Editing Israel Russell

{{Short description|American geologist and geographer}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
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| caption     = Israel Russell circa 1900
| birth_date  =         {{birth date |1852|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Garrattsville, New York]]
| death_date  =       {{death date and age |1906|5|1|1852|12|10}} 
| death_place = [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
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| resting_place = Forest Hill Cemetery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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| workplaces  = [[Columbia School of Mines]], [[United States Geological Survey]], [[University of Michigan]]
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| education   = Hasbrooks Institute, Jersey City, NJ
| alma_mater  = [[New York University|University of the City of New York]], BS Civil Engineer(1872), MS (1875)
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[[Image:ICRussellUSGSMalaspinaGlacierMoraine1890ric00568.jpg|thumb|Israel Russell and exploring party on Malaspina Glacier Moraine, approach route to Mount St Elias, Alaska, 1890]]
'''Israel Cook Russell, LL.D.''' (December 10, 1852 – May 1, 1906) was an [[United States of America|America]]n [[geologist]] and [[geographer]] who explored [[Alaska]] in the late 19th century.

==Early life and education==
Russell was born at [[Garrattsville, New York]], on December 10, 1852. He received B.S. and C.E. degrees in 1872 from the University of the City of New York (now [[New York University]]), and later studied at the School of Mines, Columbia College.

==Career==
In 1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out by the United States government to observe the [[transit of Venus]], and was stationed at [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], [[New Zealand]]. On his return in 1875 he was appointed assistant in geology at the School of mines, and in 1878 he became assistant geologist on the United States geological and geographical survey west of the 100th meridian.

In 1880, he became a member of the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS). Between 1881 and 1885 he worked at the [[Mono Lake]] in east-central California. Originally employed for work with regard to surveying and building the ''Bodie Railway'' connecting the Lake with [[Bodie State Historic Park|Bodie]], he stayed for four years and wrote the seminal work ''Quaternary History of Mono Valley, California'' (1884).<ref>John Hart: ''Storm over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future''. University of California Press, Berkeley 1996, {{ISBN|0-520-20121-3}}, pp 27/28 ([http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft48700683;brand=ucpress online] at the University of California Press E-Books Collection)</ref> He represented the USGS in 1889 in an expedition sent to [[Alaska]] by the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] to establish a portion of Alaska's eastern boundary. During the next two years, he explored, under the joint auspices of the USGS and the [[National Geographic Society]], the slopes of [[Mount Saint Elias]] and the [[Yakutat Bay]] area. In 1890 he made the first reported sighting of [[Mount Logan]], the highest mountain in Canada, and gave the mountain its name.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Israel C.|date=1891|title=An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63553|journal=National Geographic Magazine|volume=III|pages=141}}</ref>

In 1892 he became professor of geology at the [[University of Michigan]]. At the time of his death, he was President of the [[Geological Society of America]].<ref>Fairchild, Herman LeRoy, 1932, The Geological Society of America 1888-1930, a Chapter in Earth Science History: New York, The Geological Society of America, 232 p.</ref><ref>Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p., {{ISBN|0-8137-1155-X}}.</ref> 

In May 1902, Russell was one of a party of scientists who travelled on the [[USS Dixie (1893)|USS ''Dixie'']] to document the eruptions of [[La Soufriere (volcano)|La Soufriere, St Vincent]] and [[Mont Pelee]], Martinique.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1628081 | jstor=1628081 | title=Expedition to Martinique | journal=Science | year=1902 | volume=15 | issue=386 | pages=836–837 | doi=10.1126/science.15.386.836.b | s2cid=239849503 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Russell was sent by the [[National Geographic Society]] along with [[Robert T. Hill]] and [[Carsten Borchgrevink]].

===Death===
Russell died suddenly on May 1, 1906, after suffering [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://faculty-history.dc.umich.edu/faculty/israel-cook-russell/obituary |title=Obituary: Israel Cook Russell |journal=The Michigan Alumnus |volume=XII |date=May 1906 |number=114 |page=353 |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2023-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213080007/http://faculty-history.dc.umich.edu/faculty/israel-cook-russell/obituary |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Honours==
In 1902, Marcus Baker of the USGS named [[Russell Fiord]] in his honor. [[Mount Russell (Alaska)|Mount Russell]] in Alaska, [[Mount Rainier]]'s [[Russell Glacier (Mount Rainier)|Russell Glacier]] in Washington,<ref>Baker, Marcus. Geographical Dictionary of Alaska; 1st ed 1902, 2nd ed 1906</ref><ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10217/1670 The art and science of natural discovery: Israel Cook Russell and the emergence of modern environmental exploration] by Sylvestre, Patrick David</ref><ref name=majors>{{Cite book| last = Majors | first = Harry M. | title = Exploring Washington | publisher = Van Winkle Publishing Co | year = 1975 | page = 125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ| isbn = 978-0-918664-00-6}}</ref> [[Mount Russell (California)]], and the prehistoric [[Lake Russell (prehistoric)|Lake Russell]] in California's [[Mono Basin]] are also named for him.

==Writing==
Besides many contributions on geological subjects to various scientific periodicals, he published scientific memoirs, which were issued as annual reports of the Geological Survey, or as separate monographs.

===Works===
*''Sketch of the Geological History of Lake Lahontan'' (1883)
*''A Geological Reconnaissance in Southern Oregon'' (1884)
*''Existing Glaciers of the United States'' (1885)
*''Geological History of Lake Lahontan'' (1885)
*''Geological History of Mono Valley'' (1888)
*''Sub-Aerial Decay of Rocks'' (1888)
* {{cite book|title=A geological reconnoissance in central Washington|author1-first=Israel Cook|author1-last=Russell|author1-link=Israel Russell|series=Bulletin|volume=108|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Geological Service]]|year=1893|doi=10.3133/b108|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc957843/ }}
*''Lakes of North America'' (1895)
*''Glaciers of North America'' (1897)
*''Volcanoes of North America'' (1897)
*''Rivers of North America'' (1898)
*''North America'' (1904)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|title=I.C. Russell's Reconnaissance in Central Washington, 1892|author1-first=Skeye W.|author1-last=Cooley|url=https://www.skyecooley.com/single-post/i-s-russell-s-reconnaissance-of-central-washington-1893|work=The North Emd Workbench|date=16 November 2023 }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=38034}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Israel Cook Russell}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10339}}
* Geological Society of America Rock Stars article about [https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/2/pdf/i1052-5173-19-2-14.pdf Israel Cook Russell]
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Russell, Israel Cook|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Russell, Israel Cook |short=x}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4XXzAAAAMAAJ&dq=Israel+Cook+Russell+1906&pg=PA663  G.K. Gilbert "Israel Cook Russell" ''Journal of Geology'' 14,  Nov-Dec 1906, pp 663-667]
{{Presidents of the Geological Society of America}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Russell, Israel}}
[[Category:American geologists]]
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American memoirists]]
[[Category:United States Geological Survey personnel]]
[[Category:National Geographic Society founders]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Geological Society of America]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Hill Cemetery (Ann Arbor, Michigan)]]