Editing Israel Zangwill

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{{Short description|British author (1864–1926)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| image            = Israel Zangwill, 1864-1926, three-quarters length portrait, seated, facing left. Eng. playwright and novelist LCCN2005686749 (recolored).jpg
| caption          = Zangwill in 1905
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1864|1|21}}
| birth_place      = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|8|1|1864|1|21}}
| death_place      = [[Midhurst]], [[West Sussex]], England, United Kingdom
| notableworks     = ''[[The Big Bow Mystery]]'' (1892) <br /> ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' (1908)
| spouse           = [[Edith Ayrton]]
| signature        = Israel Zangwill Signature.jpg
| alt              = Black-and-white photo of Zangwill wearing a suit, tie, and glasses
}}
'''Israel Zangwill''' (21 January 1864<ref name="Rochelson, A Jew in the Public Arena 9, 288n66">{{Cite book | last = Rochelson | first = Meri-Jane | title =  A Jew in the Public Arena | pages = 9 & 288,n66 | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year = 2008}}</ref>{{snd}}1 August 1926) was a British author at the forefront of [[Zionism]] during the 19th century, and was a close associate of [[Theodor Herzl]].  He later rejected the search for a Jewish homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and became the prime thinker behind the [[Jewish Territorialist Organization|territorial movement]].

==Early life and education==
Zangwill was born in [[Whitechapel]], London on 21 January 1864, in a family of [[Jewish]] immigrants from the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Philip |date=28 September 1951 |title=Israel Zangwill (25th yahrtzeit) |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116105010/israel-zangwill-25th-yahrtzeit/ 1], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116105174/israel-zangwill-continuation/ 8] |work=The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116105010/israel-zangwill-25th-yahrtzeit/ |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> His father, Moses Zangwill, was from what is now [[Latvia]], and his mother, Ellen Hannah Marks Zangwill, was from what is now [[Poland]]. He dedicated his life to championing the cause of people he considered oppressed, becoming involved with topics such as [[Jewish emancipation]], [[Jewish assimilation]], [[Homeland for the Jewish people|territorialism]], [[Zionism]], and [[women's suffrage]]. His brother was novelist [[Louis Zangwill]].<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=27&letter=Z Louis Zangwill] in Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>

Zangwill received his early schooling in Plymouth and Bristol.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2 August 1926 |title=Israel Zangvill is Dead – Jewish Author and Zionist Worker Dies of Pneumonia |page=3 |work=The Kansas City Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116122180/israel-zangvill-is-dead-jewish-author/ |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> When he was eight years old, his parents moved to Spitalfields, East London and he was enrolled in the [[Jews' Free School]] there, a school for Jewish immigrant children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=North Mail Newcastle Daily Chronicle|date= 2 Aug 1926|page= 1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/792840083/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> The school offered a strict course of both secular and religious studies while supplying clothing, food, and health care for the scholars; presently one of its four houses is named Zangwill in his honour. At this school he excelled and even taught part-time, eventually becoming a full-fledged teacher.

While teaching, he studied for his degree from the [[University of London]], earning a BA with triple honours in 1884.

==Career==
[[File:TIMEMagazine17Sep1923.jpg|thumb|right|''Time'' cover, 17 September 1923]]

===Writings===
Zangwill published some of his works under the pen-names J. Freeman Bell (for works written in collaboration),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Harry |date=1928 |title=Israel Zangwill: a biographical sketch. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23601081 |journal=The American Jewish Year Book |volume=29 |pages=121–143 |jstor=23601081 }}</ref> and Countess von S. and Marshallik.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rochelson |first=Meri-Jane |title=A Jew in the Public Arena. The Career of Israel Zangwill. |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780814340837 |location=Detroit}}</ref>

He had already written a tale entitled ''The Premier and the Painter'' in collaboration with [[Louis Cowen]], when he resigned his position as a teacher at the Jews' Free School owing to differences with the school managers and ventured into journalism. He initiated and edited ''Ariel, The London Puck'', and did miscellaneous work for the London press.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Zangwill, Israel |volume=28 |page=956}}</ref>

[[File:TheMeltingpot1.jpg|thumb|right|Theatre Programme for the play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' (1916).]]
Zangwill's work earned him the nickname "the [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] of the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe|Ghetto]]".<ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-08-25/ed-1/seq-16.pdf Israel Zangwill – A Sketch], by Emanuel Elzas; in the ''[[San Francisco Call]]''; published 25 August 1895; retrieved 14 May 2013; archived at the [[Library of Congress]]</ref> He wrote a very influential novel ''Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People'' (1892), which the late 19th-century English novelist [[George Gissing]] called "a powerful book".<ref>Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p. 364.</ref>

The use of the metaphorical phrase "[[melting pot]]" to describe American absorption of immigrants was popularised by Zangwill's play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'',<ref>Werner Sollers, ''Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture'' (1986), Chapter 3 "Melting Pots"</ref> a success in the United States in 1909–10. The theatrical work explored the themes of ethnic tensions and the idea of cultural assimilation in early 20th-century America.

When ''The Melting Pot'' opened in Washington, D.C., on 5 October 1908, former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] leaned over the edge of his box and shouted "That's a great play, Mr. Zangwill. That's a great play."<ref>Guy Szuberla, "Zangwill's The Melting Pot Plays Chicago," ''Melus'', Vol. 20, No. 3, History and Memory. (Autumn, 1995), pp. 3–20.</ref> In 1912, Zangwill received a letter from Roosevelt in which Roosevelt wrote of ''The Melting Pot'' "That particular play I shall always count among the very strong and real influences upon my thought and my life."<ref>This passage is quoted on p.131 of "Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race" by Thomas G. Dyer 1980 Louisiana State University Press (Paperback edition 1992). A footnote shows the letter to have been written on 27 November 1912. This letter is held in the Roosevelt Collection, Library of Congress.</ref>

The protagonist of the play is David Quixano, a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrives in New York City after the [[Kishinev pogrom]], in which his entire family is killed. He writes a great symphony named "The Crucible" expressing his hope for a world in which all ethnicity has melted away, and becomes enamored of a beautiful Russian Christian immigrant named Vera. The dramatic climax of the play is the moment when David meets Vera's father, who turns out to be the Russian officer responsible for the annihilation of David's family. Vera's father admits guilt, the symphony is performed to accolades, and David and Vera agree to wed and kiss as the curtain falls.

"''Melting Pot'' celebrated America's capacity to absorb and grow from the contributions of its immigrants."<ref>Kraus, Joe, "How The Melting Pot Stirred America: The Reception of Zangwill's Play and Theater's Role in the American Assimilation Experience," ''Melus'', Vol. 24, No. 3, Varieties of Ethnic Criticism. (Autumn, 1999), pp. 3–19.</ref> Zangwill was writing as "a Jew who no longer wanted to be a Jew. His real hope was for a world in which the entire lexicon of racial and religious difference is thrown away."<ref>[[Jonathan Sacks]] ''The Home We Build Together'', Continium Books, 2007, p. 26</ref>

However, the play also addresses the challenges and conflicts that arise when different ethnic groups collide. It portrays the tensions between the Jewish and Christian communities, as well as the struggles of immigrants to find their place in a new society while preserving their cultural heritage.

"The Melting Pot" resonated with audiences during its time, as it captured the spirit of the American immigrant experience and explored issues of assimilation, identity, and the potential for a unified nation. The play contributed to the discourse on multiculturalism and the American identity, and it remains a significant work in the context of American theater and the portrayal of ethnic tensions on stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shumsky |first=Neil Larry |date=1975 |title=Zangwill's 'The Melting Pot': Ethnic Tensions on Stage |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711893 |journal=American Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=29–41 |doi=10.2307/2711893 |jstor=2711893 |issn=0003-0678|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Zangwill wrote many other plays, including, on Broadway, ''[[Children of the Ghetto (1899 play)|Children of the Ghetto]]'' (1899), a dramatization of his own novel, directed by [[James A. Herne]] and starring [[Blanche Bates]], [[Ada Dwyer Russell|Ada Dwyer]], and [[Wilton Lackaye]]; ''[[Merely Mary Ann (play)|Merely Mary Ann]]'' (1903) and ''Nurse Marjorie'' (1906), both of which were directed by Charles Cartwright and starred [[Eleanor Robson Belmont|Eleanor Robson]]. Liebler & Co. produced all three plays as well as ''The Melting Pot''. [[Daniel Frohman]] produced Zangwill's 1904 play ''The Serio-Comic Governess'', featuring [[Cecilia Loftus]], Kate Pattison-Selten, and [[Julia Dean (actress, born 1878)|Julia Dean]].<ref>Burns Mantle and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., ''The Best Plays of 1899–1909'', pp. 351, 449, 465–466, 521–522.</ref> In 1931, [[Jules Furthman]] adapted ''[[Merely Mary Ann]]'' for a movie with [[Janet Gaynor]].

Zangwill's simulation of Yiddish sentence structure in English aroused great interest. He also wrote mystery works, such as ''[[The Big Bow Mystery]]'' (1892), and social satire, such as ''[[The King of Schnorrers]]'' (1894), a [[picaresque novel]] (which became a short-lived musical comedy in 1979). His ''Dreamers of the Ghetto'' (1898) includes essays on famous Jews such as [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[Ferdinand Lassalle]].

''The Big Bow Mystery'' was one of the first [[locked room mystery]] novels. It has been almost continuously in print since 1891 and has been used as the basis for three movies.<ref name=MJR>{{cite journal|jstor=1487027|title=Review of Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill|first=Meri-Jane|last=Rochelson|date=1 January 1992|journal=AJS Review|volume=17|issue=1|pages=120–123|doi=10.1017/S0364009400012083}}</ref>
[[File:Signed drawing of Israel Zangwill by Manuel Rosenberg 1924.jpg|thumb|Signed drawing by [[Manuel Rosenberg]] 1924]]
Another much produced play was ''The Lens Grinder'', based on the life of [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]].
[[File:Israel Zangwill by George Wylie Hutchinson.png|thumb|Israel Zangwill by his friend and illustrator George Wylie Hutchinson]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfPdAwAAQBAJ&q=Israel+Zangwill+%22george+hutchinson%22&pg=PA43|title=A Jew in the Public Arena: The Career of Israel Zangwill|first=Meri-Jane|last=Rochelson|date= 2010|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=9780814340837|via=Google Books}}{{page?|date=December 2024}}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:Israel Zangwill by Walter Sickert Vanity Fair 25 February 1897.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|"A Child of the Ghetto"<br />Zangwill as caricatured by [[Walter Sickert]] in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', February 1897.}}]]
[[File:ההסתדרות הטריטוריאליסטית.jpg|thumb|Members of the Jewish Territorialist Organization with Zangwill sitting in the front row center; the photograph in the center background is of Theodor Herzl. June 1905]]
Zangwill endorsed feminism and pacifism,<ref name=MJR /> but his greatest effect may have been as a writer who popularised the idea of the combination of ethnicities into a single, American nation. The hero of his widely produced play ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' proclaims: "America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming...Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians – into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American."<ref>As quoted in [[Gary Gerstle]] ''American Crucible; Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century,'' Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 51</ref>

====Jewish politics====
Zangwill was also involved with specifically Jewish issues as an assimilationist, an early Zionist, and a [[Jewish Territorialist Organization|territorialist]].<ref name=MJR /> Jewish territorialism was a political movement that emerged as a response to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during the early 20th century. It proposed the establishment of a Jewish homeland outside of Palestine, offering alternative solutions to the ongoing debate about Jewish self-determination and Zionism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Almagor |first=Laura |title='The Soul is Greater than the Soil': Jewish Territorialism and the Jewish Future beyond Europe and Palestine (1905–1960) |date= 2022 |url=https://www.schoeningh.de/edcollchap-oa/book/9783657708406/BP000018.xml |work=Constructing and Experiencing Jewish Identity |pages=141–147 |access-date=18 May 2023 |publisher=Brill Schöningh |language=en |doi=10.30965/9783657708406_010 |isbn=978-3-657-70840-6|doi-access=free }}</ref> After having for a time endorsed [[Theodor Herzl]], including presiding over a meeting at the Maccabean Club, London, addressed by Herzl on 24 November 1895, and endorsing the main Palestine-oriented Zionist movement. Zangwill changed his mind and founded his own organization, named the [[Jewish Territorialist Organization]] in 1905, advocating a Jewish homeland in whatever land might be available<ref>Israel Zangwill, Joseph Leftwich, Yoseloff, 1957, p. 219</ref> in the world which could be found for them, with speculations including Canada, Australia, Mesopotamia, Uganda and [[Cyrenaica]].<ref>"At the centennial of his birth, even some of those who recognized the continuing relevance of his efforts to define the Jew in the modern world separated the compelling nature of his struggle from the Victorianness of his writing and the insufficiency of his solutions: territorialism, universal religion, assimilation into an American 'melting pot.' As [[John Gross]] wrote in ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', 'one honors the writer, and puts aside his books'." Rochelson, Meri-Jane, Review of ''Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill'', by Joseph H. Udelson. ''AJS Review'', vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 120–123 {{JSTOR|1487027}}</ref>

Zangwill is inaccurately known for creating the slogan "[[A land without a people for a people without a land]]" describing Zionist aspirations in the Biblical land of Israel. He did not invent the phrase; he acknowledged borrowing it from [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]].<ref name="Garfinkle">Garfinkle, Adam M., "On the Origin, Meaning, Use and Abuse of a Phrase." ''Middle Eastern Studies'', London, October 1991, vol. 27</ref> In 1853, during the preparation for the [[Crimean War]], Shaftesbury wrote to Foreign Secretary Aberdeen that Greater Syria was "a country without a nation" in need of "a nation without a country.... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!" In his diary that year he wrote "these vast and fertile regions will soon be without a ruler, without a known and acknowledged power to claim dominion. The territory must be assigned to some one or other.... There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country."<ref>Shaftsbury as cited in [[Albert Montefiore Hyamson|Hyamson, Albert]], "British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine," American Jewish Historical Society, Publications 26, 1918 p. 140; and in Garfinkle, Adam M., "On the Origin, Meaning, Use and Abuse of a Phrase." ''Middle Eastern Studies'', London, October 1991, vol. 27. See also [http://www.mideastweb.org/britzion.htm Mideast Web: British Support for Jewish Restoration]</ref> Shaftesbury himself was echoing the sentiments of [[Alexander Keith, D.D.]]<ref name="Muir">[http://www.meforum.org/1877/a-land-without-a-people-for-a-people-without A Land without a People for a People without a Land];" An oft-cited Zionist slogan was neither Zionist nor popular,"[[Diana Muir]], Middle Eastern Quarterly, Spring 2008, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 55–62.</ref>

In 1901, in the ''[[New Liberal Review]]'', Zangwill wrote that "Palestine is a country without a people; the Jews are a people without a country".<ref name=Garfinkle /><ref>Israel Zangwill, "The Return to Palestine", ''New Liberal Review'', Dec. 1901, p. 615</ref>

Theodor Herzl got along well with Israel Zangwill and Max Nordau. They were both writers or 'men of letters'. In November 1901 Zangwill was still misreading the situation: "Palestine has but a small population of Arabs and [[fellahin]] and wandering, lawless, blackmailing [[Bedouin]] tribes."<ref name="Article">Israel Zangwill, The Commercial Future of Palestine, Debate at the Article Club, 20 November 1901. Published by Greenberg &amp; Co. Also published in ''English Illustrated Magazine'', Vol. 221 (Feb 1902) pp. 421–430.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The commercial future of Palestine : debate at the Article Club opened by Israel Zangwill, November 20, 1901 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t11n8bv28?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=HathiTrust | hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t11n8bv28?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 |language=en}}</ref> To conclude his opening address to the Article Club, Zangwill pretended to speak as the weary, Ashkenazic folktale character, the [[Wandering Jew]], saying, "restore the country without a people to the people without a country... For we have something to give as well as to get. We can sweep away the blackmailer{{snd}}be he Pasha or Bedouin{{snd}}we can make the wilderness blossom as the rose, and build up in the heart of the world a civilization that may be a mediator and interpreter between the East and the West."<ref name="Article" /><ref name=":3" />

In 1902, Zangwill wrote that Palestine "remains at this moment an almost uninhabited, forsaken and ruined Turkish territory".<ref>{{cite journal| author = Israel Zangwill | title = Providence, Palestine and the Rothschilds | journal = The Speaker | date = 22 February 1902 | volume =  4 | issue = 125 | pages = 582–583}}</ref> However, within a few years, Zangwill had "become fully aware of the Arab peril", telling an audience in New York, "Palestine proper has already its inhabitants. The [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|pashalik of Jerusalem]] is already twice as thickly populated as the United States" leaving Zionists the choice of driving the Arabs out or dealing with a "large alien population".<ref>I. Zangwill, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', MacMillan, 1921, p. 92, reporting 1904 speech.</ref> He moved his support to the [[British Uganda Programme|Uganda scheme]], leading to a break with the mainstream Zionist movement by 1905.<ref>H. Faris, "Israel Zangwill's challenge to Zionism", ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 3 (Spring, 1975), pp. 74–90</ref> In 1908, Zangwill told a London court that he had been naive when he made his 1901 speech and had since "realized what is the density of the Arab population", namely twice that of the United States.<ref>{{cite book | author = Maurice Simon | title = Speeches Articles and Letters of Israel Zangwill | place = London | publisher = The Soncino Press | year = 1937 | page = 268}}</ref> In 1913 he criticized those who insisted on repeating that Palestine was "empty and derelict" and who called him a traitor for reporting otherwise.<ref>Simon (1937), pp. 313–314. He continued, "Well, consistency may be a political virtue, but I see no virtue in consistent lying."</ref>

According to [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]], Zangwill told him in 1916 that, "If you wish to give a country to a people without a country, it is utter foolishness to allow it to be the country of two peoples. This can only cause trouble. The Jews will suffer and so will their neighbours. One of the two: a different place must be found either for the Jews or for their neighbours".<ref>Cited in Yosef Gorny, ''Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 271</ref>

In 1917, he wrote "'Give the country without a people,' magnanimously pleaded Lord Shaftesbury, 'to the people without a country.' Alas, it was a misleading mistake. The country holds 600,000 Arabs."<ref>Zangwill, Israel, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', New York: Macmillan, 1921, p. 96</ref>[[File:Blue Plaque Ayrton & Zangwill.jpg|thumb|''Far End'', East Preston, West Sussex]]In 1921, Zangwill suggested Lord Shaftesbury "was literally inexact in describing Palestine as a country without a people, he was essentially correct, for there is no Arab people living in intimate fusion with the country, utilizing its resources and stamping it with a characteristic impress: there is at best an Arab encampment, the break-up of which would throw upon the Jews the actual manual labor of regeneration and prevent them from exploiting the ''[[fellah]]in'', whose numbers and lower wages are moreover a considerable obstacle to the proposed immigration from Poland and other suffering centers".<ref>Zangwill, Israel, ''The Voice of Jerusalem'', New York: Macmillan, 1921, p. 109</ref>

== Quotes ==
Zangwill listed the following as his more striking passages:<ref name=":2" />

* What is, is right. If aught seem wrong below,/Then wrong it is – of thee to leave it so. – ''Without Prejudice''
* Art is truth seen as beauty. – ''The Master''
* Hunted from shore to shore through the ages they had found the national aspiration – peace – in a country where Passover came without menace of blood. – ''Children of the Ghetto''
* The Jewish mission will never be over till the Christians are converted to the religion of Christ. – ''Dreamers of the Ghetto''
* Each poor man is a rung in the Jacob's ladder by which the rich man may, if he is charitable, mount to heaven. – ''The King of Schnorrers''

== Views ==
In his writings, Zangwill expressed mixed sentiments about the then-territory of Palestine, parts of which became the modern State of [[Israel]] in 1948, two decades after his death. After the establishment of the state, Philip Rubin speculated that the new state might have met his aspirations.<ref name=":0" />

He was an early suffragist.<ref name=":2" />

During [[World War I]], he advocated the formation of a Jewish foreign legion to the [[central powers]].

"The League of Damnations" is a term associated with Zangwill's critique of the anti-Semitic sentiment prevalent in Europe during his time. He used this phrase to describe the collective hostility and discrimination faced by Jewish people in various countries. Zangwill was an ardent opponent of anti-Semitism and used his writings to expose and challenge the prejudices and injustices faced by Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Israel Zangwill on Nationality and 'The League of Damnations' |url=https://projects.au.dk/inventingbureaucracy/blog/show/artikel/israel-zangwill-on-nationality-and-the-league-of-damnations |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=projects.au.dk |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Zangwill married [[Edith Ayrton]] in 1903.<ref name=":1" /> She was a feminist and author, and the daughter of cousins [[William Edward Ayrton]] and [[Matilda Chaplin Ayrton]]. Ayrton's stepmother was [[Hertha Ayrton]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha Ayrton |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/ayrton-hertha-marks |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> who, like Zangwill, was Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives Biographies: Hertha Ayrton |url=https://www.theiet.org/membership/library-archives/the-iet-archives/biographies/hertha-ayrton/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=www.theiet.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Zangwill family lived for many years in East Preston, West Sussex in a house named Far End.<ref name="Nyenhuis2003">{{cite book|last=Nyenhuis|first=Jacob E.|title=Myth and the creative process: Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus, the maze maker|year=2003|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=0-8143-3002-9|page=207|chapter=notes}}</ref> The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":1" /> The younger of their two sons was the British psychologist [[Oliver Zangwill]].

Zangwill died of pneumonia on 1 August 1926 at a nursing home in Midhurst, West Sussex. He had spent two months at the nursing home.<ref name=":1" />

==Other works==
[[File:Chosen Peoples.jpg|thumb|''Chosen Peoples'': Publication of a lecture by Israel Zangwill at the London Jewish Historical Society, 1918, in the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]]. ]]
*''The Bachelors' Club'' (London : Henry, 1891) 
*''The Old Maid’s Club'' (1892)
*''[[The Big Bow Mystery]]'' (1892)
*''Merely Mary Ann'' (1893) (London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, illustrated by Mark Zangwill)<ref name="aj033193">{{cite news |title=Literature |work=The Aberdeen Journal |date=March 31, 1893 |location=Aberdeen, Scotland |page=2 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*''[[The King of Schnorrers]]'' (1894)
*''The Master'' (1895) (based on the life of friend and illustrator [[George Wylie Hutchinson]])<ref>[https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/12023/12867  Sandra Barry, "What's in a Name? The Gilbert Stuart Newton Plaque Error", Acadiensis, XXV, 1 (Autumn, 1995), p. 107].</ref>
*''[https://archive.org/details/withoutprejudice00zang/page/n8/mode/1up Without Prejudice]'' (1896)
*''The Grey Wig: Stories and Novelettes'' (1903) which include The Grey Wig; Chasse-Croise; The Woman Beater; The Eternal Feminine; The Silent Sisters; Merely Mary Ann
*''Merely Mary Ann'' (1904) – Separate edition with photo illustrations from the stage production
*''The Serio-Comic Governess'' (1904)
*''Nurse Marjorie'' (1906)
*''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'' (1909)
*''Italian Fantasies'' (1910)
*''The Mantle of Elijah'' (London : Heinemann)
*''The Principle of Nationalities'' (1917)
*''Chosen Peoples'' (1919)

As translator:
*''Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol''; pub. The Jewish Publication Society of America (1923)

The "of the Ghetto" books:
*''Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People'' (1892)
*''Grandchildren of the Ghetto'' (1892)
*''Dreamers of the Ghetto'' (1898)
*''Ghetto Tragedies'', (1899) 
*''Ghetto Comedies'', (1907)

==Filmography==
*''[[Children of the Ghetto (film)|Children of the Ghetto]]'', directed by [[Frank Powell]] (1915, based on the play ''Children of the Ghetto'')
*''[[The Melting Pot (1915 film)|The Melting Pot]]'', directed by Oliver D. Bailey and [[James Vincent (director)|James Vincent]] (1915, based on the play ''The Melting Pot'')
*''[[Merely Mary Ann (1916 film)|Merely Mary Ann]]'', directed by [[John G. Adolfi]] (1916, based on the play ''Merely Mary Ann'')
*''[[The Moment Before]]'', directed by [[Robert G. Vignola]] (1916, based on the play ''The Moment of Death'')
*''[[Mary Ann (film)|Mary Ann]]'', directed by [[Alexander Korda]] (Hungary, 1918, based on the play ''Merely Mary Ann'')
*''[[Nurse Marjorie]]'', directed by [[William Desmond Taylor]] (1920, based on the play ''Nurse Marjorie'')
*''[[Merely Mary Ann (1920 film)|Merely Mary Ann]]'', directed by [[Edward LeSaint]] (1920, based on the play ''Merely Mary Ann'')
*''[[The Bachelor's Club (1921 film)|The Bachelor's Club]]'', directed by [[A. V. Bramble]] (1921, based on the novel ''We Moderns'')
*''[[We Moderns]]'', directed by [[John Francis Dillon (director)|John Francis Dillon]] (1925, based on the play ''We Moderns'')
*''[[Too Much Money (film)|Too Much Money]]'', directed by [[John Francis Dillon (director)|John Francis Dillon]] (1926, based on the play ''Too Much Money'')
*''{{Ill|Perfect Crime (1928 film)|fr|3=Le Crime de Monsieur Benson|lt=Perfect Crime}}'', directed by [[Bert Glennon]] (1928, based on the novel ''The Big Bow Mystery'')
*''[[Merely Mary Ann]]'', directed by [[Henry King (director)|Henry King]] (1931, based on the play ''Merely Mary Ann'')
*''[[The Crime Doctor (1934 film)|The Crime Doctor]]'', directed by [[John S. Robertson]] (1934, based on the novel ''The Big Bow Mystery'')
*''[[The Verdict (1946 film)|The Verdict]]'', directed by [[Don Siegel]] (1946, based on the novel ''The Big Bow Mystery'')

== Bibliography ==

=== References ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Own writing ===

* "The Return to Palestine", New Liberal Review, Dec. 1901
*{{cite book|title=Children of the Ghetto|orig-year=1902|year=2004|publisher=[[Black Apollo Press]]|isbn=1-900355-30-2|url=http://germinalproductions.com/blackapollo/zangwill.htm}}
* "Providence, Palestine and the Rothschilds", ''The Speaker,'' vol. 4, no. 125 (22 February 1902).
*''The War For The World.'' New York: Macmillan, 1916.
* [https://archive.org/details/190208ZangwillHandsoffrussia ''Hands Off Russia: Speech by Mr. Israel Zangwill at the Albert Hall, February 8th, 1919.''] London: Workers' Socialist Federation, n.d. [1919].
* ''The Voice of Jerusalem.'' New York: Macmillan, 1921.

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|first=Elsie Bonita|last=Adams|title=Israel Zangwill|url=https://archive.org/details/israelzangwill00adam|url-access=registration|place=New York|publisher=Twayne|date=1971}}
* {{cite journal|first=John|last= Gross|title=Zangwill in Retrospect|journal=Commentary|volume=38|date=December 1964}}
* {{cite book|first=Jacques Ben|last=Guigui|title=Israel Zangwill: Penseur el Ecrivain 1864–1926|place=Toulouse|publisher=lmprimerie Toulousaine-R.Lion|date=1975}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Burns|editor-last=Mantle|editor-first2=Garrison P.|editor-last2=Sherwood|title=The Best Plays of 1899–1909|place=Philadelphia|publisher=The Blakiston Company|date=1944}}
* {{cite book|first=Edna|last=Nahshon|authorlink=Edna Nahshon|title=From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish Plays|publisher=Wayne State University Press}}
* {{cite book|first=Meri-Jane|last=Rochelson|title=A Jew in the Public Arena: The Career of Israel Zangwill|place=Detroit|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=2008}}
* {{cite book|first=Joseph H.|last=Udelson|title=Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill|place=Tuscaloosa|publisher=University of Alabama Press|date=1990}}
* {{cite journal|first=David|last=Vital|title=Zangwill and Modern Jewish Nationalism|journal=Modern Judaism|volume=4|issue=3|date=October 1984|pages=243–253|doi=10.1093/mj/4.3.243|jstor=1396299}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Vital|title=A People Apart: The Jews in Europe 1789–1939|place=Oxford|publisher=Oxford Modern History|date=1999}}
* {{cite book|first=Maurice|last=Wohlgelernter|title=Israel Zangwill: A Study|place=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=1964}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Israel Zangwill}}
{{wikisource author|Israel Zangwill}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/israel-zangwill}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1987}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Zangwill, Israel|name=Israel Zangwill|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Israel Zangwill}}
* {{Librivox author |id=905}}
* {{OL author|130236A}}
* The personal papers of Israel Zangwill are kept at the [http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/ZA/pMainE.aspx  Central Zionist Archives] in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A120.
* [http://www.panarchy.org/zangwill/nationalities.html Israel Zangwill, The Principle of Nationalities] (1917)
* [http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0411/1_48/64688888/p1/article.jhtml Israel Zangwill and Children of the Ghetto]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040101105046/http://www.wzo.org.il/home/movement/zangwill.htm The Zionist Exposition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040217123833/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/zangwill.html Jewish Virtual Library]
* {{IBDB name|6477}}
* [http://www.jewishmuseum.org.uk Jewish Museum in London]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/041038}}
* {{LCAuth|n79054630|Israel Zangwill|135|ue}}
*[https://www.greatwartheatre.org.uk/db/person/1024/ Plays by Israel Zangwill written during World War 1 on Great War Theatre]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jack Dempsey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of People on the Cover of Time Magazine: 1920s|Cover of Time Magazine]]
|years=17 September 1923}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Pierpont Morgan, Jr.]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zangwill, Israel}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from the London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
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[[Category:English male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People educated at JFS (school)]]
[[Category:Territorialism]]
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[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:Ayrton family]]
[[Category:People from East Preston, West Sussex]]
[[Category:Delegates to the First World Zionist Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:People from Whitechapel]]
[[Category:English male short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:Victorian novelists]]
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[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:English magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century English translators]]