Editing Istro-Romanian language

{{Short description|Romance language of the Balkans}}
{{Distinguish|Istriot language}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Istro-Romanian
|nativename=''rumârește'', ''vlășește''
|states=[[Croatia]]
|region=[[Istria]]
|ethnicity=[[Istro-Romanians]]
|speakers=300
|date=2007
|ref=e23
|speakers2=[[L2 speakers]]: 1,100 (2007)<ref name=e23/>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4=[[Latin]]
|fam5=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam6=[[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]
|fam7=Northern Romanian?{{efn|The internal classification of the Eastern Romance languages presented in Petrucci (1999) proposes a bipartite split into Northern and Southern branches, with the Northern branch splitting into Istro-Romanian and Daco-Romanian.{{sfn|Petrucci|1999|p=4}} By contrast, the classification presented within [[Glottolog]] v4.8 proposes a bipartite split between Aromanian and Northern Romanian, the latter of which is further split into Istro-Romanian and Eastern Romanian, from which Daco-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian are hypothesized to have split.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2714 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Romance |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
|ancestor=[[Old Latin]]
|ancestor2=[[Vulgar Latin]]
|ancestor3=[[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
|ancestor4=[[Common Romanian]]
|iso3=ruo
|glotto=istr1245
|glottorefname=Istro Romanian
|lingua=51-AAD-a (varieties: 51-AAD-aa to -ab)
|map=
|mapcaption=
|map2=Lang Status 40-SE.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Istro-Romanian is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
|mapscale=1
}}
{{Eastern Romance languages}}

The '''Istro-Romanian language''' ({{lang|ruo|rumârește, vlășește}}) is an [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance language]], spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of [[Istria]] in [[Croatia]], as well as in the diaspora of this people. It is sometimes abbreviated to IR.

While its speakers call themselves ''Rumeri'', ''Rumeni'', they are also known as ''[[Vlachs]]'', ''Rumunski'', ''Ćići'' and ''Ćiribiri''. The last one, used by ethnic Croats, originated as a disparaging nickname for the language, rather than its speakers.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Due to the fact that its speakers are estimated to be fewer than 500, it is listed among languages that are "severely endangered" in the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salminen |first=Tapani |date=1999 |title=Endangered Languages in Europe: Indexes |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html |access-date=2018-11-24 |website=www.helsinki.fi}}</ref>

It is also considered by some Romanian scholars to be an idiosyncratic offshoot dialect of [[Romanian language|Romanian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-language |access-date=2018-11-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

==Recent history==
The Istro-Romanians have faced many significant challenges in preserving their language, culture and ethnic identity, including emigration from communism and migration to nearby cities and towns after [[World War II]], when a peace treaty of February 10, 1947, transferred Istria from Italy (which had held it since World War I) and awarded it to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], the parent country of present-day Croatia and Slovenia, which divided Istria between themselves, while Italy still retained a small portion near Trieste.

Before the 20th century, Istro-Romanian was spoken in a substantially broader part of northeastern Istria surrounding the [[Ćićarija]] mountain range (ancient ''Mons Carusadius''). The Istro-Romanians now comprise two groups: the ''Ćići'' around [[Žejane]] (denoting the people on the north side of Mt. Učka) and the ''Vlahi'' around [[Šušnjevica]] (denoting the people on the south side of Mt. Učka (Monte Maggiore). However, apart from borrowings from other languages which vary from village to village, their language is linguistically identical.

Several hundred native speakers live in the United States—not only in Queens, New York (as has been mistakenly believed by some),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/nyregion/29lost.html |title=The Lost Languages, Found in New York |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=29 April 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> but throughout the five boroughs of New York City, as well as in upstate New York and the neighboring states of New Jersey and Connecticut. Native speakers also still live in California. Further groups of native speakers reside in Italy, Canada, Sweden and Australia.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The number of Istro-Romanian speakers has been reduced by their assimilation into other linguistic groups that were either already present or introduced by their respective new rulers of Istria: in the 1921 [[Italy|Italian]] census, there were 1,644 declared Istro-Romanian speakers in the area, while in 1926, [[Romania]]n scholar [[Sextil Pușcariu]] estimated their number to be closer to 3,000. Studies conducted in Istria in 1998 (?) by the Croatian linguist [[August Kovačec]] revealed only 170 active speakers (but those counted presumably are only those still in villages where the language is actively spoken, thereby excluding those who moved to larger towns in Istria), most of them being bilingual (or trilingual), except for 27 children.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

On the other hand, the major northern village Žejane and nearby hamlets at the Slovenian border are less Italianized and more Slavicized. Many villages in the area have names that are of Romanian origin, such as ''Jeian'', ''Buzet'' ("lips"), ''Katun'' ("hamlet"), ''Letaj'', ''[[Jesenovik|Sucodru]]'' ("under a forest"), ''Costirceanu'' (a [[Romanian language|Romanian]] name). Some of these names are official (recognized by Croatia as their only names), while others are used only by Istro-Romanian speakers (ex. Nova Vas|Noselo).{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Origin==
Some loanwords suggest that before coming to Istria, Istro-Romanians lived for a period of time on the Dalmatian coast near the [[Dinara]] and [[Velebit]] mountains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Filipi |first=Goran |title=Istrorumunjski lingvistički atlas/Atlasul lingvistic istroromân/Atlante linguistico istroromeno |publisher=Znanstvena zadruga Mediteran |date=2002 |location=Pula |page=52}}</ref>

[[August Kovačec]] (1998){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} hypothesizes that the Istro-Romanians migrated to their present region about 600 years ago from the territory of present-day Romania, after the [[bubonic plague]] depopulated [[Istria]]. This hypothesis is based on chronicles of the [[Frankopan family|Frankopan]] princes that state that in the 15th century they accepted the migrating Vlachs from the nearby mainland and from the northern part of [[Krk]] (Veglia) island, and settled them in isolated villages in [[Poljica, Krk|Poljica]] and [[Dubašnica]], between the castles of [[Dobrinj]] and [[Omišalj]], and in the port of [[Malinska]]. The term "[[Vlachs|Vlach]]", however, refers to all Eastern-Romance-language speakers and cannot be associated exclusively with Istro-Romanians. In fact, pockets of Romanian-language speakers persisted in Malinska up to the mid-19th century, they gradually assimilated and their language disappeared with the last speaker, Mate Bajčić Gašparović. Today, few Romance-language toponyms remain in Malinska.<ref>{{harvp|Tekavčić|1959}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kovačec|1998}}</ref>

==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}})
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}
|({{IPA link|h}})
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* Sounds {{IPA|/ɡ, x/}} can also be realized as {{IPA|[ɣ, h]}} in some dialects or positions.
* {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} only occurs marginally, or from loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frățilă |first=Vasile |title=Dialectul istroromân |publisher=Editura Universității din București, Colecția |year=2012 |location=Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.), Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni: aspecte identitare și culturale |pages=633–694}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

* Sounds {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} can also be heard as lower {{IPA|[æ, ɒ]}} in other dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narumov |first=B. P. |title=Istrorumynskij Jazyk/Dialekt |publisher=Moskva: Academia |year=2001 |location=In I. I. Čelyševa and B. P. Narumov and O. I. Romanova (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Romanskie jazyki |pages=655–671}}</ref>

==Lexis==
Although it is a Romance language, Istro-Romanian has received a great amount of influence from other languages. According to a 2005 analysis, 50% of the words in Istro-Romanian come from [[Serbo-Croatian]], 16% come from either Serbo-Croatian or [[Slovene language|Slovene]], 3% come from Slovene, 4.7% come from [[Italian language|Italian]]/[[Venetian language|Venetian]], 3.5% come from [[Old Church Slavonic]] and only 25% come from [[Latin]].<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/92144|title=Phonological Analysis of the Southern Dialect of Istro-Romanian/Vlashki as Compared to Daco-Romanian|first=Maria|last=Cantemir|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]|pages=1–64|year=2020| hdl=1811/92144 }}</ref>

Another study made in 2009 found that 647 words are inherited from Latin (compared to about 2,000 words inherited from Latin in most Romance languages), and 25 words are from the substrate, a much smaller number compared to Daco-Romanian which preserved 89 words from the [[Substrate in Romanian|substrate]]. The situation is typical for isolated languages/dialects with lower number of speakers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.) |first=Frățilă, Vasile |trans-title= ''Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture'', chapter ''Istro-Romanian dialect. General View'' |title=''Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale'', capitolul ''Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală'' |publisher=Editura Universității din București |year=2012 |isbn= 978-606-16-0148-6 |pages=672 to 679 }}</ref> Even so, Istro-Romanian has managed to preserve a few words from Latin that are not found in other [[Eastern Romance languages]]: {{lang|ruo|gåbu}} "yellow" (<{{sc|galbus}}; also present in Romanian as {{lang|ro|galben}}), {{lang|ruo|ånča}} "here" (<{{sc|hac}}+ce), {{lang|ruo|oča}} (<{{sc|hac}}/{{sc|hocce}}+a), {{lang|ruo|iențå}} (<*hic‑ce+a), {{lang|ruo|iuva}} "where".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.) |first=Frățilă, Vasile |trans-title= ''Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture'', chapter ''Istro-Romanian dialect. General View'' |title=''Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale'', capitolul ''Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală'' |publisher=Editura Universității din București |year=2012 |isbn= 978-606-16-0148-6 |page=674 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Istro-Romanians]]
* [[Istro-Romanian alphabet]]
* [[Istro-Romanian grammar]]
* [[Megleno-Romanian language]]
* [[Common Romanian]]
* [[Substrate in Romanian]]
* [[Balkan sprachbund]] 
* [[Origin of the Romanians]]
* [[Thraco-Roman]] 
* [[Daco-Roman]] 
* [[Eastern Romance languages]]
* [[Romance languages]] 
* [[Legacy of the Roman Empire]]
* [[Istriot language]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dahmen |first=Wolfgang |title=Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik |date=1989 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |volume=3 |location=Tübingen |pages=448–460 |language=de |chapter=Istrorumänisch}}
* {{Cite book |last=Feresini |first=Nerina |title=Il Comune istro-romeno di Valdarsa |date=1996 |publisher=Edizioni Italo Svevo |location=Trieste |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last=Frățilă |first=Vasile |title=Actas del XXIII Congreso internacional de lingüística y filología románica, vol. 3, Sección 4: Semántica léxica, lexicología y onomásticao |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=2003 |editor-last=Sánchez Miret |editor-first=Fernando |location=Tübingen |pages=169–180 |chapter=La terminologia del corpo nel dialetto istroromen |doi=10.1515/9783110929317-018|isbn=9783484503977 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kovačec |first=August |title=Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik s gramatikom i tekstovima (Glosar istroroman-croat cu gramatica si texte) |date=1998 |publisher=Mediteran |isbn=953-96986-1-8 |series=Verba moritura vol. I |location=Pula |pages=378 |language=hr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Popovici |first=Josif |title=Dialectele romîne din Istria |year=1909 |location=Halle |language=ro}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tekavčić |first=Pavao |date=1959 |title=Due voci romene in un dialetto serbo-croato dell'Isola di Veglia (Krk) |journal=Studia Romanica |language=it |volume=7 |pages=35–38}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Vrzić |first1=Zvjezdana |last2=Doričić |first2=Robert |date=2014 |title=Language Contact and Stability of Basic Vocabulary: Croatian Loanwords for Body Parts in Vlashki/Zheyanski (Istro-Romanian) |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/133647?lang=en |journal=Fluminensia |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=105–122}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vrzić |first1=Zvjezdana |title=Language Documentation and Conservation in Europe |last2=Singler |first2=John Victor |date=2016 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-9856211-5-5 |editor-last=Ferreira |editor-first=Vera |series=Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 9 |location=Honolulu |pages=51–68 |language=en |chapter=Identity and Language Shift Among Vlashki/Zheyanski Speakers in Croatia |hdl=10125/24659 |editor-last2=Bouda |editor-first2=Peter |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Peter R. |title=Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian |date=1999 |publisher=LINCOM Europa |isbn=38-9586-599-0 |location=München |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=ruo}}
* [https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI1235747 Vrzić, Zvjezdana. 2018. Documentation of the Vlashki/Zheyanski Language ('ruo'). London: SOAS, Endangered Languages Archive]
* [https://www.istrianet.org/istria/illustri/glavina/works/1905_calindaru/1905_calindaru.pdf ''Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie''] {{in lang|ruo}}, the first book in Istro-Romanian, published by [[Andrei Glavina]] and [[Constantin Diculescu]] in 1905.
* [https://www.istrianet.org/istria/non-istrians/morariu/works/1928_lu_frati_nostri/1928_Lu-frati-nostri.pdf ''Lu frati noștri: libru lu rumeri din Istrie''] {{in lang|ruo}}, the second book in Istro-Romanian, published by [[Alexandru Leca Morariu]] in 1928.

{{Eastern Romance languages and dialects}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Romanian language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istro-Romanian Language}}
[[Category:Istro-Romanian language| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Romance languages]]
[[Category:Endangered diaspora languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Croatia]]
[[Category:Istria]]
[[Category:Severely endangered languages]]