini assembled cars very similar to Renaults, with Aster engines. They differed from the real Renaults in having a neater underslung front radiator arrangement.<ref>[[#IFBB|Nicholson]], p. 19</ref>

The first automobile bearing this marque featured a four-cylinder engine with an output of {{convert|24|hp}}. The car, driven by Vincenzo Fraschini, appeared in several races. In 1905, Isotta Fraschini gained notoriety in the [[Coppa Florio]], where they entered a ''Tipo D'' with a {{convert|17.2|L|cuin|adj=on}} {{convert|100|hp}} engine. For a short time in 1907, Isotta Fraschini merged with French automobile company [[Lorraine-Dietrich]]. The firm started making race cars using this same {{convert|100|hp}} engine, establishing the company's reputation and giving its name considerable cachet. It was also one of the first companies to successfully market cars with [[four-wheel brakes]], following their invention by [[Arrol-Johnston]] of Scotland in 1909.<ref>Georgano, G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</ref> They were also among the early pioneers of [[overhead cam]] (OHC), with an engine designed by Giustino Cattaneo.<ref>Georgano. They were joined by [[Austro-Daimler]]'s ''Prinz Heinrich'', designed by [[Ferdinand Porsche]], [[W. O. Bentley]] (in 1919), and [[Sunbeam Motor Car Company|Sunbeam]] (between 1921 and 1923).</ref> Isotta Fraschini introduced their Tipo 8, the first production automobile to be powered by a [[straight-eight engine]], at the Paris Salon in 1919<ref name="VVC70">{{cite book| last = Posthumus| first = Cyril| author-link = Cyril Posthumus| others = John Wood, illustrator| title = The story of Veteran & Vintage Cars| edition = Phoebus 1977| orig-year = 1977| year = 1977| publisher = Hamlyn / Phoebus| location = London| isbn = 0-600-39155-8| page = 70| chapter = War and Peace}}</ref> and began delivering them to customers in 1920.<ref name="Daniels48">{{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Jeff|title=Driving Force: The Evolution of the Car Engine|publisher =Haynes Publishing|year=2002|page=48|isbn=1-85960-877-9}}</ref>

With the growth of the wealthy middle class in North America in the 1920s, Isotta Fraschini marketed deluxe limousines to the new American aristocracy. Early film stars [[Clara Bow]] and [[Rudolph Valentino]] drove Isotta Fraschinis. A 1929 [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A|Tipo 8A]] [[Carrozzeria Castagna|Castagna]] Transformable is featured in the 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=ISOTTA FRASCHINI mod. 8 A|url=http://www.museoauto.it/website/en/collezione/64-isotta-fraschini/107-isotta-fraschini-mod-8-a|work=museoauto.it|access-date=1 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010341/http://www.museoauto.it/website/en/collezione/64-isotta-fraschini/107-isotta-fraschini-mod-8-a|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> and another appears in the 1934 film ''[[Death Takes a Holiday]]'' with [[Fredric March]]. An Isotta Fraschini also makes a featured appearance in the 1946 film ''[[Without Reservations]]'' with [[John Wayne]] and [[Claudette Colbert]]. Also, an Isotta Fraschini was gigolo Lindsay Marriott's car in Raymond Chandler's book ''[[Farewell, My Lovely]]'' (1940) that was made into the motion picture ''[[Murder, My Sweet]]'' (1944), starring Dick Powell and Claire Trevor. The grille of the Isotta Fraschini with the lightning bolt insignia is seen parked in a ravine, right before Douglas Walton's character Lindsay Marriott is killed. An oversized Isotta Fraschini is also the vehicle of choice for Dick and Nicole Diver in F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1933 novel ''[[Tender is the Night]]''.

Seriously affected by the economic crisis of the 1930s and by the disruptions of World War II, Isotta Fraschini stopped making cars after the war (1949). Only five of the last model, the Monterosa, were produced. The plants were converted to produce marine engines.

The company was left on the company register and in 1955 it was merged with engine manufacturer Breda Motori and named F.A. Isotta Fraschini e Motori Breda. The company started to produce trolley buses again and in the 1960s built a new diesel engine factory in [[Bari]]. In the 1980s, the company was renamed Isotta Fraschini Motori SpA and it became part of the Fincantieri group, with administrative headquarters in the old factory in Bari.

In the 1990s, attempts to revive the automotive industry of Isotta Fraschini were made. Concept-car coupe and roadster Isotta Fraschini T8 were built in 1996, and concept-car roadster Isotta Fraschini T12 was built in 1998. The company never went into production and closed for bankruptcy in 1999.

===Today===
The marque was revived in 2022, and a new car was designed from scratch to compete in [[sports car racing]], initially including the [[2023 24 Hours of Le Mans|centenary edition]] of the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], under [[Automobile Club de l'Ouest|ACO]] [[Le Mans Hypercar|Hypercar]] rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Graham |date=2022-07-07 |title=Isotta Fraschini HyperCar “In Build” And Targeting 2023 Debut |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2022/07/07/isotta-fraschini-hypercar-in-build.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref> The car, eventually named the [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH-C|Tipo 6 LMH-C]], was designed by {{ill|Michelotto Engineering|it|Michelotto Automobili}} (a long-standing [[Ferrari]] motorsport partner) with aerodynamic input from [[Williams Advanced Engineering]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Isotta Fraschini Aiming For Spa WEC Debut In 2023 {{!}} dailysportscar.com |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2022/10/21/isotta-fraschini-aiming-for-spa-wec-debut-in-2023.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=dailysportscar.com}}</ref>

==== World Endurance Championship ====
Isotta Fraschini had initially planned for a 2023 debut of the Tipo 6 LMH-C in the [[FIA World Endurance Championship]] at the [[2023 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps|6 Hours of Spa]], partnering with the British team [[Vector Sport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vector Sport Partner With Isotta Fraschini For Factory Hypercar WEC Entry {{!}} dailysportscar.com |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2022/12/30/vector-sport-partner-with-isotta-fraschini-for-factory-hypercar-wec-entry.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=dailysportscar.com}}</ref> This debut was pushed back first to the [[2023 8 Hours of Bahrain|8 Hours of Bahrain]] due the car's production running behind schedule,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/wec/news/planned-debut-for-isotta-hypercar-postponed-to-bahrain-wec-round/10465512/|first=Gary|last=Watkins|work=[[motorsport.com]]|title=Planned debut for Isotta Hypercar postponed to Bahrain WEC round|date=5 May 2023|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> eventually debuting at the [[2024 Qatar 1812 km]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbey |first=Stephen |date=2024-02-13 |title=WEC Entry For Qatar Season Opener Revealed |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2024/02/13/wec-entry-for-qatar-season-opener-revealed.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref> being run by [[Duqueine Team]], as Vector Sport had dropped out due to alleged contract breaches by Isotta Fraschini, who in turn cited "economic factors" for the split.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Euwema |first=Davey |date=2023-11-27 |title=Isotta Fraschini to Partner With Duqueine for Debut Season – Sportscar365 |url=https://sportscar365.com/lemans/wec/isotta-fraschini-to-partner-with-duqueine-for-wec-effort/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=sportscar365.com |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:2024 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Isotta Fraschini Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH Competizione No.11 (DSC02256).jpg|thumb|[[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH-C|Tipo 6 LMH-C]] at [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]] during the [[2024 FIA World Endurance Championship]]]]
The Tipo 6 LMH Pista was presented at Paul Ricard, and completed laps with the GT1 Sports Club session as part of the 1000&nbsp;km of Paul Ricard weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH Pista at Paul Ricard this weekend |url=https://en.endurance-info.com/auto/article/107311-isotta-fraschini-tipo-6-lmh-pista-paul-ricard-weekend |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Endurance Info |language=en}}</ref> Both the Competizione and Pista variants took part in pre-race demos at the [[2023 6 Hours of Monza]] weekend, wherein it was also announced that the car would not be racing at the Bahrain weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=WEC: Isotta Fraschini Hypercar unlikely to race in 2023 |url=https://www.motorsport.com/wec/news/isotta-cast-doubt-on-2023-wec-hypercar-debut/10494655/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.motorsport.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6H Monza: Pre-Race Paddock Notes {{!}} dailysportscar.com |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2023/07/09/6h-monza-pre-race-paddock-notes.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref>

In its inaugural season in the World Endurance Championship, the car was driven by [[Carl Bennett (racing driver)|Carl Bennett]], [[Antonio Serravalle]], and [[2013 24 Hours of Le Mans]] Pro-Am winner [[Jean-Karl Vernay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Graham |date=2024-02-08 |title=Carl Wattana Bennett Completes Duqueine’s Isotta Fraschini Trio |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2024/02/08/carl-wattana-bennett-completes-duqueines-isotta-fraschini-trio.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref>

The brand competed in five races, and finished only three, before withdrawing from the 2024 World Endurance Championship season prior to the [[2024 Lone Star Le Mans]] due to disputes with Duqueine Team. Its highest finish was at [[2024 24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]], placing fourteenth, and scored no points during the season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbey |first=Stephen |date=2024-08-22 |title=Isotta Withdraws From WEC With Immediate Effect (Updated) |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2024/08/21/isotta-to-park-hypercar-programme-with-immediate-effect.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref> Michelotto stressed that the Hypercar programme had not ended and that they were optimistic that two cars would be entered in the [[2025 FIA World Endurance Championship|2025 season]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Jamie |date=2024-08-27 |title=Michelotto Expects Isotta Fraschini Back on Grid in 2025 – Sportscar365 |url=https://sportscar365.com/lemans/wec/michelotto-expects-isotta-fraschini-back-on-grid-in-2025/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=sportscar365.com |language=en-US}}</ref> which ultimately did not materialize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbey |first=Stephen |date=2024-12-23 |title=2024 Goodbyes: Isotta Fraschini’s Tipo 6 LMH Competizione |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2024/12/23/2024-goodbyes-isotta-fraschinis-tipo-6-lmh-competizione.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.dailysportscar.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Active economic entities ====
* '''Intrepida Fides''', The Isotta Fraschini Foundation, acronym coined by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], with registered office in Milan
* '''Isotta Fraschini Milano s.r.l.''', with registered office in Milan, active in the field of vehicles, as well as production and marketing of luxury goods
* '''Isotta Fraschini Motori S.p.A.''': with registered office in Bari. An engineering firm specializing in diesel products, particularly marine engines, industrial engines, and rail traction engines, but also providing civil and military engineering products and services. The company is part of Fincantieri group. The company produces propulsion and generation systems, used in US Navy littoral fast attack surface ships and yachts. The L1306 T3, V 1312 T3, VL 1716 T2 T3 and GE COLZA V 1312 T3 generation systems produce between 200&nbsp;kW and 3,000&nbsp;kW. The largest of these generators are used in the [[Freedom class littoral combat ship|''Freedom'' class]] of Littoral Combat Ships.

==Aero-engines==

*[[Isotta Fraschini L.170]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini L.180 I.R.C.C.15/40]] inverted W-18<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini L.180 I.R.C.C.45]] inverted W-18<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 80]]<ref name="Gunston 1989">{{cite book|last=Gunston|first=Bill|title=World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines|year=1989|publisher=Patrick Stephens Limited|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=1-85260-163-9|edition=2nd}}</ref>
**Isotta Fraschini Asso 80 R.I.
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 120 R.C.40]]<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 200]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 250]] probably misidentification or variant of Asso 200
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 500]]
** Isotta Fraschini Asso 500 AQ
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 750]]<ref name=JAWA1938/> (140x170=47105cc/2875cuin)
**Isotta Fraschini Asso 750 R
**Isotta Fraschini Asso 750 R.C.
**Isotta Fraschini Asso 750 R.C.35<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso IX]]
**[[Isotta Fraschini Asso IX R.C.45]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso 1000]]<ref name="Gunston 1989"/> (150x180=57256cc/3494cuin)
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso Caccia]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso XI]]
**Isotta Fraschini A.120 R.C.40 – (inverted version of Asso XI)<ref name=JAWA1938>{{cite book|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938|year=1938|publisher=Sampson, Low & Martin company Limited|location=London}}</ref>
**Isotta Fraschini L.121 R.C.40 – (version of Asso XI)<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Asso (racing)]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini Beta]]
**Isotta Fraschini Beta R.C.10
*[[Isotta Fraschini Gamma]]<ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
**Isotta Fraschini Gamma R.C.15I
**Isotta Fraschini Gamma R.C.35IS
*[[Isotta Fraschini Delta]]<ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Zeta]]<ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
**Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C.25/60
**Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C.35
**Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C.42
*[[Isotta Fraschini Astro 7]]
**Isotta Fraschini Astro 7 C.21<ref name=JAWA1938/>
**Isotta Fraschini Astro 7 C.40<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini Astro 14]]
**Isotta Fraschini Astro 14 C.40
**Isotta Fraschini Astro 14 R.C.40<ref name=JAWA1938/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini V.4]]<ref name=JAWA1919>{{cite book|last=Grey|first=C.G.|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919|year=1969|publisher=David & Charles (Publishing) Limited|isbn=07153-4647-4|pages=1b to 145b|edition=Facsimile}}</ref><ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini V.5]]<ref name=JAWA1919/><ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini V.6]]<ref name="Gunston 1989"/>
*[[Isotta Fraschini 245hp]]<ref name=JAWA1919/>
*Isotta Fraschini K.14 – licence built [[Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini 80 R]]
*[[Isotta Fraschini 80 T]]

==Vehicles==
===Passenger cars===
* [[Isotta Fraschini Runabout|Runabout]] 1901–1902
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo FE & FENC|Tipo FENC]] 1908
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM|Tipo KM]] 1910–1914
* Tipo IM 1913
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8|Tipo 8]] 1919–1924
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A|Tipo 8A]] 1924–1931
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8B|Tipo 8B]] 1931–1935
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8C Monterosa|Tipo 8C Monterosa]] 1948–1949
* [[Isotta Fraschini T8 & T12|T8]] 1996
* [[Isotta Fraschini T8 & T12|T12]] 1998
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH-C|Tipo 6 LMH Pista]] 2024
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH-C|Tipo 6 LMH Strada]] 2024

===Racing cars===
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo D|Tipo D]] 1905
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo FE & FENC|Tipo FE]] 1908
* [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo 6 LMH-C|Tipo 6 LMH-C]] 2024

===Trucks===
* [[Isotta Fraschini D80|D80]] 1934–1955
* [[Isotta Fraschini D65|D65]] 1940–1955

===Trolleybuses===
* [[Isotta Fraschini TS 40F1|TS 40F1]]
* [[Isotta Fraschini F1|F1]]

<gallery mode="packed">
Vincenzo Trucco Targa Florio.jpg |[[Vincenzo Trucco]] won the 1908 [[Targa Florio]] with Isotta Fraschini type I.
Isotta-Fraschini AN 2030.jpg|AN 20/30 (1909)
Isotta-Fraschini Tipo KM4.jpg|KM4 Tourer (1913)
Isotta Fraschini D80 & D65.jpg|D80 (left) and D65 (right)
Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8 Sala Phaeton.jpg|Tipo 8 [[Cesare Sala|Sala]] Phaeton
Isotta-Fraschini Tipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster.jpg|Tipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster (1928)
Isotta-Fraschini Tipo 8A Castagna Landaulet.jpg|Tipo 8A Castagna Imperial Landaulet (1928)
Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8C Monterosa Boneschi (cropped).jpg|Tipo 8C Monterosa Boneschi Cabriolet Prototype (1948)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies|Aviation|Cars|Transport}}
* [[Caproni]]
* [[Compagnia Nazionale Aeronautica]]
* [[Reggiane]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Vicenzi |first1=Ugo |title=Aces High: Isotta Franchini's "Asso" Powerplant Series|journal=The Aviation Historian |date=October 2021 |issue=37 |pages=42–51 |issn=2051-1930}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Isotta Fraschini}}
* [http://www.isottafraschini.it/ Isotta Fraschini Motori S.p.A.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212121502/http://www.isottafraschini.com/ Isotta Fraschini Milano s.r.l.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911183357/http://www.car-encyclopedia.ru/doku.php/i/isotta-fraschini?do=export_xhtml Isotta-Fraschini history (in Russian)]
* [http://friendsofsdarch.photoshelter.com/gallery/Cars-and-Trucks/G0000ar651vhjMZY/ 1914, multiple views]
*http://dieselfueltech.com/test-reports/test-report2.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018152250/http://dieselfueltech.com/test-reports/test-report2.html |date=18 October 2022 }}

{{Isotta Fraschini}}
{{Fincantieri}}
{{Isotta Fraschini aeroengines}}
{{Automotive industry in Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Isotta Fraschini| ]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Milan]]
[[Category:Aircraft engine manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Marine engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1900]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 1900]]
[[Category:Caproni]]
[[Category:Fincantieri]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Italian racecar constructors]]