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{{Short description|Nation and ethnic group native to Italy}} {{Redirect|Italian people}} {{Redirect|People of Italy|the newspaper whose name was ''The People of Italy'' in Italian|Il Popolo d'Italia{{!}}''Il Popolo d'Italia}} {{Very long|date=October 2024}} {{Use British English|date=January 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Italians | native_name = {{native name|it|Italiani}} | flag = {{flagicon|Italy}} | image = Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg | population = '''{{Circa|140 million}}''' {{plainlist| * Italy: '''55,551,000'''<ref name="Instat">{{Cite web |title=Indicatori demografici Istat (Italian) |url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115161621/https://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> * [[Italian diaspora|Italian diaspora and ancestry]]: '''{{Circa|80 million}}'''<ref name="askanews">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Sono circa 80 milioni gli oriundi italiani nel mondo |url=https://www.askanews.it/esteri/2020/02/04/sono-circa-80-milioni-gli-oriundi-italiani-nel-mondo-pn_20200204_00081/ |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=it}}</ref>}} | regions = [[Italy]] {{nbsp|6}} 55,551,000<ref name="Instat" /> | region1 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop1 = 32–34 million (incl. ancestry) | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/...}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Argentina}} | pop2 = 20–25 million (incl. ancestry) | ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.progettoculturale.it/...}}</ref><ref name="Matanza">{{Cite web |url=http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/...}}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|United States}} | pop3 = 16–23 million (incl. ancestry) | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Total ancestry categories...}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|France}} | pop4 = 5–6 million (incl. ancestry) | ref4 = <ref name="circe">http://circe.univ-paris3.fr/...</ref><ref name="Italian-World">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2004 |title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre |trans-title=Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures |url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Migranti Torino |language=it}}</ref><ref name="migrantes2019">{{Cite web |title=Fondazione Migrantes |url=https://www.migrantes.it/...}}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Paraguay}} | pop5 = 2–2.5 million (incl. ancestry) | ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cómo obtener la Ciudadanía italiana en 2025 |url=https://www.italotribu.org/...}}</ref><ref name="ABC Color">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.com.py/...}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Colombia}} | pop6 = 2 million (incl. ancestry) | ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/...}}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop7 = 1.5–2 million (incl. ancestry) | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.eluniversal.com/...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/...}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Peru}} | pop8 = 1.6–1.7 million (incl. ancestry) | ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unioneitalianidilima.wordpress.com/...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Error en la dirección de la página |url=https://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.storiologia.it/...}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop9 = 1.5 million (incl. ancestry) | ref9 = <ref name="Italian Canadians">{{Cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/...}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop10 = c. 1.2 million | ref10 = <ref name="Cittadini2021">{{Cite web |title=PARTE QUINTA ALLEGATI SOCIO-STATISTICI |url=https://www.neodemos.info/...}}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop11 = 1.1 million (incl. ancestry) | ref11 = <ref name="abs.gov.au">https://www.abs.gov.au/...</ref><ref name="ABS Ancestry">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/...}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Uruguay}} | pop12 = 1 million (incl. ancestry) | ref12 = <ref name="Italian-World" /> | region13 = {{flag|Switzerland}} | pop13 = 637,417 | ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demoistat |url=https://demo.istat.it/...}}</ref> | region14 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop14 = 600,000 | ref14 = <ref name="Parvex, 2014">Parvex R. (2014). ''[https://journals.openedition.org/...]''</ref> | region15 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | pop15 = 481,382 | ref15 = <ref name="Cittadini2021" /> | region16 = {{flag|Belgium}} | pop16 = 451,825 | ref16 = <ref name="npdata.be">{{Cite web |url=http://www.npdata.be/...}}</ref> | region17 = {{flag|Costa Rica}} | pop17 = 381,316 | ref17 = <ref name="Costa Rica, 5% a 10%">{{Cite web |url=https://www.uned.ac.cr/...}}</ref> | region18 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop18 = 350,981 | ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/...}}</ref> | region19 = {{flag|Mexico}} | pop19 = 85,000 | ref19 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oncetv-ipn.net/...}}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|South Africa}} | pop20 = 77,400 | ref20 = <ref name="Italian-World" /> | region21 = {{flag|Ecuador}} | pop21 = 56,000 | ref21 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le comunità italiane in Cile ed Ecuador — Lombardi nel Mondo |url=http://portale.lombardinelmondo.org/nazioni/americalatina/articoli/storiaemigrazione/leecua |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191805/http://portale.lombardinelmondo.org/nazioni/americalatina/articoli/storiaemigrazione/leecua |archive-date=16 April 2014 |website=portale.lombardinelmondo.org}}</ref> | region22 = {{flag|Netherlands}} | pop22 = 58,506 | ref22 = <ref name="Demoistat">{{Cite web |title=Demoistat |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=AIR&l=it}}</ref> | region23 = {{flag|Austria}} | pop23 = 43,002 | ref23 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region24 = {{flag|Portugal}} | pop24 = 36,227 | ref24 = <ref>{{Citation |title=Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/92dd0f02ea-1726562672/rma-2023.pdf |publisher=Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras}}</ref> | region25 = {{flag|San Marino}} | pop25 = 33,400 | ref25 = <ref name="San Marino country profile">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=San Marino country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17842338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614043133/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17842338 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> | region26 = {{flag|Luxembourg}} | pop26 = 32,810 | ref26 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region27 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop27 = 25,000 | ref27 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region28 = {{flag|Croatia}} | pop28 = 19,636 | ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS Output |url=https://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515215730/https://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=www.dzs.hr}}</ref> | region29 = {{flag|Sweden}} | pop29 = 19,100 | region30 = {{flag|Albania}} | pop30 = 19,000 | ref30 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2014 |title=Italians looking for work in Albania – 19,000, says minister |url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/economics/2014/05/15/italians-looking-for-work-in-albania-19000-says-minister_90ce841c-5f1e-426e-8c09-93af7bdd8cf8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612065312/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/economics/2014/05/15/italians-looking-for-work-in-albania-19000-says-minister_90ce841c-5f1e-426e-8c09-93af7bdd8cf8.html |archive-date=12 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ANSAmed]]}}</ref> | region31 = {{flag|Israel}} | pop31 = 18,015 | ref31 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region32 = {{flag|Bolivia}} | pop32 = 15,000 | ref32 = <ref name="Cittadini2021" /> | region33 = {{flag|Greece}} | pop33 = 13,000 | ref33 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region34 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | pop34 = [[Italians in the United Arab Emirates|12,231]] | ref34 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region35 = {{flag|Denmark}} | pop35 = 12,085 | ref35 = <ref name="Demoistat" /> | region36 = {{flag|Poland}} | pop36 = 10,000 | ref36 = <ref>{{Cite web |last=redazione |title=Z miesiąca na miesiąc rośnie liczba Włochów w Polsce |url=http://naszswiat.net/y-we-w-oszech/zyc-we-wloszech/nasze-sprawy/z-miesiaca-na-miesiac-rosnie-liczba-wlochow-w-polsce.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127031937/http://naszswiat.net/y-we-w-oszech/zyc-we-wloszech/nasze-sprawy/z-miesiaca-na-miesiac-rosnie-liczba-wlochow-w-polsce.html |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Nasz Swiat |language=pl-pl}}</ref> | region37 = {{flag|Thailand}} | pop37 = 10,000 | ref37 = <ref name="Italian Ambassador Residence">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2021 |title=House of Italy |url=https://readthecloud.co/italian-ambassador-residence-bangkok/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=The Cloud}}</ref> | region38 = {{flag|Algeria}} | pop38 = 10,000 }} {{Italians}} '''Italians''' ({{langx|it|italiani}}, {{IPA|it|itaˈljaːni|pron}}) are a [[European peoples|European]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[Italian geographical region]].<ref name="Minahan">{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups |date=2000 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0313309841 |page=156 |quote=The Italians are a Latin people, also known as Mediterranean people |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321014815/http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Italians share a common [[Italian culture|culture]], [[History of Italy|history]], [[Cultural heritage|ancestry]] and [[Italian language|language]]. Their predecessors differ regionally, but generally include populations such as the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Rhaetians]], [[Ligurians]], [[Adriatic Veneti]], [[Magna Graecia|Ancient Greeks]] and [[Italic peoples]], including [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], from which [[Roman people|Romans]] emerged and helped create and evolve the modern Italian identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banti |first=Alberto Mario |year=2011 |title=Miti e simboli della rivoluzione nazionale |trans-title=Myths and Symbols of the National Revolution |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/miti-e-simboli-della-rivoluzione-nazionale_(L%27Unificazione)/ |website=[[Treccani]] |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James D. |date=June 2003 |title=Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ethnic-and-Cultural-Diversity-by-Country.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Economic Growth]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=195–222 |doi=10.1023/A:1024419522867 |issn=1381-4338 |eissn=1573-7020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113094539/https://web.stanford.edu/group/fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ethnic-and-Cultural-Diversity-by-Country.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="istat.it">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Italian language, dialects and other languages |url=https://www.istat.it/en/press-release/the-usage-of-italian-language-dialects-and-other-languages-in-italy-year-2012/ |website=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|Istat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/storiadegliitali0000giul/page/335/mode/1up?q=Roman |title=Storia degli Italiani |publisher=Editori Laterza |year=2009 |isbn=9788842054559 |volume=2 |location=Rome, Italy |language=it |trans-title=History of the Italian People |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Legally, [[Italian nationality law|Italian nationals]] are citizens of [[Italy]], regardless of ancestry or nation of residence (in effect, however, [[Italian nationality law|Italian nationality]] is largely based on ''[[jus sanguinis]]'') and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or from people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula without Italian citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criteria underlying legislation concerning citizenship |url=http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/temi/cittadinanza/Sottotema_007_English_version.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185138/http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/temi/cittadinanza/Sottotema_007_English_version.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Interior (Italy)|Italian Ministry of Interior]]}}</ref><ref>Ruggiero Romano, Corrado Vivanti, (1972). 'I caratteri originali'. In: Giulio Einaudi Editore (ed), Storia d'Italia Einaudi. 1st ed. Torino: Einaudi. pp.958–959.</ref> The Latin equivalent of the [[Name of Italy|term Italian]] had been in use for natives of the [[Italian geographical region|geographical region]] since antiquity.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Epistulae (Pliny)|Letters]]'' 9.23.</ref><ref>[[Dante]], 5th Epistle.</ref><ref>[[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[The Decameron|Decameron]] II, 9</ref><ref>[[Catherine of Siena]], Letter 310</ref><ref>[[Galileo Galilei]], Lettera di Galileo Galilei agl'Illustrissimi e Potentiss. Signori Ordini Generali delle confederate Provincie Belgiche, 1636, in Opere di Galileo Galilei, Società tipografica de' classici italiani, 1811, p. 268</ref> The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country's official language, Italian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]] that evolved from the [[Vulgar Latin]], or a variety thereof, that is [[regional Italian]]. However, some of them also speak a [[regional or minority language]] native to Italy, the existence of which predates the national language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy, Languages – Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712010349/https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Languages |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=britannica.com}}</ref><ref name="worldatlas">{{Cite web |title=What languages are spoken in Italy? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-italy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234553/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-italy.html |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=worldatlas.com}}</ref> Although there is disagreement on the total number, according to [[UNESCO]], there are approximately 30 [[Languages of Italy|languages native to Italy]], although many are often misleadingly referred to as "Italian [[dialect]]s".<ref name="istat">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=The usage of Italian language, dialects and other languages in Italy |url=http://www.istat.it/en/archive/207967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104074650/http://www.istat.it/en/archive/207967 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=istat.it}}</ref><ref name="istat.it" /><ref name="maiden">{{Cite book |last=Maiden |first=Dr. Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dz_LyQF_eAC |title=The Dialects of Italy |last2=Parry |first2=Mair |date=7 March 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134834365 |page=2 |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109130516/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dz_LyQF_eAC&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=9 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218184822/http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> Since 2017, in addition to the approximately 55 million Italians in Italy (91% of the Italian national population),<ref name=Instat/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign citizens 2017 |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2017/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142909/http://www.demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref> Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighboring nations; about a half million are in [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian — University of Leicester |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=.le.ac.uk}}</ref> as well as [[Italians in France|in France]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Cohen |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi |title=The Cambridge survey of world migration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-44405-5 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/142 142]–144 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the entire population of [[San Marino]]. In addition, there are also clusters of Italian speakers in the [[former Yugoslavia]], primarily in [[Istria]], located between in modern [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]] (see: ''[[Istrian Italians]]''), and [[Dalmatia]], located in present-day [[Croatia]] and [[Montenegro]] (see: ''[[Dalmatian Italians]]''). Due to the wide-ranging [[Italian diaspora|diaspora]] following [[Italian unification]] in 1861, [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], (with over 5 million Italian citizens that live outside of Italy)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italiani nel Mondo |url=https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/servizi/italiani-all-estero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322155917/https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/servizi/italiani-all-estero |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |publisher=esteri.it}}</ref> over 80 million people abroad claim full or partial Italian ancestry.<ref name="italians2010">{{Cite web |title=Rapporto Italiani nel Mondo 2010 |url=http://www.progettoculturale.it/cci_new/documenti_cei/2011-03/08-23/4%20-%20Rapp%20Italiani.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033241/http://www.progettoculturale.it/cci_new/documenti_cei/2011-03/08-23/4%20-%20Rapp%20Italiani.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Progettoculturale.it}}</ref> This includes about 60% of [[Argentina]]'s population (''[[Italian Argentines]]''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bridger |first=Gordon A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNgInLwwIoC&pg=PA101 |title=Britain and the Making of Argentina |publisher=WIT Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781845646844 |page=101 |quote=Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcello De Cecco |title=La Argentina y los Europeos sin Europa |url=http://www.zingerling.com.ar/obras/geneitaliana/laargentinayloserupeos.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626202432/http://www.zingerling.com.ar/obras/geneitaliana/laargentinayloserupeos.htm |archive-date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=Zingerling |language=es}}</ref> 1/3 of [[Uruguayans]] (''[[Italian Uruguayans]]''), 15% of [[Brazilians]] (''[[Italian Brazilians]],'' the largest Italian community outside Italy),<ref name="Brazil">{{Cite web |title=Brazil – the Country and its People |url=http://www.brazil.org.uk/resources/documents/bs-primary03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021152752/http://www.brazil.org.uk/resources/documents/bs-primary03.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=www.brazil.org.uk}}</ref> more than 18 million ''[[Italian Americans]]'', and people in other parts of [[Europe]] (e.g. ''[[Italians in Germany]], [[Italians in France]]'' and ''[[Italians in the United Kingdom]]''), the [[American Continent]] (such as ''[[Italian Venezuelans]]'', ''[[Italian Canadians]]'', ''[[Italian Colombian]]s'' and [[Italians in Paraguay]], among others), [[Australasia]] (''[[Italian Australians]]'' and ''[[Italian New Zealanders]]''), and to a lesser extent in the [[Middle East]] ([[Italians in the United Arab Emirates]]). Italians have influenced and contributed to fields like [[Italian art|arts]] and [[Italian Music|music]], [[science]], [[technology]], [[Italian fashion|fashion]], [[Italian cinema|cinema]], [[Italian cuisine|cuisine]], [[restaurant]]s, [[sport]]s, [[jurisprudence]], [[bank]]ing and [[business]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barone |first=Michael |date=2 September 2010 |title=The essence of Italian culture and the challenge of the global age |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IV-5/chapter_vi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922063927/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IV-5/chapter_vi.htm |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and philosophy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Macesich |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC |title=Issues in Money and Banking |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2000 |isbn=0-275-96777-8 |location=United States |page=42 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915091109/https://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Italian cuisine |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |access-date=24 April 2010 |date=2 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716014306/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |archive-date=16 July 2010 |author=Related Articles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cocco |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKud9TM-Fb4C |title=Watching Vesuvius: A History of Science and Culture in Early Modern Italy |date=29 November 2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226923710 |language=en |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823121337/https://books.google.it/books/about/Watching_Vesuvius.html%3Fid%3DqKud9TM-Fb4C%26redir_esc%3Dy |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Bondanella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgOl4LWswLQC&q=Divine+comedy,+first+art+film&pg=PA6 |title=A History of Italian Cinema |publisher=A&C Black |year=2009 |isbn=9781441160690 |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151407/https://books.google.it/books?id=HgOl4LWswLQC&pg=PA6&dq=Divine+comedy,+first+art+film&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjor7u99ZfeAhVPTBoKHWv6CnkQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Divine%20comedy%2C%20first%20art%20film&f=false |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, Italian people are generally known for their attachment to their locale, expressed in the form of either [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] or [[parochialism|municipalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keating |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6meikazgxksC |title=Regions and regionalism in Europe |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-84376-127-0 |location=Cheltenham |page=378 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424063123/https://books.google.com/books?id=6meikazgxksC |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Name== {{further|Name of Italy}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 230px | image1 = | caption1 = Expansion of the territory [[Name of Italy|called ''Italy'']] from [[Magna Graecia|ancient Greece]] until [[Diocletian]] | image2 = Social War AR Syd 621.1.jpg |230 | caption2 = Silver coin minted in [[Corfinium]] during the [[Social War (91–87 BC)]], displaying the inscription ''ITALIA'' on the verge of the [[Italia turrita|personification of Italy]], represented as a goddess with [[laurel wreath]] }} {{wiktionary|Italian|italiano}} Hypotheses for the etymology of the Latin name "Italia" are numerous.<ref name="Manco">Alberto Manco, ''Italia. Disegno storico-linguistico'', 2009, [[Napoli]], L'Orientale, {{ISBN|978-88-95044-62-0}}</ref> One is that it was borrowed via [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] from the [[Oscan language|Oscan]] ''Víteliú'' 'land of calves' (''cf.'' [[Latin|Lat]] ''vitulus'' "calf", [[Umbrian language|Umb]] ''vitlo'' "calf")<!-- and named for the god of cattle, [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] -->.<ref>J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture'' (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), 24.</ref> Greek historian [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after [[Italus]],<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html 1.35], on LacusCurtius</ref> mentioned also by [[Aristotle]]<ref>Aristotle, ''Politics'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1329b#note-link2 7.1329b] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910185719/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1329b |date=10 September 2015 }}, on Perseus</ref> and [[Thucydides]].<ref>Thucydides, ''The Peloponnesian War'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+6.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200 6.2.4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213434/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+6.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200 |date=24 September 2015 }}, on Perseus</ref> According to [[Antiochus of Syracuse]], the term Italy was used by the Greeks to initially refer only to the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula corresponding to the modern province of [[Reggio Calabria|Reggio]] and part of the provinces of [[Catanzaro]] and [[Vibo Valentia]] in [[Southern Italy]]. Nevertheless, by his time the larger concept of [[Oenotria]] and "Italy" had become synonymous and the name also applied to most of [[Lucania]] as well. According to [[Strabo]]'s ''[[Geographica]]'', before the expansion of the [[Roman Republic]], the name was used by Greeks to indicate the land between the [[Strait of Messina]] and the line connecting the [[Gulf of Salerno]] and [[Gulf of Taranto]], corresponding roughly to the current region of [[Calabria]]. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region<ref>Pallottino, M., ''History of Earliest Italy'', trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p. 50</ref> In addition to the "Greek Italy" in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy" covering variable areas of central Italy.<ref>Giovanni Brizzi, Roma. Potere e identità: dalle origini alla nascita dell'impero cristiano, Bologna, Patron, 2012 p. 94</ref> The borders of Roman Italy are better established. [[Cato the Elder]]'s ''[[Origines]]'', the first work of [[history]] composed in [[Latin]], described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the [[Alps]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlà-Uhink |first=Filippo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=cato+italy+south+of+the+Alps&pg=PT49 |title=The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd-1st Century BCE |date=25 September 2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110544787}}</ref> According to Cato and several Roman authors, the Alps formed the "walls of Italy".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levene |first=D. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsRDAAAQBAJ&q=cato+walls+of+Italy&pg=PA108 |title=Livy on the Hannibalic War |date=17 June 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198152958}}</ref> In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the [[Arno]] and [[Rubicon]] rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and ''[[de facto]]'' part of Italy,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlà-Uhink |first=Filippo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454 |title=The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd-1st Century BCE |date=25 September 2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110544787}}</ref> but remained politically and ''[[de jure]]'' separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir [[Octavian]] as a ratification of [[Caesar|Julius Caesar]]'s unpublished acts (''[[Acta Caesaris]]'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=J. H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon |title=Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy |date=29 January 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198153009 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="DRR">{{Cite book |last=Long |first=George |title=Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2 |year=1866 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassius |first=Dio |author-link=Cassius Dio |title=Historia Romana |volume=41 |at=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laffi |first=Umberto |date=1992 |title=La provincia della Gallia Cisalpina |journal=Athenaeum |language=it |issue=80 |pages=5–23}}</ref><ref name="au">{{Cite web |last=Aurigemma |first=Salvatore |title=Gallia Cisalpina |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011134/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |website=treccani.it |publisher=Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it}}</ref> Under Emperor [[Diocletian]] the Roman region called "Italia" was further enlarged with the addition in 292 AD of the three big islands of the western [[Mediterranean Sea]]: [[Sicily]] (with the [[Maltese archipelago]]), [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], coinciding with the whole [[Italian geographical region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy (ancient Roman territory) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232259/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Treccani">{{Cite web |title=La riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'Italia. Costantino, Roma, il Senato e gli equilibri dell'Italia romana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_%28Enciclopedia-Costantiniana%29/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |language=it}}</ref> All its inhabitants were considered ''Italic'' and ''Roman''.<ref name="StraboneItaliaV1.1">[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'', V, 1,1.</ref> The Latin term ''Italicus'' was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a [[Roman province|provincial]]. For example, [[Pliny the Elder]] notably wrote in a letter ''Italicus es an provincialis''? meaning "are you an Italian or a provincial?".<ref>''Letters'' 9.23</ref> The adjective ''italianus'', from which are derived the Italian (and also French and English) name of the Italians, is [[Middle Latin|medieval]] and was used alternatively with Italicus during the [[early modern period]].<ref>''ytaliiens'' (1265) [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/italien TLFi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191636/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/italien |date=29 October 2018 }}</ref> After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], which was caused by the invasion of the [[Ostrogoths]], the [[Kingdom of Italy (Ostrogothic)|Kingdom of Italy]] was created. After the [[Lombards|Lombard]] invasions, "Italia" was retained as the name for [[Kingdom of the Lombards|their kingdom]], and for its [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|successor kingdom]] within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which nominally lasted until 1806, although it had ''de facto'' disintegrated due to [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|factional politics]] pitting the empire against the ascendant [[Italian city-states|city republics]] in the 13th century.<ref>[http://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/comune_medievale.htm {{in lang|it}} Italian "Comuni"]</ref><ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318214257/http://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/comune_medievale.htm |date=2012-03-18 }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|Population history of Italy}} {{further|History of Italy}} ===Roman era=== {{further|Roman Italy|Ancient peoples of Italy|List of ancient Italic peoples|Etruscan civilization|Roman people|Italic peoples|Magna Graecia|Cisalpine Gaul|Ancient Rome}} [[File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|thumb|The [[Capitoline Wolf]] ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Lupa Capitolina'') is a [[bronze]] sculpture depicting a scene from the legend of the [[founding of Rome]]. The sculpture shows a [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|she-wolf]] suckling the mythical twin founders of Rome, [[Romulus and Remus]]. The image of the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus is a symbol of Rome since ancient times, and one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiseman |first=Timothy |title=Remus. Un mito di Roma |publisher=Quasar |year=1999 |isbn=978-8871401485 |page=xiii |language=it}}</ref>]] The [[Italian peninsula]] was divided into a multitude of tribal or ethnic territory prior to the [[Roman expansion in Italy|Roman conquest of Italy]] in the 3rd century BC. After a series of wars between [[Greeks]] and [[Etruscans]], the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], with [[Rome]] as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and completed the conquest of the Italian peninsula by 218 BC. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, beginning with the [[First Punic War]] against [[Carthage]]. In the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the [[Third Punic War]], with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The process of Italian unification, and the associated [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]], culminated in 88 BC, when, in the aftermath of the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]], Rome granted [[socii|its fellow Italian allies]] full rights in [[Roman society]], extending [[Roman citizenship]] to all fellow [[Italic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keaveney |first=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ |title=Rome and the Unification of Italy |publisher=Croom Helm |year=1987 |isbn=9781904675372 |location=London |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711052218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ |archive-date=11 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the [[Roman Republic]]: [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] against [[Gaius Marius]] and his son (88–82 BC), [[Julius Caesar]] against [[Pompey]] (49–45 BC), [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] against [[Mark Antony]] and Octavian (43 BC), and Mark Antony against [[Augustus|Octavian]]. Octavian, the final victor (31 BC), was accorded the title of [[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]] by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] and thereby became the first Roman Emperor. In the 1st century BC, ''Italia'' was still a collection of territories with different political statuses. Some cities, called ''[[municipium|municipia]]'', had some independence from Rome, while others, the ''[[Colonia (Roman)|coloniae]]'', were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, [[Augustus]] divided Italy into eleven ''regiones''. During the [[Crisis of the Third Century]], the [[Roman Empire]] nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasions, military anarchy and civil wars, and hyperinflation. In 284, emperor [[Diocletian]] restored political stability. The importance of Rome declined, because the city was far from the troubled frontiers. The seats of the Caesars became [[Augusta Treverorum]] (on the River [[Rhine]] frontier) for [[Constantius Chlorus]] and [[Sirmium]] (on the River [[Danube]] frontier) for [[Galerius]], who also resided at [[Thessaloniki]]. Under Diocletian, Italy became the ''Dioecesis Italiciana'', subdivided into thirteen provinces, now including [[Raetia]]. Under [[Constantine the Great]], Italy became the [[Praetorian prefecture of Italy]] (''praefectura praetoria Italiae''), and was subdivided into two dioceses. ''Diocesis Italia annonaria'' (Italy of the [[Cura Annonae|annona]], governed from Milan) and ''Diocesis Italia Suburbicaria'' (Italy "under the government of the ''[[wikt:urbs|urbs]]''", i.e. governed from Rome). [[State church of the Roman Empire|Christianity]] became the Roman state religion in AD 380, under Emperor [[Theodosius I]]. The last Western emperor, [[Romulus Augustulus]], was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy, [[Odoacer]]. His defeat marked the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]], and the end of the political unification of Italy until the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Italy in 1861. ===The Middle Ages=== {{further|Italy in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse).png|thumb|upright|left|[[Odoacer]], the first [[King of Italy]]]] [[Odoacer]] ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]], the king of another Germanic tribe, the [[Ostrogoths]]. Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian. After the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak. By 553, emperor [[Justinian I]] expelled the Ostrogoths, and Italy was included into the [[Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty]]. Byzantine rule in much of Italy collapsed by 572 as a result of invasions by another Germanic tribe, the [[Lombards]]. Much of the peninsula was now politically dominated by the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]]; however, remnants of Byzantine control remained, especially in [[Southern Italy]], where the Byzantine Empire retained control into the 11th century until the [[Norman conquest of Southern Italy]]. In addition to the [[Normans]], [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Arabs conquered parts of Southern Italy]] in the 9th century, establishing an [[Emirate of Sicily]] that lasted until it was also eventually overtaken by the Normans in the 11th century. The subsequent interaction between Latin, Byzantine, Arab, and Norman cultures resulted in the formation of a [[Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture]] in Southern Italy. [[File:Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marco Polo]], explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|Book of the Marvels of the World]]'', introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.<ref name="Marco Polo – Exploration">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Marco Polo – Exploration |url=http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/marco-polo |access-date=9 January 2017 |publisher=History.com}}</ref>]] During the 5th and 6th centuries, the popes increased their influence in both religious and political matters in Italy. It was usually the popes who led attempts to protect Italy from invasion or to soften foreign rule. For about 200 years the popes opposed attempts by the Lombards, who had captured most of Italy, to take over Rome as well. The [[pope]]s finally defeated the Lombards with the aid of two Frankish kings, [[Pepin the Short]] and [[Charlemagne]]. Using land won for them by Pepin in 756, the popes established political rule in what were called the [[Papal States]] in central Italy. The Lombards remained a threat to papal power, however, until they were crushed by Charlemagne in 774. Charlemagne added the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]] to his vast realm. In recognition of Charlemagne's power, and to cement the church's alliance with him, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans by [[Pope Leo III]] in 800.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKitterick |first=Rosamond |author-link=Rosamond McKitterick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA105 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-36292-X |location=Cambridge |page=105 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428062727/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA105 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> After Charlemagne's death in 814, his son [[Louis the Pious]] succeeded him. Louis divided the empire among his sons, and Frankish Italy became part of [[Middle Francia]], extending as far south as [[Rome]] and [[Spoleto]]. This [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]] became part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the 10th century, while southern Italy was under the rule of the [[Lombards|Lombard]] [[Principality of Benevento]] or of the [[Byzantine Empire]], in the 12th century absorbed into the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. ===Rise of the city-states and the Renaissance=== {{further|Italian city-states|Italian language#Origins}} [[File:Leonardo self.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leonardo da Vinci]], a [[polymath]] of the [[High Renaissance]] who was active as a painter, [[Drawing|draughtsman]], engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Leonardo da Vinci |encyclopedia=[[Grove Art Online]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401 |last=Kemp |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kemp (art historian) |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |url-access=subscription}} {{Grove Art subscription}}</ref>]] From the 11th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly in independence and importance. They became centres of political life, [[banking]], and foreign trade. Some became wealthy, and many, including [[Florence]], [[Rome]], [[Genoa]], [[Milan]], [[Pisa]], [[Siena]] and [[Venice]], grew into nearly independent city-states and [[maritime republics]]. Each had its own foreign policy and political life. They all resisted, with varying degrees of success, the efforts of noblemen, emperors, and larger foreign powers to control them. The emergence of identifiable [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italian dialects]] from [[Vulgar Latin]], and as such the possibility of a specifically "Italian" ethnic identity, has no clear-cut date, but began in roughly the 12th century. Modern standard Italian derives from the written vernacular of [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] writers of the 12th century. The recognition of Italian vernaculars as literary languages in their own right began with ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'', an essay written by [[Dante Alighieri]] at the beginning of the 14th century. During the 14th and 15th centuries, some Italian city-states ranked among the most important powers of Europe. Venice, in particular, had become a major maritime power, and the city-states as a group acted as a conduit for goods from the Byzantine and Islamic empires. In this capacity, they provided great impetus to the developing [[Renaissance]], began in Florence in the 14th century,<ref name="Burke1998">{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWKnnbajUUQC |title=The European Renaissance: Centers and Peripheries |publisher=Wiley |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-631-19845-1 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430005436/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWKnnbajUUQC |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and led to an unparalleled flourishing of the arts, literature, music, and science. [[File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Italian explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|His voyages]] are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a [[Early modern period|new era]] in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.]] However, the city-states were often troubled by violent disagreements among their citizens. The most famous division was between the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]. The Guelphs supported supreme rule by the pope, and the Ghibellines favoured the emperor. City-states often took sides and waged war against each other. During the Renaissance, Italy became an even more attractive prize to foreign conquerors. After some city-states asked for outside help in settling disputes with their neighbours, King [[Charles VIII of France]] marched into Italy in 1494; he soon withdrew, showing that the Italian peninsula's delicate equilibrium could be taken advantage of. After the [[Italian Wars]], Spain emerged as the dominant force in the region. Venice, Milan, and other city-states retained at least some of their former greatness during this period, as did [[Savoy]]-Piedmont, protected by the Alps and well defended by its vigorous rulers. [[File:Amerigo Vespucci (with turban) - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amerigo Vespucci]], Italian explorer from whose name the term "[[Naming of the Americas|America]]" is derived<ref name="livescience.com">https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html Szalay, Jessie. ''Amerigo Vespuggi: Facts, Biography & Naming of America'' (citing Erika Cosme of Mariners Museum & Park, Newport News VA). 20 September 2017 (accessed 23 June 2019)</ref>]] Italian<ref>Though the modern state of Italy had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the [[#Name|term Italian]] had been in use for natives of [[Italian geographical region|the region]] since antiquity. See [[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Epistulae (Pliny)|Letters]]'' 9.23.</ref> [[List of Italian explorers|explorers]] and navigators from the dominant maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies in order to bypass the [[Ottoman Empire]], offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played a key role in ushering the [[Age of Discovery]] and the European colonization of the Americas. The most notable among them were: [[Christopher Columbus]] ({{langx|it|Cristoforo Colombo|links=no}} {{IPA|it|kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo|}}), colonist in the name of Spain, who is credited with discovering the New World and the opening of the Americas for conquest and settlement by Europeans;<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, ''Christopher Columbus'', 1955 ed., pp. 14ff</ref> [[John Cabot]] ({{langx|it|Giovanni Caboto|links=no}} {{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto|}}), sailing for England, who was the first European to set foot in "New Found Land" and explore parts of the North American continent in 1497;<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=''Catholic Encyclopedia'' "John & Sebastian Cabot" |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03126d.htm |access-date=17 May 2008 |publisher=newadvent}}</ref> [[Amerigo Vespucci]], sailing for Portugal, who first demonstrated in about 1501 that the New World (in particular Brazil) was not Asia as initially conjectured, but a fourth continent previously unknown to people of the Old World (the name of "[[Naming of the Americas|America]]" derives from his first name<ref name="livescience.com" />);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eric Martone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |isbn=9781610699952 |page=504}}</ref> and [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]], at the service of France, renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greene |first=George Washington |author-link=George Washington Greene |url={{Google books|1qsuAAAAYAAJ|page=PA13|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano |publisher=Folsom, Wells, and Thurston |year=1837 |location=Cambridge University |page=13 |access-date=18 August 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ===The French Revolution and Napoleon=== {{Main|Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Laura bassi1.jpg | width1 = 181 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Laura Bassi]], the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies | image2 = Giuseppe Compagnoni.jpg | width2 = 158 | alt2 = | caption2 =[[Giuseppe Compagnoni]], considered the "father of the [[flag of Italy]]" }} The French Revolution and Napoleon influenced Italy more deeply than they affected any other outside country of Europe. The [[French Revolution]] began in 1789 and immediately found supporters among the Italian people. The local Italian rulers, sensing danger in their own country, drew closer to the European kings who opposed France. After the French king was overthrown and France became a republic, secret clubs favouring an Italian republic were formed throughout Italy. The armies of the French Republic began to move across Europe. In 1796, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] led a French army into northern Italy and drove out the Austrian rulers. Once again, Italy was the scene of battle between the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] and the French. Wherever France conquered, Italian republics were set up, with constitutions and legal reforms. Napoleon made himself emperor in 1804, and part of northern and central Italy was unified under the name of the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as king. The rest of northern and central Italy was annexed by France. Only Sicily, where [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|the Bourbon king]] had taken refuge upon the French invasion of Naples, and the island of Sardinia, which had been ceded to the Alpine [[House of Savoy]] in 1720 and had remained under their rule ever since, were not under French control. French domination lasted less than 20 years, and it differed from previous foreign control of the Italian peninsula. In spite of heavy taxation and frequent harshness, the French introduced representative assemblies and new laws that were the same for all parts of the country. For the first time since the days of ancient Rome, Italians of different regions used the same money and served in the same army. Many Italians began to see the possibility of a united Italy free of foreign control. [[Flags of Napoleonic Italy|During the Napoleonic era]], in 1797, the first official adoption of the [[Flag of Italy|Italian tricolour]] as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the [[Cispadane Republic]], a Napoleonic [[sister republic]] of [[Revolutionary France]], took place, on the basis of the events following the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated the national [[self-determination]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maiorino |first=Tarquinio |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera |last2=Marchetti Tricamo |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year=2002 |isbn=978-88-04-50946-2 |page=156 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="The tri-coloured standard">[http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm The tri-coloured standard].Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm |date=23 February 2008}}</ref> This event is celebrated by the [[Tricolour Day]].<ref name="miolegale">Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag")</ref> The [[Italian national colours]] appeared for the first time on [[Cockade of Italy|a tricolour cockade]] in 1789,<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli |p. 662">{{Cite journal |last=Ferorelli |first=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |language=it |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |pages=662}}</ref> anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military [[war flag]], which was adopted by the [[Lombard Legion]] in 1796.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarozzi |first=Fiorenza |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore |last2=Vecchio |first2=Giorgio |publisher=Il Mulino |year=1999 |isbn=88-15-07163-6 |pages=67–68 |language=it}}</ref> The first red, white and green national flag of a sovereign Italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the [[Cispadane Republic]] (1797), on the proposal of deputy [[Giuseppe Compagnoni]], decreed "to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours, green, white, and red ...":<ref name="The tri-coloured standard" /> For having proposed the green, white and red tricolour flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni is considered the "father of the Italian flag".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maiorino |first=Tarquinio |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera |last2=Marchetti Tricamo |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year=2002 |isbn=978-88-04-50946-2 |page=157 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarozzi |first=Fiorenza |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore |last2=Vecchio |first2=Giorgio |publisher=Il Mulino |year=1999 |isbn=88-15-07163-6 |page=9 |language=it}}</ref> ===Italian unification and the Kingdom of Italy=== {{Main|Italian unification|Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|Kingdom of Italy}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = Induno Domenico Goffredo Mameli.jpg | width1 = 170 | alt1 = Goffredo Mameli | image2 = Michele novaro.jpg | width2 = 152 | alt2 = Michele Novaro | footer = On the left, [[Goffredo Mameli]], author of the lyrics; on the right, [[Michele Novaro]], composer of the music, of the song ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]'', the Italian [[national anthem]] since 1946 }} After the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the reaction set in with the [[Congress of Vienna]] allowed the restoration of many of the old rulers and systems under Austrian domination. The concept of nationalism continued strong, however, and sporadic outbreaks led by such inveterate reformers as [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] occurred in several parts of the peninsula down to 1848–49. In this context, in 1847, the first public performance of the song ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]'', the Italian [[national anthem]] since 1946, took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maiorino |first=Tarquinio |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera |last2=Marchetti Tricamo |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year=2002 |isbn=978-88-04-50946-2 |page=18 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fratelli d'Italia |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno |access-date=1 October 2021 |language=it}}</ref> ''Il Canto degli Italiani'', written by [[Goffredo Mameli]] set to music by [[Michele Novaro]], is also known as the ''Inno di Mameli'', after the author of the lyrics, or ''Fratelli d'Italia'', from its [[incipit|opening line]]. The [[unification of Italy]] was brought to a successful conclusion under the guidance of [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour]], prime minister of Piedmont. Cavour managed to unite most of Italy under the headship of [[Victor Emmanuel II]] of the house of Savoy, and on 17 March 1861, the [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed]] with Victor Emmanuel II as king. [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], the popular republican hero of Italy, contributed much to this achievement with the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] and to the subsequent incorporation of the Papal States under the Italian monarch. {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = VictorEmmanuel2.jpg | width1 = 139 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 =Tuminello, Lodovico (1824-1907) - Cavour cropped.jpg | width2 = 158 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] (''left'') and [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] (''right''), leading figures in the [[Italian unification]], became respectively the first king and first Prime Minister of unified Italy. }} Cavour handed [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] over to [[France]] at the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], a decision that was the consequence of the [[Plombières Agreement]], on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the [[Niçard exodus]], which was the emigration of a quarter of the [[Niçard Italians]] to Italy,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2017 |title="Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi |url=https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |language=it}}</ref> and the [[Niçard Vespers]]. [[Capture of Rome|Italian troops occupied Rome]] in 1870, and in July 1871, this formally became the capital of the kingdom. [[Pope Pius IX]], a longtime rival of Italian kings, stated he had been made a "prisoner" inside the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] walls and refused to cooperate with the royal administration. Only in 1929 did the Roman Pope accept the unified Italy with [[Rome]] as capital. [[World War I]] has been interpreted as completing the process of Italian unification, with the annexation of Trieste, [[Istria]], [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] and [[Zadar|Zara]]. After World War I, Italy emerged as one of the [[Big Four (World War I)|four great powers]] after the victory of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. In the decades following unification, Italy began creating colonies in [[Africa]], and under [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|fascist regime]] conquered [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]], founding the [[Italian Empire]] in 1936. The population of Italy grew to 45 million in 1940 and the economy, which had been based upon agriculture until that time, started its industrial development, mainly in northern Italy. [[World War II]] soon severely damaged Italy and destroyed its colonial power. ===The Italian Republic=== {{Main|History of the Italian Republic}} [[File:Alcide De Gasperi anni 50.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alcide De Gasperi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union|Founding Fathers of the European Union]]]] Between 1945 and 1948, the outlines of a new Italy began to appear. [[Victor Emmanuel III]] gave up the throne on 9 May 1946, and his son, [[Umberto II]], became king. On 2 June Italy held its first free election after 20 years of Fascist rule (the so-called ''Ventennio''). Italians [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|chose a republic to replace the monarchy]], which had been closely associated with [[Fascism]]. They elected a [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]], which was formed by the representatives of all the [[anti-fascist]] forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the [[Italian Civil War]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGaw Smyth |first=Howard |date=September 1948 |title=Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=205–222 |doi=10.2307/442274 |jstor=442274}}</ref> to prepare a new democratic constitution. The Assembly approved the new [[Italian constitution]] in 1947, which came into force on 1 January 1948. [[File:Esule con tricolore - Esodo giuliano-dalmata.png|thumb|A young Italian exile on the run carries, along with her personal effects, a [[flag of Italy]], during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]].]] Under the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] was annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] causing the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic [[Istro-Romanians]], choosing to maintain [[Italian citizenship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobagi |first=Benedetta |title=La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |access-date=28 January 2015 |publisher=Treccani.it}}</ref> In 1949 Italy became a member of [[NATO]]. The [[Marshall Plan]] helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "[[Italian economic miracle|Economic Miracle]]". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), which became the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1993. Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993 perpetrated by the [[Sicilian Mafia]] as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "[[Maxi Trial]]", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges [[Giovanni Falcone]] (23 May in the [[Capaci bombing]]) and [[Paolo Borsellino]] (19 July in the [[Via D'Amelio bombing]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2012 |title=New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack |url=https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml |publisher=corriere.it}}</ref> One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the [[Via dei Georgofili bombing|Via dei Georgofili]] in Florence, [[Via Palestro massacre|Via Palestro]] in Milan, and the Piazza [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [[Uffizi Gallery]]. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<ref name="Dickie2007p416">{{Cite book |last=John Dickie |title=Cosa Nostra. A History of the Sicilian Mafia |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2007 |isbn=978-0340935262 |page=416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentenza del processo di 1º grado a Francesco Tagliavia per le stragi del 1993 |url=http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia – XVI LEGISLATURA (PDF). |url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf}}</ref> Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino were named as heroes of the last 60 years in 13 November 2006 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.<ref name="timeheroes">{{Cite magazine |last=ISRAELY |first=JEFF |date=24 October 2006 |title=Giovanni Falcone & Paolo Borsellino |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829095322/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |magazine=Time |via=content.time.com}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Italy}} [[File:The Pantheon.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the [[Fontana del Pantheon]]. Roman relics and Roman culture are important symbols in Italy.|alt=]] [[Italy]] is considered one of the birthplaces of [[Western culture|Western civilization]]<ref>Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. {{ISBN|978-1-111-83169-1}}.</ref> and a [[Power (international relations)#Power as status|cultural superpower]]. Italy has been described as a "cultural superpower" by several news outlets,<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower Arab news]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226231012/http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower |date=26 December 2014 }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html the Washington Post]</ref><ref>[http://m.theaustralian.com.au/arts/italys-cultural-superpower-status-at-stake/story-e6frg8n6-1111113103044 The Australian] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141226233723/http://m.theaustralian.com.au/arts/italys-cultural-superpower-status-at-stake/story-e6frg8n6-1111113103044 |date=2014-12-26 }}</ref> the Italian consul general in San Francisco,<ref>http://italoamericano.com/story/2012-11-8/InterviewGeneralConsulSF#.VJgPzYA1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127074301/http://italoamericano.com/story/2012-11-8/InterviewGeneralConsulSF#.VJgPzYA1 |date=27 November 2015 }}</ref> the former Foreign Affairs Minister Giulio Terzi<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html</ref> and the U.S. President Barack Obama.<ref>http://www.laquilablog.it/obama-litalia-superpotenza-culturale/48727-0409/</ref> Italian culture is the culture of the Italians and is incredibly diverse spanning the entirety of the [[Italian Peninsula|Italian peninsula]] and the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]. Italy has been the starting point of phenomena of international impact such as the [[Roman Republic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman Empire]], the [[Roman Catholic Church]], the [[Maritime republics]], [[Romanesque art]], [[Scholasticism]], the [[Renaissance]], the [[Age of Discovery]], [[Mannerism]], the [[Scientific revolution]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=I. Bernard |date=1965 |title=Reviewed work: The Scientific Renaissance, 1450-1630, Marie Boas |journal=Isis |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=240–242 |doi=10.1086/349987 |jstor=227945}}</ref> the [[Baroque]], [[Neoclassicism]], the [[Risorgimento]], [[Fascism]],<ref>Peter Davies; Derek Lynch (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. pp. 1–5.</ref> and [[European integration]]. Italy also became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the [[University of Bologna]], the [[list of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest university in continuous operation]], and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word ''universitas'' was coined at its foundation.<ref name="Top Universities">[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ Top Universities] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=17 January 2009 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 6 January 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul L. Gaston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18 |title=The Challenge of Bologna |publisher=Stylus |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-57922-366-3 |page=18 |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''], Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55</ref> Many other Italian universities soon followed. For example, the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]], in southern Italy, was the first medical school in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laura |first=Lynn Windsor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&pg=PA202 |title=Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-57607-392-0 |location=Santa Barbara |page=202 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624205653/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&pg=PA202 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These great centres of learning presaged the ''Rinascimento'': the European Renaissance began in Italy and was fueled throughout Europe by Italian painters, sculptors, architects, scientists, literature masters and music composers. Italy continued its leading cultural role through the [[Baroque]] period and into the Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians re-established a strong presence in music. [[File:Archiginnasio ora blu Bologna.jpg|thumb|[[Bologna University]], established in AD 1088, is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's oldest university in continuous operation]].]] [[File:Vittoriano Altare della Patria 2013-09-16.jpg|thumb|The [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]] in Rome, a [[National symbols of Italy|national symbol of Italy]] celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th [[Anniversary of the Unification of Italy]].]] Italian explorers and navigators in the 15th and 16th centuries left a perennial mark on human history with the modern "discovery of America", due to the [[Genoa|Genoese]] explorer [[Christopher Columbus]]. In addition, the name of "[[Naming of the Americas|America]]" derives from the geographer [[Amerigo Vespucci]]'s first name.<ref name="livescience.com" /> Also noted is [[Marco Polo]], explorer of the 13th century, who recorded his 24 years-long travels in the ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|Book of the Marvels of the World]]'', introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.<ref name="Marco Polo – Exploration" /> The country boasts several world-famous cities. [[Rome]] was the ancient capital of the Roman Empire, seat of the Pope of the Catholic Church, capital of reunified Italy and artistic, cultural and cinematographic centre of world relevance. [[Florence]] was the heart of the [[Renaissance]], a period of great achievements in [[the arts]] at the end of the Middle Ages.<ref>Zirpolo, Lilian H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QPqWxHwdMNAC&pg=PA154 ''The A to Z of Renaissance Art.''] Scarecrow Press, 2009. pp. 154-156. Web. 16 July 2012.</ref> Other important cities include [[Turin]], which used to be the capital of Italy, and is now one of the world's great centers of automobile engineering. [[Milan]] is the industrial and financial capital of Italy and one of the world's [[fashion capital]]s. [[Venice]], former capital of a [[Republic of Venice|major financial and maritime power]] from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, with its intricate canal system attracts tourists from all over the world especially during the [[Venetian Carnival]] and the [[Biennale]]. [[Naples]], with the largest historic city centre in Europe and the oldest continuously active public opera house in the world ([[Teatro di San Carlo]]). [[Bologna]] is the main transport hub of the country, as well as the home of a [[Italian cuisine#Emilia-Romagna|worldwide famous cuisine]].<ref name="Top Universities" /> Due to comparatively late national unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the Italian peninsula, many traditions and customs of the Italians can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of the Western world remain immense. Famous elements of Italian culture are its [[opera]] and music, its iconic gastronomy and food, which are commonly regarded as amongst the most popular in the world,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mariani |first=John F. |url=https://archive.org/details/howitalianfoodco0000mari |title=How Italian Food Conquered the World |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-10439-6 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/howitalianfoodco0000mari/page/15 15] |url-access=registration}}</ref> its [[Italian film|cinema]] (with filmmakers such as [[Federico Fellini]], [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], [[Mario Monicelli]], [[Sergio Leone]], etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan and Florence are regarded as some of the few [[fashion capital]]s of the world). [[National symbols of Italy]] are the [[symbol]]s that uniquely identify [[Italy]] reflecting [[History of Italy|its history]] and [[Culture of Italy|culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=England's National Symbols |url=http://www.england.org.za/national-symbols.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024114941/http://www.england.org.za/national-symbols.php |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=england.org.za |quote=National symbols are defined as the symbols or icons of a national community (such as England), used to represent that community in a way that unites its people.}}</ref> They are used to represent the [[Nation]] through [[emblem]]s, [[metaphor]]s, [[personification]]s, [[Allegory|allegories]], which are shared by the entire Italian people. Some of them are official, i.e. they are recognized by the Italian state authorities, while others are part of the identity of the country without being defined by law. [[File:Palio di Siena - Assunta 2011 - Torre 2.jpg|thumb|The first edition of the [[Palio di Siena]] took place in 1633.<ref name="ilpalio">{{Cite web |title=The Palio Horse Race - All the victories at the Palio di Siena from 1633 to 1691 |url=http://www.ilpalio.org/vittorie1633-1691.html |access-date=15 September 2016 |publisher=Ilpalio.org}}</ref>]] [[Traditions of Italy]] are sets of [[tradition]]s, [[belief]]s, [[value (ethics)|value]]s, and [[Convention (norm)|custom]]s that belongs within the [[Culture of Italy|culture]] of Italian people. These traditions have influenced life in [[Italy]] for centuries, and are still practiced in modern times. Italian [[tradition]]s are directly connected to Italy's ancestors, which says even more about [[Italian history]]. [[Folklore of Italy]] refers to the [[folklore]] and [[urban legends]] of [[Italy]]. Within the Italian territory, various peoples have followed one another over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from [[Christianization]], especially those concerning [[Devil|demons]], which are sometimes recognized by Christian [[demonology]]. Italian folklore also includes [[Italian folk dance]], [[Italian folk music]] and [[folk hero]]es. [[Women in Italy]] refers to females who are from (or reside in) [[Italy]]. The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during the past decades. This includes [[family law]]s, the enactment of [[discrimination|anti-discrimination measures]], and reforms to the penal code (in particular with regard to crimes of violence against women).<ref name="europarl.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=The Policy on Gender Equality in Italy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/493052/IPOL-FEMM_NT%282014%29493052_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004439/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/493052/IPOL-FEMM_NT%282014%29493052_EN.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> After [[World War II]], women were given the right to vote in [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]. The new [[Italian Constitution]] of 1948 affirmed that women had equal rights. It was not however until the 1970s that women in Italy scored some major achievements with the introduction of laws regulating divorce (1970), abortion (1978), and the approval in 1975 of the new family code. Today, women have the same legal rights as men in Italy, and have mainly the same job, business, and education opportunities.<ref name="kwin">{{Cite web |title=Professional Translation Services Agency — Kwintessential London |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Italy/Women%E2%80%99s-Rights-in-Italy/314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114112325/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Italy/Women%E2%80%99s-Rights-in-Italy/314 |archive-date=2010-01-14 |access-date=2010-01-13}}</ref> [[Italian cuisine]] is a [[Mediterranean cuisine]]<ref name="DavidRisotto">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth David |title=A Book of Mediterranean Food |title-link=A Book of Mediterranean Food |date=1988 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley [John Lehmann] |isbn=978-0140273281 |pages=101–103 |orig-year=1950}}</ref> consisting of the [[ingredient]]s, [[recipe]]s and [[List of cooking techniques|cooking techniques]] developed across the [[Italian Peninsula]] since [[Ancient Roman cuisine|antiquity]], and later spread around the world together with waves of [[Italian diaspora]].<ref name="Italian Food">{{Cite web |title=Italian Food |url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/food-articles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508201127/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/food-articles |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=Life in Italy}}</ref><ref name="The History of Italian Cuisine I">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=The History of Italian Cuisine I |url=https://www.lifeinitaly.com/history-of-food/the-history-of-italian-cuisine-i |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Life in Italy}}</ref><ref name="Thoms">{{Cite web |last=Thoms |first=Ulrike |title=From Migrant Food to Lifestyle Cooking: The Career of Italian Cuisine in Europe Italian Cuisine |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/economic-migration/ulrike-thoms-from-migrant-food-to-lifestyle-cooking-the-career-of-italian-cuisine-in-europe |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=EGO (ieg-ego.eu) |language=en}}</ref> Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the [[Regions of Italy|regional]] gastronomies, different from each other, especially between [[Northern Italy|the north]], [[Central Italy|the centre]] and [[Southern Italy|the south]] of Italy, which are in continuous exchange.<ref name="Related Articles">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Italian cuisine |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |access-date=24 April 2010 |date=2 January 2009 |author=Related Articles}}</ref><ref name="Indigo Guide">{{Cite web |title=Italian Food – Italy's Regional Dishes & Cuisine |url=http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102020059/http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 |access-date=24 April 2010 |publisher=Indigo Guide}}</ref><ref name="Regional Italian Cuisine">{{Cite web |title=Regional Italian Cuisine |url=http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm |access-date=24 April 2010 |publisher=Rusticocooking.com}}</ref> Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country.<ref name="Cronistoria della cucina italiana">{{Cite web |title=Cronistoria della cucina italiana |url=https://www.viedelgusto.it/piccola-storia-della-cucina-italiana/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="treccani.it">{{Cite web |title=Piatti regionali a diffusione nazionale |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/scoperta-e-invenzione-della-cucina-regionale_%28L%27Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%29/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=it}}</ref> Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]].<ref name="Freeman">{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Nancy |date=2 March 2007 |title=American Food, Cuisine |url=http://www.sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us/ |access-date=24 April 2010 |publisher=Sallybernstein.com}}</ref> The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by [[chef]]s, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily [[cooking]], respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.<ref name="cibo360.it">{{Cite web |title=Individualità territoriale e stagionalità nella cucina italiana |url=https://www.cibo360.it/cucina/mondo/cucina_italiana.htm |access-date=5 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="gqitalia.it">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2016 |title=Regole e stagionalità della cucina italiana |url=https://www.gqitalia.it/lifestyle/food-drinks/2016/12/02/le-5-regole-fondamentali-della-cucina-italiana |access-date=5 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="Nonne come chef">{{Cite web |title=Nonne come chef |url=https://www.sololibri.net/Le-ricette-della-nonna-Alla.html |access-date=5 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref> ==Philosophy== {{Main|Italian philosophy}} [[File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Niccolò Machiavelli]], the founder of modern political science and ethics|alt=]] Over the ages, [[Italian literature]] had a vast influence on Western philosophy, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and going onto Renaissance, [[Age of Enlightenment|The Enlightenment]] and modern philosophy. Italian medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included several important philosophers and theologians such as St [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Aquinas was the student of [[Albertus Magnus|Albert the Great]], a brilliant [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] experimentalist, much like the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]], [[Roger Bacon]] of [[Oxford]] in the 13th century. Aquinas reintroduced [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] to Christianity. He believed that there was no contradiction between faith and secular reason. He believed that Aristotle had achieved the pinnacle in the human striving for truth and thus adopted Aristotle's philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological and philosophical outlook. He was a professor at the prestigious [[University of Paris]]. Italy was also affected by the Enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the [[Renaissance]] and changed the road of Italian philosophy.<ref name="history-world.org">{{Cite web |title=The Enlightenment throughout Europe |url=http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=history-world.org}}</ref> Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of [[Milan]], Rome and [[Venice]]. Cities with important universities such as [[Padua]], [[Bologna]] and [[Naples]], however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]] (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)<ref name="maritain.nd.edu">{{Cite web |title=History of Philosophy 70 |url=http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=maritain.nd.edu}}</ref> and [[Antonio Genovesi]].<ref name="history-world.org" /> Italian society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as [[Leopold II of Tuscany]] abolishing the death penalty. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as [[Alessandro Volta]] and [[Luigi Galvani]] discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.<ref name="history-world.org" /> [[Cesare Beccaria]] was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers and is now considered one of the fathers of [[Classical school (criminology)|classical criminal theory]] as well as modern [[penology]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hostettler |first=John |title=Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments' |date=2011 |publisher=Waterside Press |isbn=978-1904380634 |location=Hampshire |page=160}}</ref> Beccaria is famous for his masterpiece ''[[On Crimes and Punishments]]'' (1764), a treatise (later translated into 22 languages) that served as one of the earliest prominent condemnations of [[torture]] and the [[death penalty]] and thus a landmark work in [[anti-death penalty]] philosophy.<ref name="history-world.org" /> [[File:Idealisti italiani.png|thumb|315px|[[Benedetto Croce]] (''left'') and [[Giovanni Gentile]] (''right''), the two greatest exponents of the [[Italian idealism]]]] Some of the most prominent philosophies and ideologies in Italy during the late 19th and 20th centuries include [[anarchism]], [[communism]], [[socialism]], [[futurism]], [[fascism]], and [[Christian democracy]]. [[Antonio Rosmini]], instead, was the founder of [[Italian idealism]]. Both futurism and fascism (in its original form, now often distinguished as [[Italian fascism]]) were developed in Italy at this time. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Italian Fascism was the official philosophy and ideology of the Italian government led by Benito Mussolini. [[Giovanni Gentile]] was one of the most significant 20th-century Idealist/Fascist philosophers. Meanwhile, anarchism, communism, and socialism, though not originating in Italy, took significant hold in Italy during the early 20th century, with the country producing numerous significant [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian anarchists]], socialists, and communists. In addition, [[anarcho-communism]] first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the [[First International]].<ref name="Nunzio Pernicone pp. 111-113">Nunzio Pernicone, ''Italian Anarchism 1864–1892'', pp. 111–113, AK Press 2009.</ref> [[Antonio Gramsci]] remains an important philosopher within [[Marxist]] and communist theory, credited with creating the theory of [[cultural hegemony]]. Early [[Feminism in Italy|Italian feminists]] include [[Sibilla Aleramo]], [[Alaide Gualberta Beccari]], and [[Anna Maria Mozzoni]], though proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by earlier Italian writers such as [[Christine de Pizan]], [[Moderata Fonte]], and [[Lucrezia Marinella]]. Italian physician and educator [[Maria Montessori]] is credited with the creation of the [[Montessori education|philosophy of education that bears her name]], an educational philosophy now practiced throughout the world.<ref name="Montessori">{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Montessori Method |url=https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/Introduction-to-Montessori |publisher=American Montessori Society}}</ref> [[Giuseppe Peano]] was one of the founders of analytic philosophy and contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Recent analytic philosophers include [[Carlo Penco]], [[Gloria Origgi]], [[Pieranna Garavaso]] and [[Luciano Floridi]].<ref name="Garin">{{Cite book |last=Garin |first=Eugenio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC |title=History of Italian Philosophy |publisher=VIBS |year=2008 |isbn=9789042023215}}</ref> ==Literature== {{Main|Italian literature}} [[File:Dante03.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dante Alighieri]], whose works helped establish modern [[Italian language]], is considered one of the greatest poets of the [[Middle Ages]]. His epic poem ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' ranks among the finest works of [[world literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Bloom |url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich |title=The Western Canon |publisher=Harcourt Brace |year=1994 |isbn=9780151957477 |url-access=registration}} See also [[Western canon]] for other "canons" that include the ''Divine Comedy''.</ref>]] Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome.<ref>Duckworth, George Eckel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3 ''The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.''] University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011.</ref> Latin literature was, and still is, highly influential in the world, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Pliny the Younger]], [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], [[Propertius]], [[Ovid]] and [[Livy]]. The Romans were also famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama and epigrams.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|LHA_SydyKOYC|page=PA39|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts. |date=2011 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-490-5 |access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> In early years of the 13th century, St. [[Francis of Assisi]] was considered the first Italian poet by literary critics, with his religious song ''[[Canticle of the Sun]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|3uq0bObScHMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-66622-0 |editor-last=Brand |editor-first=Peter |chapter=2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.) |access-date=31 December 2015 |editor-last2=Pertile |editor-first2=Lino |editor-link2=Lino Pertile |chapter-url={{Google books|3uq0bObScHMC|page=PA5|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Italian literature may be unearthed back to the [[Middle Ages]], with the most significant poets of the period being [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Petrarch]], and [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]. During the [[Renaissance]], humanists such as [[Leonardo Bruni]], [[Coluccio Salutati]] and [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, like Petrarch's disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence, and thus had access to book copying workshops. [[File:Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Alessandro Manzoni.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Alessandro Manzoni]] is famous for the novel ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|The Betrothed]]'' (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Alessandro Manzoni | Italian author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Manzoni |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> He contributed to the nationwide use of the Italian language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed |url=http://manzoni.classicauthors.net/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718073016/http://manzoni.classicauthors.net/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed1.html |archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>]] In the 18th century, the political condition of the Italian states began to improve, and philosophers disseminated their writings and ideas throughout [[Europe]] during the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. [[Apostolo Zeno]] and [[Metastasio]] are two of the notable figures of the age. [[Carlo Goldoni]], a Venetian playwright and librettist, created the comedy of character. The leading figure of the 18th-century Italian literary revival was [[Giuseppe Parini]]. One of the most remarkable poets of the early 19th and 20th century writers was [[Giacomo Leopardi]], who is widely acknowledged to be one of the most radical and challenging thinkers of the 19th century.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/115276/giacomo-leopardis-zibaldone-reviewed-adam-kirsch The Least Known Masterpiece of European Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822050017/https://newrepublic.com/article/115276/giacomo-leopardis-zibaldone-reviewed-adam-kirsch |date=22 August 2017 }}, New Republic</ref><ref>[http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/leopardi/projects/index.aspx The Zibaldone project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523011333/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/leopardi/projects/index.aspx |date=23 May 2015 }}, University of Birmingham</ref> The main instigator of the reform was the Italian poet and novelist [[Alessandro Manzoni]], notable for being the author of the historical novel ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|I promessi sposi]]'' (''The Betrothed'', 1827–1842). [[Italo Svevo]], the author of ''La coscienza di Zeno'' (1923), and [[Luigi Pirandello]] (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature), who explored the shifting nature of reality in his prose fiction and such plays as ''Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore'' (''[[Six Characters in Search of an Author]]'', 1921). [[Federigo Tozzi]] and [[Giuseppe Ungaretti]] were well-known novelists, critically appreciated only in recent years, and regarded one of the forerunners of [[existentialism]] in the European novel. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] from 1889 to 1910, nationalist poet [[Giosuè Carducci]] in 1906, realist writer [[Grazia Deledda]] in 1926, modern theatre author [[Luigi Pirandello]] in 1936, short stories writer [[Italo Calvino]] in 1960, poets [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] in 1959 and [[Eugenio Montale]] in 1975, [[Umberto Eco]] in 1980, and satirist and theatre author [[Dario Fo]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes in Literature |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/ |archive-date=29 May 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Nobelprize.org}}</ref> == Theatre == {{main|Theatre of Italy}} [[File:Alessandro Longhi - Ritratto di Carlo Goldoni (c 1757) Ca Goldoni Venezia.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Carlo Goldoni]]]] [[Italian theatre]] originates from the [[Middle Ages]], with its background dating back to the times of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] colonies of [[Magna Graecia]], in [[Southern Italy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia |url=https://www.melogranoarte.it/storia-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=it}}</ref> the theatre of the [[Italic peoples]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana |url=https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itinerari/itinerario/storiateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=it}}</ref> and the [[theatre of ancient Rome]]. It can therefore be assumed that there were two main lines of which the ancient Italian theatre developed in the Middle Ages. The first, consisting of the dramatization of Catholic liturgies and of which more documentation is retained, and the second, formed by pagan forms of spectacle such as the staging for city festivals, the court preparations of the jesters and the songs of the [[troubadour]]s.<ref>Of this second root [[Dario Fo]] he speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as {{ill|Giovanni Antonucci|it}} do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see {{Cite book |last=Antonucci |first=Giovanni |title=Storia del teatro italiano |publisher=Newton Compton Editori |year=1995 |isbn=978-8879839747 |pages=10–14 |language=it}}</ref> The [[Renaissance]] theatre marked the beginning of the modern theatre due to the rediscovery and study of the classics, the ancient theatrical texts were recovered and translated, which were soon staged at the court and in the curtensi halls, and then moved to real theatre. In this way the idea of theatre came close to that of today: a performance in a designated place in which the public participates. In the late 15th century two cities were important centers for the rediscovery and renewal of theatrical art: [[Ferrara]] and [[Rome]]. The first, vital center of art in the second half of the fifteenth century, saw the staging of some of the most famous Latin works by [[Plautus]], rigorously translated into Italian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Antonucci |first=Giovanni |title=Storia del teatro italiano |publisher=Newton Compton Editori |year=1995 |isbn=978-8879839747 |page=18 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Dario.fo.writer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Dario Fo]], one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly [[Improvisational theatre|improvisational]] style.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrdMAgAAQBAJ |title=Dario Fo: People's Court Jester (Updated and Expanded) |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-413-73320-3 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scuderi |first=Antonio |title=Dario Fo: Framing, Festival, and the Folkloric Imagination |publisher=Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books |year=2011 |isbn=9780739151112}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1997/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref>]] During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]'' was a form of [[improvisational theatre]], and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of [[juggling]], [[acrobatics]] and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called ''[[canovaccio]]''. Plays did not originate from written drama but from scenarios called [[lazzi]], which were loose frameworks that provided the situations, complications, and outcome of the action, around which the actors would improvise. The characters of the ''commedia'' usually represent fixed social types and [[stock character]]s, each of which has a distinct [[Costumes in commedia dell'arte|costume]], such as foolish old men, devious servants, or military officers full of false [[bravery|bravado]]. The main categories of these characters include servants, old men, lovers, and captains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaffee, Judith |title=The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte |last2=Crick, Olly |publisher=Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-74506-2 |location=London and New York |page=1}}</ref> The [[Ballet]] dance genre also originated in Italy. It began during the Italian Renaissance court as an outgrowth of court pageantry,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2004 |title=The Ballet |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref> where aristocratic weddings were lavish celebrations. Court musicians and dancers collaborated to provide elaborate entertainment for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De |url=http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209205503/http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine |archive-date=9 February 2008 |website=michaelminn.net}}</ref> At first, ballets were woven in to the midst of an opera to allow the audience a moment of relief from the dramatic intensity. By the mid-seventeenth century, Italian ballets in their entirety were performed in between the acts of an opera. Over time, Italian ballets became part of theatrical life: ballet companies in Italy's major opera houses employed an average of four to twelve dancers; in 1815 many companies employed anywhere from eighty to one hundred dancers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuzmick Hansell |first=Kathleen |title=Opera and Ballet at the Regio Ducal Teatro of Milan, 1771-1776: A Musical and Social History |publisher=University of California |year=1980 |volume=I |page=200}}{{No ISBN}}</ref> Noteworthy Italian theater actors and playwrights are [[Jacopone da Todi]], [[Angelo Beolco]], [[Isabella Andreini]], [[Carlo Goldoni]], [[Eduardo Scarpetta]], [[Ettore Petrolini]] [[Eleonora Duse]], [[Eduardo De Filippo]], [[Carmelo Bene]] and [[Giorgio Strehler]]. {{clear}} ==Law and justice== [[File:Cesare Beccaria.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cesare Beccaria]]]] Since the Roman Empire, most western contributions to Western legal culture was the emergence of a class of Roman jurists. During the Middle Ages, [[Thomas Aquinas]], the most influential [[Western world|Western]] scholar of the period, integrated the theory of natural law with the notion of an eternal and Biblical law.<ref>Code of [[Canon Law]], Can. 252, § 3 [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219191727/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM|date=19 February 2020}}</ref> During the Renaissance, Prof. [[Alberico Gentili]], the founder of the science of international law, authored the first treatise on public international law and separated secular law from canon law and Catholic theology. [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]'s greatest legal theorists, [[Cesare Beccaria]], [[Giambattista Vico]] and [[Francesco Mario Pagano]], are well remembered for their legal works, particularly on criminal law. [[Francesco Carrara (jurist)|Francesco Carrara]], an advocate of abolition of the death penalty, was one of the foremost European criminal lawyers of the 19th century. During the last periods, numerous Italians have been recognised as the prominent prosecutor magistrates. ==Science and technology== {{Main|Science and technology in Italy|List of Italian inventions}} [[File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Galileo Galilei]], considered the "father" of [[observational astronomy]],<ref name="Clarendon">{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ |title=A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century |date=1941 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=217}}</ref> modern physics,<ref name="Whitehouse">{{Cite book |last=Whitehouse |first=D. |url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancegeniu0000whit |title=Renaissance Genius: Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science |date=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-6977-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/renaissancegeniu0000whit/page/219 219]}}</ref> the [[scientific method]],<ref name="Hobbes">''Thomas Hobbes: Critical Assessments'', Volume 1. Preston King. 1993. p. 59</ref> and [[modern science]]<ref name="Disraeli">{{Cite book |last=Disraeli |first=I. |title=Curiosities of Literature |date=1835 |publisher=W. Pearson & Company |page=371}}</ref>]] Italians have been the central figures of countless inventions and discoveries and they made many predominant contributions to various fields. During the [[Renaissance]], Italian polymaths such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452–1519), [[Michelangelo]] (1475–1564) and [[Leon Battista Alberti]] (1404–72) made important contributions to a variety of fields, including biology, architecture, and engineering. [[Galileo Galilei]] (1564–1642), a physicist, mathematician and astronomer, played a major role in the [[Scientific Revolution]]. His achievements include the invention of the thermometer and key improvements to the [[telescope]] and consequent astronomical observations, and ultimately the triumph of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicanism]] over the [[Ptolemaic model]]. Other astronomers such as [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] (1625–1712) and [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]] (1835–1910) made many important discoveries about the [[Solar System]]. In biology, [[Francesco Redi]] was the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies and he described 180 parasites in detail; [[Marcello Malpighi]] founded [[microscopic anatomy]]; [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] conducted important research in bodily functions, animal reproduction, and cellular theory; [[Camillo Golgi]], whose many achievements include the discovery of the [[Golgi complex]], paved the way to the acceptance of the [[Neuron doctrine]]; [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] discovered the [[nerve growth factor]] (awarded 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine); [[Angelo Ruffini]] first described the [[Ruffini endings]] and was known for his work in [[histology]] and [[embryology]]; [[Filippo Pacini]] discovered the [[Pacinian corpuscles]] and was the first to isolate the [[cholera]] bacillus ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' in 1854, before [[Robert Koch]]'s more widely accepted discoveries 30 years later. [[File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Enrico Fermi]], builder of [[Chicago Pile-1|the first nuclear reactor]]]] Prominent scientists, engineers and inventors were: [[Amedeo Avogadro]] (most noted for his contributions to [[molecular theory]], in particular [[Avogadro's law]] and the [[Avogadro constant]]), [[Evangelista Torricelli]] (inventor of the [[barometer]]), [[Alessandro Volta]] (inventor of the [[electric battery]]), [[Guglielmo Marconi]] (inventor of [[radio]]),<ref name="Hong">{{Cite book |last=Hong, Sungook |url=https://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf |title=Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion |publisher=MIT Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-262-08298-5 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |page=1 |ref=Hong}}</ref> [[Antonio Meucci]] (known for developing a voice-communication apparatus, often credited as the inventor of the first [[telephone]] before even [[Alexander Graham Bell]]),<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=17 June 2002 |title=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202074757/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK}}</ref><ref>Several Italian encyclopaedias claim Meucci as the inventor of the telephone, including: – the "Treccani" [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ricerca/meucci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062529/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ricerca/meucci/|date=11 August 2017}} – the Italian version of Microsoft digital encyclopaedia, Encarta. – ''Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti'' (''Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Literature and Arts'').</ref> [[Galileo Ferraris]] (one of the pioneers of AC power system, invented the first [[induction motor]]), [[Eugenio Barsanti]] and [[Felice Matteucci]] (as inventors of the first version of the [[internal combustion engine]] in 1853). In chemistry, [[Giulio Natta]], the inventor of the first catalyst for the production of isotactic propylene and among the fathers of macromolecular chemistry, in 1963 received the Nobel prize for chemistry, along with [[Karl Ziegler]], for work on high [[polymers]]. In physics, [[Enrico Fermi]], a Nobel prize laureate, led the team in Chicago that built the [[Chicago Pile-1|first nuclear reactor]] and is also noted for his many other contributions to physics, including the co-development of the [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]. He and a number of Italian physicists were forced to leave Italy in the 1930s by [[Italian Racial Laws|Fascist laws against Jews]], including [[Emilio G. Segrè]] (1905–89) (who discovered the elements [[technetium]] and [[astatine]], and the [[antiproton]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orlando |first=Lucia |year=1998 |title=Physics in the 1930s: Jewish Physicists' Contribution to the Realization of the "New Tasks" of Physics in Italy |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=141–181 |doi=10.2307/27757806 |jstor=27757806}}</ref> and [[Bruno Rossi]] (1905–93), a pioneer in Cosmic Rays and X-ray astronomy. Other notable physicists were also [[Ettore Majorana]] (who discovered the [[Majorana fermion]]s), [[Giuseppe Occhialini]] (who received the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] for the discovery of the [[pion]] or pi-[[meson]] decay in 1947), [[Carlo Rubbia]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1984), for work leading to the discovery of the [[W and Z particles]] at [[CERN]]) and [[Giorgio Parisi]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921), who discovered the interplay of fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales. ==Mathematics== [[File:Cardano.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gerolamo Cardano]], one of the key figures in the foundation of [[probability]] and the earliest introducer of the [[binomial coefficients]] and the [[binomial theorem]] in the Western world]] During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Leonardo Fibonacci]], the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages,<ref>[[Howard Eves|Eves, Howard]]. ''An Introduction to the History of Mathematics''. Brooks Cole, 1990: {{ISBN|0-03-029558-0}} (6th ed.), p. 261.</ref> introduced the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] to the [[Western world]]. He also introduced the sequence of [[Fibonacci number]]s, which he used as an example in ''[[Liber Abaci]]''. [[Gerolamo Cardano]] established the foundation of [[probability]] and introduced the [[binomial coefficients]] and the [[binomial theorem]]; he also invented several mechanical devices. During the Renaissance, [[Luca Pacioli]] introduced [[accounting]] to the world, publishing the first work on [[Double-entry bookkeeping system]]. [[Galileo Galilei]] made several significant advances in mathematics. [[Bonaventura Cavalieri]]'s works partially anticipated [[integral calculus]] and popularized [[logarithms]] in Italy. [[Jacopo Riccati]], who was also a jurist, invented the [[Riccati equation]]. [[Maria Gaetana Agnesi]], the first woman to write a mathematics handbook, become the first woman mathematics professor at a university. [[Gian Francesco Malfatti]], posed the problem of carving three circular columns out of a triangular block of marble, using as much of the marble as possible, and conjectured that three mutually-tangent circles inscribed within the triangle would provide the optimal solution, which are now known as [[Malfatti circles]]. [[Paolo Ruffini (mathematician)|Paolo Ruffini]] is credited for his innovative work in mathematics, creating [[Ruffini's rule]] and co-creating the [[Abel–Ruffini theorem]]. [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]], who was one of the most influential mathematicians of his time, made essential contributions to [[analysis]], [[number theory]], and both [[classical mechanics|classical]] and [[celestial mechanics]]. [[Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro]] invented [[tensor calculus]] and [[absolute differential calculus]], which were popularized in a work he co-wrote with [[Tullio Levi-Civita]], and used in the development of the [[theory of relativity]]; Ricci-Curbastro also wrote meaningful works on algebra, infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of [[real number]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ricci-Curbastro |first=Gregorio |title=Lezioni di Analisi algebrica ed infinitesimale |year=1918 |edition=1926 |publisher=Padova: Tip. Universitaria}}</ref> [[Giuseppe Peano]], was a founder of [[mathematical logic]] and [[set theory]]; alongside [[John Venn]], he drew the first [[Venn diagram]]. [[Beniamino Segre]] is one of the major contributors to [[algebraic geometry]] and one of the founders of [[finite geometry]]. [[Ennio De Giorgi]], a [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics]] recipient in 1990, solved [[Bernstein's problem]] about [[minimal surface]]s and the [[Hilbert's nineteenth problem|19th Hilbert problem]] on the regularity of solutions of [[elliptic partial differential equations]]. ==Politics== {{main|Politics of Italy}} [[File:Sandro Pertini Official.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sandro Pertini]]]] The [[politics of Italy]] are conducted through a [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]]. [[Italy]] has been a [[democratic republic]] since 2 June 1946, when [[Kingdom of Italy|the monarchy]] was abolished by [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|popular referendum]] and a [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|constituent assembly]], which was formed by the representatives of all the [[anti-fascist]] forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the [[Italian Civil War]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGaw Smyth |first=Howard |date=September 1948 |title=Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=205–222 |doi=10.2307/442274 |jstor=442274}}</ref> was elected to draft a [[Constitution of Italy|constitution]], which was promulgated on 1 January 1948. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the [[Council of Ministers (Italy)|Council of Ministers]], which is led by the [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]], officially referred to as "President of the Council" (''Presidente del Consiglio''). [[Legislative power]] is vested primarily in the [[Bicameralism|two houses]] of [[Italian Parliament|Parliament]] and secondarily in the Council of Ministers, which can introduce bills and holds the majority in both houses. The [[Judiciary of Italy|judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislative branches. It is headed by the [[High Council of the Judiciary (Italy)|High Council of the Judiciary]], a body presided over by the [[President of Italy|President]], who is the [[head of state]], though this position is separate from all branches. The Presidents of Italy were [[Enrico De Nicola]], [[Luigi Einaudi]], [[Giovanni Gronchi]], [[Antonio Segni]], [[Giuseppe Saragat]], [[Giovanni Leone]], [[Sandro Pertini]], [[Francesco Cossiga]], [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]], [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], [[Giorgio Napolitano]] and [[Sergio Mattarella]]. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Italy}} [[File:Enzo Ferrari Monza 1967.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Enzo Ferrari]]]] The [[economy of Italy]] is a [[Developed country|highly developed]] [[social market economy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Peter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU02HzYJeFsC&q=canada+a+market+economy |title=Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage |last2=Soskice |first2=David |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-191-64770-3 |page=131}}</ref> It is the third-largest national economy in the [[European Union]], the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|10th-largest in the world by nominal GDP]], and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|12th-largest by GDP (PPP)]]. [[Italy]] is a founding member of the European Union, the [[Eurozone]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[G7]] and the [[G20]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=12&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=136&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> it is the [[List of countries by exports|eighth-largest exporter in the world]], with $611 billion exported in 2021. Its closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. The [[List of the largest trading partners of Italy|largest trading partners]], in order of market share in exports, are [[Germany]] (12.5%), [[France]] (10.3%), the [[United States]] (9%), [[Spain]] (5.2%), the [[United Kingdom]] (5.2%) and [[Switzerland]] (4.6%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIA World Factbook: Italy |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/ |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]}}</ref> In the post-World War II period, Italy saw a transformation from an agricultural based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the [[World War]]s, into one of the world's most advanced nations,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Select Country or Country Groups |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weoselgr.aspx |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> and a leading country in [[international trade|world trade and exports]]. Italy is the world's seventh-largest [[manufacturing]] country,<ref name="databank">"[http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NV.IND.MANF.KD&country= Manufacturing, value added (current US$)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152014/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NV.IND.MANF.KD&country= |date=10 October 2017 }}". accessed on 17 May 2017.</ref> characterised by a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size and many dynamic [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], notoriously clustered in several [[industrial district]]s, which are the backbone of the Italian industry. Italy is a large manufacturer<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Manufacturing statistics |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Manufacturing_statistics_-_NACE_Rev._2 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> and exporter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Workman |first=Daniel |date=27 December 2018 |title=Italy's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/italys-top-10-exports/ |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref> of a significant variety of products. Its products include [[machinery]], [[vehicles]], [[pharmaceuticals]], furniture, food and clothing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Workman |first=Daniel |date=2 March 2019 |title=Top Industrial Robots Exporters |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-industrial-robots-exporters/ |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref> Noteworthy Italian entrepreneurs are [[Alessandro Martini]], [[Luigi Lavazza]], [[Pietro Ferrero]], [[Giovanni Agnelli]], [[Piero Pirelli]], [[Gaspare Campari]], [[Adriano Olivetti]], [[Enzo Ferrari]], [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]], [[Enrico Mattei]], [[Luciano Benetton]], and [[Giovanni Rana]]. ==Cuisine== {{main|Italian cuisine}} [[File:Scappi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bartolomeo Scappi]]]] [[Italian cuisine]] is a [[Mediterranean cuisine]]<ref name=DavidRisotto/> consisting of the [[ingredient]]s, [[recipe]]s and [[List of cooking techniques|cooking techniques]] developed across the [[Italian Peninsula]] since [[Ancient Roman cuisine|antiquity]], and later spread around the world together with waves of [[Italian diaspora]].<ref name="Italian Food" /><ref name="The History of Italian Cuisine I" /><ref name="Thoms" /> Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the [[Regions of Italy|regional]] gastronomies, different from each other, especially between [[Northern Italy|the north]], [[Central Italy|the centre]] and [[Southern Italy|the south]] of Italy, which are in continuous exchange.<ref name="Related Articles" /><ref name="Indigo Guide" /><ref name="Regional Italian Cuisine" /> Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country.<ref name="Cronistoria della cucina italiana" /><ref name="treccani.it" /> Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]].<ref name="Freeman" /> Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, it has its roots in [[ancient Rome]].<ref name="The edible Italian garden">Creasy, Rosalind. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_ZHAAAAYAAJ ''The edible Italian garden.''] Periplus, 1999. p. 57. Web. 27 November 2013.</ref> One of the main characteristics of Italian cuisine is its simplicity, with many dishes made up of few ingredients, and therefore Italian cooks often rely on the quality of the ingredients, rather than the complexity of preparation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intervista esclusiva allo chef Carlo Cracco: "La cucina è cultura" |url=https://it.latuaitalia.ru/food-n-wine/intervista-esclusiva-allo-chef-carlo-cracco-la-cucina-e-cultura/ |access-date=5 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Storia della cucina italiana: le tappe della nostra cultura culinaria |url=https://www.incibum.it/storia-della-cucina-italiana/ |access-date=5 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref> The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by [[chef]]s, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily [[cooking]], respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.<ref name="cibo360.it" /><ref name="gqitalia.it" /><ref name="Nonne come chef" /> Noteworthy Italian chefs are [[Bartolomeo Scappi]], [[Gualtiero Marchesi]], [[Lidia Bastianich]], [[Antonio Carluccio]], [[Cesare Casella]], [[Carlo Cracco]], [[Antonino Cannavacciuolo]], [[Gino D'Acampo]], [[Gianfranco Chiarini]], [[Massimiliano Alajmo]], [[Massimo Bottura]] and [[Bruno Barbieri]]. ==Visual art== {{Main|Italian art}} [[File:Michelangelo Daniele da Volterra (dettaglio).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Michelangelo]]]] The history of Italian visual arts is significant to the history of [[Western painting]]. [[Roman art]] was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. Roman painting does have its own unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in [[Campania]], in Southern Italy. Such paintings can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roman Painting |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726163006/http://art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |publisher=art-and-archaeology.com}}</ref> and may contain the first examples of [[trompe-l'œil]], pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roman Wall Painting |url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319123717/http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm |archive-date=19 March 2007 |publisher=accd.edu}}</ref> Panel painting becomes more common during the [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, [[Medieval art]] and [[Gothic painting]] became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with [[Cimabue]] and then his pupil [[Giotto]]. From Giotto onwards, the treatment of composition in painting became much more free and innovative. [[File:Bild-Ottavio Leoni, Caravaggio.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caravaggio]]]] The [[Italian Renaissance]] is said by many to be the [[Golden Age (metaphor)|golden age]] of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy. In Italy artists like [[Paolo Uccello]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Masaccio]], [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Andrea Mantegna]], [[Filippo Lippi]], [[Giorgione]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Raphael]], [[Giovanni Bellini]], and [[Titian]] took painting to a higher level through the use of [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]], the study of [[human anatomy]] and proportion, and through their development of refined drawing and painting techniques. Michelangelo was active as a sculptor from about 1500 to 1520; works include his ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', ''[[Moses (Michelangelo)|Moses]]''. Other Renaissance sculptors include [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]], [[Luca Della Robbia]], [[Donatello]], [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio]]. [[File:Antonio Canova Selfportrait 1792.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Antonio Canova]]]] In the 15th and 16th centuries, the [[High Renaissance]] gave rise to a stylised art known as [[Mannerism]]. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of [[Piero della Francesca]] and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of [[Pontormo]] and the emotional intensity of [[El Greco]]. In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of [[Italian Baroque]] are [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci]], [[Artemisia Gentileschi]], [[Mattia Preti]], [[Carlo Saraceni]] and [[Bartolomeo Manfredi]]. Subsequently, in the 18th century, [[Italian Rococo art|Italian Rococo]] was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] and [[Canaletto]]. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with [[Antonio Canova]]'s nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement. In the 19th century, major Italian [[Romantic painting|Romantic]] painters were [[Francesco Hayez]], [[Giuseppe Bezzuoli]] and [[Francesco Podesti]]. [[Impressionism]] was brought from France to Italy by the ''[[Macchiaioli]]'', led by [[Giovanni Fattori]], and [[Giovanni Boldini]]; [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] by [[Gioacchino Toma]] and [[Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo]]. In the 20th century, with [[Futurism]], primarily through the works of [[Umberto Boccioni]] and [[Giacomo Balla]], Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of [[Giorgio de Chirico]], who exerted a strong influence on the [[Surrealists]] and generations of artists to follow like [[Bruno Caruso]] and [[Renato Guttuso]]. {{clear}} ==Architecture== {{Main|Architecture of Italy}} {{see also|List of World Heritage Sites in Italy}} [[File:Palladio filtered.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Andrea Palladio]], one of the most influential individuals in the [[Architectural history|history of architecture]]]] As Italy is home to [[World Heritage Sites by country|the greatest number]] of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s (58) to date and it is home to half the world's great art treasures,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbot |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGuWGa48iQMC&pg=PA101 |title=Italy: A quick guide to customs & etiquette |publisher=Morellini Editore |year=2006 |isbn=88-89550-13-9 |location=Milan |page=101 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506130624/https://books.google.com/books?id=VGuWGa48iQMC&pg=PA101 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Italians are known for their significant architectural achievements,<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp Architecture in Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115053940/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp |date=15 January 2012 }}, ItalyTravel.com</ref> such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during [[ancient Rome]], the founding of the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance architectural movement]] in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of [[Palladianism]], a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of [[Neoclassical architecture]], and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the [[Colosseum]], the [[Milan Cathedral]] and [[Florence cathedral]], the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] and the building designs of [[Venice]] are found in Italy. [[File:Renzo Piano, portrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Renzo Piano]]]] Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect [[Inigo Jones]], inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by [[Andrea Palladio]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=History – Historic Figures: Inigo Jones (1573–1652) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821112543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Additionally, [[Italianate architecture]], popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on [[Renaissance architecture]]. Italian [[modern architecture|modern and contemporary architecture]] refers to architecture in Italy during 20th and 21st centuries. During the [[Fascism|Fascist period]] the so-called "[[Novecento movement]]" flourished, with figures such as [[Gio Ponti]], [[Peter Aschieri]], [[Giovanni Muzio]]. This movement was based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. [[Marcello Piacentini]], who was responsible for the urban transformations of several cities in Italy, and remembered for the disputed [[Via della Conciliazione]] in Rome, devised a form of "simplified Neoclassicism". The fascist architecture (shown perfectly in the [[EUR, Rome|EUR buildings]]) was followed by the ''Neoliberty'' style (seen in earlier works of [[Vittorio Gregotti]]) and [[Brutalist architecture]] ([[Torre Velasca]] in Milan group [[BBPR]], a [[Architecture of Florence|residential building via Piagentina]] in Florence, Leonardo Savioli and works by [[Giancarlo De Carlo]]). ==Music== {{Main|Music of Italy}} {{multiple image |align=left|direction=vertical|width=160 | footer = History's most successful tenors, [[Enrico Caruso]] (above) and [[Luciano Pavarotti]] (below) | width1 = 220 | image1 = Postcard of Enrico Caruso, ca. 1910.jpg | width2 = Caruso | image2 = Luciano Pavarotti 15.06.02 cropped.jpg | alt2 = Pavarotti }} [[File:BartolomeoCristofori.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bartolomeo Cristofori]], the inventor of the [[piano]]]] From [[Italian folk music|folk music]] to [[European classical music|classical]], music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the [[symphony]], concerto, and [[sonata]], can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Italian music. Italians invented many of the musical instruments, including the piano and violin. Most notable Italians composers include the [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], [[Claudio Monteverdi]], the [[List of Baroque composers|Baroque composers]] [[Alessandro Scarlatti|Scarlatti]], [[Arcangelo Corelli|Corelli]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]], the [[List of Classical era composers|Classical composers]] [[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]] and [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]], and the [[List of Romantic-era composers|Romantic composers]] [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] and [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]], whose operas, including ''[[La bohème]]'', ''[[Tosca]]'', ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'', and ''[[Turandot]]'', are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the [[List of important operas|standard repertoire]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Quick Opera Facts 2007 |url=http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054025/http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html |archive-date=1 October 2006 |access-date=23 April 2007 |publisher=OPERA America}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dornic |first=Alain P. |year=1995 |title=An Operatic Survey |url=http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914030020/http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html |archive-date=14 September 2007 |access-date=23 April 2007 |publisher=Opera Glass}}</ref> Modern Italian composers such as [[Luciano Berio|Berio]], [[Maderna]] and [[Luigi Nono (composer)|Nono]] proved significant in the development of [[experimental music|experimental]] and [[electronic music]]. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as [[La Scala]] of Milan and [[Teatro di San Carlo|San Carlo]] of Naples, and performers such as the pianist [[Maurizio Pollini]] and the late tenor [[Luciano Pavarotti]], Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene. Italians are amply known as the mothers of opera.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{Cite book |last=Kimbell, David R. B |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC |title=Italian Opera |date=29 April 1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46643-1 |access-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> [[Italian opera]] was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as [[Mantua]] and [[Venice]].<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as [[Rossini]], [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]], [[Donizetti]], [[Verdi]] and [[Puccini]], are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include [[Enrico Caruso]] and [[Alessandro Bonci]]. Introduced in the early 1920s, [[jazz]] took a particularly strong foothold among Italians, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the [[progressive rock]] movement of the 1970s, with bands like [[Premiata Forneria Marconi|PFM]] and [[Goblin (band)|Goblin]]. Italy was also an important country in the development of [[disco]] and [[electronic music]], with [[Italo disco]], known for its futuristic sound and prominent usage of synthesizers and [[drum machine]]s, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from [[Euro disco]] (which later went on to influence several genres such as [[Eurodance]] and [[Nu-disco]]). Producers and songwriters such as [[Giorgio Moroder]], who won three [[Academy Award]]s for his music, were highly influential in the development of [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] (electronic dance music). Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the [[Sanremo Music Festival]], which served as inspiration for the [[Eurovision]] song contest, and the [[Festival of Two Worlds]] in [[Spoleto]]. Singers such as [[traditional pop|pop]] [[diva]] [[Mina (Italian singer)|Mina]], classical crossover artist [[Andrea Bocelli]], [[Grammy]] winner [[Laura Pausini]], and European chart-topper [[Eros Ramazzotti]] have attained international acclaim. ==Cinema== {{Main|Cinema of Italy|List of Italian film directors|List of Italian actors}} [[File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Federico Fellini]], considered one of the most influential and widely revered [[Filmmaking|filmmakers]] in the history of cinema<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista |url=https://libreriamo.it/intrattenimento/federico-fellini-i-10-film-regista/ |access-date=10 September 2022 |language=it}}</ref>]] Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bondanella |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgOl4LWswLQC&q=Divine+comedy%2C+first+art+film&pg=PA6 |title=A History of Italian Cinema |publisher=A&C Black |year=2009 |isbn=9781441160690}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luzzi |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LT1CwAAQBAJ&q=Italy+art+film |title=A Cinema of Poetry: Aesthetics of the Italian Art Film |date=30 March 2016 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9781421419848}}</ref> The history of [[Cinema of Italy|Italian cinema]] began a few months after the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] began motion picture exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière - Pays: Italie |url=https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320195614/https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie/ |archive-date=20 March 2018 |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Cinema Ritrovato - Italia 1896 - Grand Tour Italiano |url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321124127/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini/ |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> The first Italian director is considered to be [[Vittorio Calcina]], a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |title=26 febbraio 1896 - Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière |url=https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> In the 1910s the Italian film industry developed rapidly.<ref name="treccani-cinematografia">{{Citation |title=Cinematografia |volume=III |page=226 |year=1970 |publisher=[[Treccani]] |language=it |encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano}}</ref> ''[[Cabiria]]'', a 1914 Italian [[epic film]] directed by [[Giovanni Pastrone]], is considered the most famous Italian [[silent film]].<ref name="treccani-cinematografia" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrea Fioravanti |title=La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione |publisher=Morlacchi Editore |year=2006 |isbn=978-88-6074-066-3 |page=121 |language=it}}</ref> It was also the first film in history to be shown in the [[White House]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert K. Klepper |title=Silent Films, 1877-1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies |publisher=McFarland |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7864-0595-4 |page=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patrick Robertson |title=Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats |publisher=Abbeville Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55859-236-0 |page=217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=John Alberti |title=Screen Ages: A Survey of American Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-65028-7 |page=45}}</ref> The oldest European [[avant-garde]] cinema movement, [[Italian Futurism (cinema)|Italian futurism]], took place in the late 1910s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Il cinema delle avanguardie |url=https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=it}}</ref> After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of [[sound film]]. A popular Italian genre during this period, the [[Telefoni Bianchi]], consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.<ref name="katz">{{Citation |last=Ephraim Katz |title=Italy |pages=682–685 |year=2001 |publisher=HarperResource |encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia}}</ref> [[Calligrafismo]] was instead in a sharp contrast to Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather [[Imitation (art)|artistic]], highly [[Formalism (art)|formalistic]], [[Expressionism|expressive]] in complexity and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brunetta |first=Gian Piero |title=Storia del cinema mondiale |publisher=Einaudi |year=2002 |isbn=978-88-06-14528-6 |volume=III |pages=357–359 |language=it}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = S Kragujevic, Vittorio De Sica, 1959.JPG | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Vittorio De Sica]], one of the world's most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Vittorio De Sica: l'eclettico regista capace di fotografare la vera Italia |url=https://shockwavemagazine.it/cinema-serietv/vittorio-de-sica-regista-attore/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> | image2 = Sergio Leone 1975.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Sergio Leone]], widely regarded as one of the most influential directors in the history of cinema<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 April 1996 |title=The 50 Greatest Directors and Their 100 Best Movies |url=http://ew.com/article/1996/04/19/50-greatest-directors-and-their-100-best-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607165813/https://ew.com/article/1996/04/19/50-greatest-directors-and-their-100-best-movies/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Greatest Film Directors |url=https://www.filmsite.org/directors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905115334/https://www.filmsite.org/directors.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[Filmsite.org]]}}</ref> }} A new era took place at the end of [[World War II]], with the Italian film that was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STORIA 'POCONORMALE' DEL CINEMA: ITALIA ANNI '80, IL DECLINO |url=https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/16629/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> [[List of film directors from Italy|Notable Italian film directors]] from this period include [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Federico Fellini]], [[Sergio Leone]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Luchino Visconti]], [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], [[Duccio Tessari|Dussio Tessari]] and [[Roberto Rossellini]]; some of these are recognised among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949) |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990319/REVIEWS08/903190306/1023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023704/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |access-date=8 September 2011 |work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2002 |title=The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time |url=http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=21 February 2017 |website=MovieMaker Magazine}}</ref> Movies include world cinema treasures such as ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'', ''[[La dolce vita]]'', ''[[8½]]'', ''[[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly]]'', and ''[[Once Upon a Time in the West]]''. The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of [[Italian neorealism|neorealist films]], reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection |url=https://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102158/http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism |archive-date=18 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |publisher=Criterion.com}}</ref> Actresses such as [[Sophia Loren]], [[Giulietta Masina]] and [[Gina Lollobrigida]] achieved international stardom during this period.<ref name="katz" /> Since the early 1960s they also popularized a large number of genres and subgenres, such as [[Peplum film genre|Peplum]], [[Macaroni Combat]], [[Musicarello]], [[Poliziotteschi]] and [[Commedia sexy all'italiana]].<ref name="Aulenti">{{Cite book |last=Lino Aulenti |title=Storia del cinema italiano |publisher=libreriauniversitaria, 2011 |year=2011 |isbn=978-8862921084}}</ref> The [[Spaghetti Western]] achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with [[Sergio Leone]]'s ''[[Dollars Trilogy]]'', which featured enigmatic [[film score|scores]] by composer [[Ennio Morricone]]. Erotic Italian thrillers, or [[Giallo]]s, produced by directors such as [[Mario Bava]] and [[Dario Argento]] in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, directors such as [[Ermanno Olmi]], [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], [[Giuseppe Tornatore]], [[Gabriele Salvatores]], [[Roberto Benigni]], [[Matteo Garrone]], [[Paolo Sorrentino]] and [[Luca Guadagnino]] brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. The [[Venice International Film Festival]], awarding the "[[Golden Lion]]" and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "[[Film festival#Notable festivals|Big Three]]" alongside [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]].<ref name="VeniceFilmFest">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Ariston |date=24 July 2014 |title=Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770 |archive-date=18 February 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival |url=https://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/ |archive-date=20 September 2014 |work=Time}}</ref> The country is also famed for its prestigious [[David di Donatello]]. Italy is the most awarded country at the [[Academy Award]]s for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], with 14 awards won, 3 [[Academy Honorary Award|Special Awards]] and 28 [[List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|nominations]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=Oscar 2022: Paolo Sorrentino e gli altri candidati come miglior film internazionale |url=https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/migliori-film/oscar-2022-paolo-sorrentino-e-gli-altri-candidati-come-miglior-film-internazionale/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, Italian films have also won 12 [[Palme d'Or|Palmes d'Or]] (the second-most of any country),<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2014 |title=10 film italiani che hanno fatto la storia del Festival di Cannes |url=https://www.nanopress.it/articolo/10-film-italiani-che-hanno-fatto-la-storia-del-festival-di-cannes/67505/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> 11 [[Golden Lion]]s<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=I film italiani vincitori del Leone d'Oro al Festival di Venezia |url=https://www.supereva.it/i-film-italiani-vincitori-del-leone-doro-al-festival-di-venezia-51756 |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> and 7 [[Golden Bear]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film italiani vincitori Orso d'Oro di Berlino |url=https://popcorntv.it/guide/film-italiani-vincitori-orso-doro-di-berlino/32626 |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> The list of the [[100 Italian films to be saved]] was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alberto Sordi: "La grande guerra" |url=https://www.tapum.it/news/156-alberto-sordi-la-grande-guerra.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |language=it}}</ref> == Fashion and design == {{Main|Italian fashion|Italian design|History of Italian fashion}} [[File:Guccio Gucci c.1940.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Guccio Gucci]]]] [[Italian fashion]] has [[History of Italian fashion|a long tradition]]. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main [[fashion capital]]s. According to ''Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings'' 2013 by [[Global Language Monitor]], Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth. Previously, in 2009, Milan was declared as the "fashion capital of the world" by Global Language Monitor itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011026/http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Languagemonitor.com}}</ref> Currently, Milan and Rome, annually compete with other major international centres, such as Paris, New York, London, and Tokyo. The Italian fashion industry is one of the country's most important manufacturing sectors. The majority of the older Italian couturiers are based in Rome. However, Milan is seen as the fashion capital of Italy because many well-known designers are based there and it is the venue for the Italian designer collections. Major Italian fashion labels, such as [[Gucci]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]], [[Versace]], [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Missoni]], [[Fendi]], [[Moschino]], [[Max Mara]], [[Trussardi]], [[Benetton Group|Benetton]], and [[Ferragamo]], to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. [[File:Dolce e Gabbana (26441884825).jpg|thumb|[[Stefano Gabbana]] (''left'') and [[Domenico Dolce]] (''right'')]] Accessory and jewelry labels, such as [[Bulgari]], [[Luxottica]], [[Buccellati]] have been founded in Italy and are internationally acclaimed, and Luxottica is the world's largest eyewear company. Also, the fashion magazine [[Vogue Italia]], is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Debbie |url={{Google books|pkeaOOxb_isC|page=PA16|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed |publisher=Allworth Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-58115-045-2}}</ref> The talent of young, creative fashion is also promoted, as in the ITS young fashion designer competition in Trieste.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cardini |first=Tiziana |date=28 October 2020 |title=Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/internationa-talent-support-award-2020-winners |website=Vogue}}</ref> Italy is also prominent [[Italian design|in the field of design]], notably interior design, architectural design, [[industrial design]], and urban design. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as [[Gio Ponti]] and [[Ettore Sottsass]], and Italian phrases such as ''Bel Disegno'' and ''Linea Italiana'' have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.<ref>Miller (2005) p. 486. Web. 26 September 2011.</ref> Examples of classic pieces of Italian [[white goods]] and pieces of furniture include [[Zanussi]]'s washing machines and fridges,<ref name="Insight Guides (2004) p. 220. 26 Sept. 2011.">Insight Guides (2004) p. 220. 26 September 2011.</ref> the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium,<ref name="Insight Guides (2004) p. 220. 26 Sept. 2011." /> and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by Bob Dylan's song "[[Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again]]".<ref name="Insight Guides (2004) p. 220. 26 Sept. 2011." /> Italy is recognized as being a worldwide trendsetter and leader in design.<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220">Insight Guides (2004) p.220</ref> Italy today still exerts a vast influence on [[urban design]], [[industrial design]], [[interior design]], and [[fashion design]] worldwide.<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220" /> Today, Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural design and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts the [[FieraMilano]], Europe's biggest design fair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wiley: Design City Milan - Cecilia Bolognesi |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |access-date=20 August 2017 |website=Wiley.com}}</ref> Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the ''Fuori Salone'' and the [[Salone del Mobile]], and has been home to the designers [[Bruno Munari]], [[Lucio Fontana]], [[Enrico Castellani]], and [[Piero Manzoni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2010 |title=Frieze Magazine - Archive - Milan and Turin |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123141/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |archive-date=10 January 2010 |access-date=20 August 2017 |website=Frieze.com}}</ref> Notable Italian fashion designers are [[Guccio Gucci]], [[Salvatore Ferragamo]], [[Giorgio Armani]], [[Gianni Versace]], [[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]], [[Ottavio Missoni]], [[Nicola Trussardi]], [[Mariuccia Mandelli]], [[Rocco Barocco]], [[Roberto Cavalli]], [[Renato Balestra]], [[Laura Biagiotti]], [[Stefano Gabbana]] and [[Domenico Dolce]]. ==Sport== {{Main|Sport in Italy}} Italians have a long tradition in sport. In numerous sports, both individual and team, Italy has been very successful. [[File:Compagnoni and Lacedelli 1954.jpg|thumb|[[Achille Compagnoni]] and [[Lino Lacedelli]], the first people to [[1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2|reach the summit of K2]]]] [[Football in Italy|Association football]] is the most popular sport in Italy. [[Italian national football team|Italy]] is one of the most successful national teams in association football having four [[FIFA World Cup]]s, two UEFA European Championship and one Olympic tournament. Amongst the players who won the FIFA World Cup there are [[Giuseppe Meazza]], [[Silvio Piola]] (to date the highest goalscorer in Italian first league history), [[Dino Zoff]], [[Paolo Rossi]], [[Marco Tardelli]], [[Bruno Conti]], [[Gianluigi Buffon]], [[Fabio Cannavaro]], [[Alessandro Del Piero]], [[Andrea Pirlo]] and [[Francesco Totti]]. Amongst those who did not win the World Cup but laureated as European champions are [[Gianni Rivera]], [[Luigi Riva]] (to date Italy's leading scorer of all time), [[Sandro Salvadore]], [[Giacomo Bulgarelli]], [[Pietro Anastasi]] and [[Giacinto Facchetti]]. Other prominent players who achieved success at club level are [[Giampiero Boniperti]], [[Romeo Benetti]], [[Roberto Boninsegna]], [[Roberto Bettega]], [[Roberto Baggio]] and [[Paolo Maldini]]. Of the above-mentioned, the goalkeeper Dino Zoff, who served in the National team from 1968 to 1983, is to date the only Italian player to have won both the European championship (in 1968) and the FIFA World Cup (in 1982), apart from being the oldest winner ever of the World Cup. At club level, to date Italy has won a total of 12 European Cup / Champions' Leagues, 9 [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups / UEFA Europa League]] and 7 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]. [[File:Giacomo Agostini (1968).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Giacomo Agostini]], the most successful motorcyclist in the history of the World Championship<ref name="oasport">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=MotoGP, Piloti immortali: Giacomo Agostini, il più grande di tutti i tempi. Le vittorie e i record di un mito italiano |url=https://www.oasport.it/2020/03/motogp-piloti-immortali-giacomo-agostini-il-piu-grande-di-tutti-i-tempi-le-vittorie-e-i-record-di-un-mito-italiano/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |language=it}}</ref>]] Motorcycle racers such as [[Giacomo Agostini]] and [[Valentino Rossi]] are recognized as some of the greatest sportstars of all time. [[Federica Pellegrini]], one of the few female swimmers to have set world records in more than one event has been one of the world's most successful swimmers. Italian athletes have won 549 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], and another 114 medals at the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. [[Jessica Rossi]] scored a [[Shooting sport]] world record of 75 in the qualification and a world record of 99. As for Olympic games, 663 Italians won medals, particularly in [[Swordsmanship]], which makes them the 6th most successful ethnic group in Olympic history. There are more than 2,000,000 Italian skiers in the world, most of them, thanks to the presence of the [[Alps]] and the [[Apennines]], in [[Northern Italy|Northern]] and in [[Central Italy]]. Italian skiers received good results in the Winter Olympic Games, World Cup, and World Championships. [[File:Edoardo Mangiarotti2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edoardo Mangiarotti]], the world's most successful [[Fencing|fencer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=Edoardo Mangiarotti: il re di spade |url=https://azzurridigloria.com/storie/edoardo-mangiarotti-il-re-della-scherma/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |language=it}}</ref>]] Italians are the second of the most who have won the [[World Cycling Championship]] more than any other country after [[Belgium]]. The [[Giro d'Italia]] is a world-famous long-distance cycling race held every May, and constitutes one of the three [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]], along with the [[Tour de France]] and the [[Vuelta a España]], each of which last approximately three weeks. [[Tennis]] has a significant following near courts and on television. Italian professional tennis players are almost always in the top 100 world ranking of male and female players. [[Beach tennis#Beach tennis with paddle racket|Beach tennis with paddle racquet]] was invented by Italians, and is practised by many people across the country. [[Basketball]] is also quite followed in Italy. The [[Italian national basketball team]]'s best results were gold at [[Eurobasket 1983]] and [[EuroBasket 1999]], as well as silver at the Olympics in [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]. [[Lega Basket Serie A]] is widely considered one of the most competitive in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Basket Eurolega, l'albo d'oro delle squadre più forti e titolate d'Europa |url=https://williamhillnews.it/basket/basket-eurolega/ |access-date=4 January 2022 |language=it}}</ref> [[Volleyball]] is played by a lot of amateur players and professional players compete in the [[Italian Volleyball League]], regarded as the best and most difficult volleyball league in the world. The [[Italy national volleyball team|male]] and [[Italy women's national volleyball team|female]] national teams are often in the top 4 ranking of teams in the world. [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]] is a popular sport for Italians, as the Italian World and Olympic champions are very celebrated people. In [[wrestling]], one of the most remarkable wrestlers is [[Bruno Sammartino]], who held the record of the [[WWE Championship|WWWF (World) Heavyweight Championship]] for over 11 years across two reigns, the first of which is the longest single reign in the promotion's history. [[Rugby union]] was imported from France in the 1910s and has been regularly played since the 1920s; the [[Italy national rugby union team|National team]] has progressed slowly but significantly during the decades and thanks to the good results achieved in the second half of the 1990s, when they managed to beat historical teams like [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and eventually [[France national rugby union team|France]], Italy gained the admission to the Five Nation Championship, later renamed [[Six Nations Championship|Six Nations]]; Italy has taken part to the [[Rugby World Cup]] since its inauguration in 1987 and never missed an edition though to date has never gone past the group stage. {{clear}} == Women == {{main|Women in Italy}} [[File:Samantha Cristoforetti official portrait in an EMU spacesuit.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]]] [[Women in Italy]] refers to females who are from (or reside in) [[Italy]]. The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during the past decades. This includes [[family law]]s, the enactment of [[discrimination|anti-discrimination measures]], and reforms to the penal code (in particular with regard to crimes of violence against women).<ref name="europarl.europa.eu" /> After [[World War II]], women were given the right to vote in [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]. The new [[Italian Constitution]] of 1948 affirmed that women had equal rights. It was not however until the 1970s that women in Italy scored some major achievements with the introduction of laws regulating divorce (1970), abortion (1978), and the approval in 1975 of the new family code. Today, women have the same legal rights as men in Italy, and have mainly the same job, business, and education opportunities.<ref name=kwin/> Famous women of the period include politicians [[Nilde Iotti]], [[Tina Anselmi]], and [[Emma Bonino]]; actresses [[Anna Magnani]], [[Sofia Loren]], and [[Gina Lollobrigida]]; soprano [[Renata Tebaldi]]; ballet dancer [[Carla Fracci]]; costume designer [[Milena Canonero]]; sportwomen [[Sara Simeoni]], [[Deborah Compagnoni]], [[Valentina Vezzali]], and [[Federica Pellegrini]]; writers [[Natalia Ginzburg]], [[Elsa Morante]], [[Alda Merini]], and [[Oriana Fallaci]]; architect [[Gae Aulenti]]; scientist and 1986 Nobel Prize winner [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]; astrophysicist [[Margherita Hack]]; astronaut [[Samantha Cristoforetti]]; pharmacologist [[Elena Cattaneo]]; and [[CERN]] Director-General [[Fabiola Gianotti]]. In 2022, [[Giorgia Meloni]] became the first female [[Prime Minister of Italy]]. {{clear}} == Nobel Prizes == [[File:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|thumb|[[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1907. He adopted the motto ''In varietate unitas!'' which later inspired [[Motto of the European Union]].]] [[File:Luigi Pirandello 1932.jpg|thumb|[[Luigi Pirandello]]. He was awarded the 1934 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Pirandello's [[tragedy|tragic]] [[farce]]s are often seen as forerunners of the [[Theatre of the Absurd]].]] [[File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|thumb|[[Guglielmo Marconi]], inventor and [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]], known for his creation of a practical [[radio wave]]-based [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless telegraph]] system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=Prebir K. |title=25th European Microwave Conference, 1995 |year=1995 |page=879 |chapter=Guglielmo Marconi – The father of long distance radio communication – An engineer's tribute |doi=10.1109/EUMA.1995.337090 |s2cid=6928472}}</ref> This led to Marconi being credited as the [[inventor of radio]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hong, Sungook |url=https://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf |title=Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion |publisher=MIT Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-262-08298-5 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |page=1 |ref=Hong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090610/http://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> and he won the 1909 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<ref name="NPbio">"[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html Guglielmo Marconi: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909]". nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=P.K. |year=1998 |title=Sir J.C. Bose diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (the 'Italian Navy Coherer' Scandal Revisited) |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232181 |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |page=259 |doi=10.1109/5.658778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=8 December 2008 |title=Cambridge 'pioneer' honour for Bose |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081208/jsp/nation/story_10221833.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123050302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081208/jsp/nation/story_10221833.jsp |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=10 June 2010 |work=The Telegraph |location=[[Kolkota]]}}</ref>]] {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Winner !! Branch !! Contribution |- | 1906 | [[Giosuè Carducci]] | Literature | "Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1906 | [[Camillo Golgi]] | Medicine | "In recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html |access-date=22 December 2017 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1907 | {{nowrap|[[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]]}} | Peace | "For his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1909 | [[Guglielmo Marconi]] | Physics | "In recognition of his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<ref name="NPbio">"[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html Guglielmo Marconi: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909]". nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=P.K. |year=1998 |title=Sir J.C. Bose diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (the 'Italian Navy Coherer' Scandal Revisited) |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232181 |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |page=259 |doi=10.1109/5.658778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=8 December 2008 |title=Cambridge 'pioneer' honour for Bose |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081208/jsp/nation/story_10221833.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123050302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081208/jsp/nation/story_10221833.jsp |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=10 June 2010 |work=The Telegraph |location=[[Kolkota]]}}</ref> |- | 1926 | [[Grazia Deledda]] | Literature | "For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1926/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1934 | [[Luigi Pirandello]] | Literature | "For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1934/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1938 | [[Enrico Fermi]] | Physics | "For his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1938/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1957 | [[Daniel Bovet]] | Medicine | "For his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1957/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1959 | {{nowrap|[[Salvatore Quasimodo]]}} | Literature | "For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1959/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1959 | [[Emilio Gino Segrè]] | Physics | "For his discovery of the anti-proton."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1959/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1963 | [[Giulio Natta]] | Chemistry | "For his discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1963/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1969 | [[Salvatore Luria]] | Medicine | "For his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1969/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1975 | [[Renato Dulbecco]] | Medicine | "For his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1975/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1975 | [[Eugenio Montale]] | Literature | "For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1975/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1984 | [[Carlo Rubbia]] | Physics | "For his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1984/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1985 | [[Franco Modigliani]] | Economics | "For his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1985/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1986 | {{nowrap|[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]}} | Medicine | "For his discoveries in growth factors."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 1997 | [[Dario Fo]] | Literature | "Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1997/summary/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 2002 | [[Riccardo Giacconi]] | Physics | "For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2002/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 2007 | [[Mario Capecchi]] | Medicine | "For his discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2007/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |- | 2021 | [[Giorgio Parisi]] | Physics | "For the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref> |} ==Ethnogenesis== {{Further|Genetic history of Europe|Genetic history of Italy|Italic peoples|List of ancient peoples of Italy}} [[File:PCA of Italians and European and Mediterranean populations.png|thumb|[[Principal component analysis]] of the Italian population with other populations]] Due to historic demographic shifts in the [[Italian peninsula]] throughout history, its geographical position in the center of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], as well as Italy's regional ethnic diversity since ancient times, modern Italians are genetically diverse.<ref>..."L'Italia è, dal punto di vista genetico, un mosaico di gruppi etnici ben differenziati." [[Alberto Piazza]], [https://www.units.it/sites/default/files/media/documenti/notizie/piazza_2.pdf I profili genetici degli italiani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510214025/https://www.units.it/sites/default/files/media/documenti/notizie/piazza_2.pdf |date=10 May 2019 }}, Accademia delle Scienze di Torino</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raveane |first=Alessandro |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Capelli |first3=Cristian |year=2019 |title=Un ritratto genetico degli italiani |url=https://www.scienzainrete.it/articolo/ritratto-genetico-degli-italiani/alessandro-raveane-serena-aneli-francesco-montinaro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102100324/https://www.scienzainrete.it/articolo/ritratto-genetico-degli-italiani/alessandro-raveane-serena-aneli-francesco-montinaro |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |publisher=Scienza in rete}}</ref> The Iron Age tribes of Italy are [[Pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European-speaking]] peoples, such as the [[Etruscans]], [[Rhaetians]], [[Camuni]], [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragics]], [[Sicani]], [[Elymians]] and the [[Ligures]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pina Polo |first=Francisco |url=https://www.academia.edu/5326887 |title=Limes XX – 20th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Leon 2006 |publisher=Ediciones Polifemo |year=2009 |isbn=9788400088545 |editor-last=Morillo |editor-first=Ángel |series=Anejos de Gladius; 13.1 |volume=1 |location=Madrid |pages=281–8 |chapter=Deportation of Indigenous Population as a Strategy for Roman Dominion in Hispania |access-date=3 December 2017 |editor-last2=Hanel |editor-first2=Norbert |editor-last3=Martín |editor-first3=Esperanza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019115818/http://www.academia.edu/5326887/DEPORTATION_OF_INDIGENOUS_POPULATION_AS_A_STRATEGY_FOR_ROMAN_DOMINION_IN_HISPANIA |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and pre-Roman [[Indo-European]]-speaking peoples, like the [[Celts]] ([[Gauls]] and [[Lepontii]]) mainly in Northern Italy, and [[Iapygians]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaul {{!}} ancient region, Europe {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaul-ancient-region-Europe |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senigallia {{!}} Italy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senigallia |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> the [[Italic peoples]] throughout the peninsula (such as the [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscans]], the [[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrians]], the [[Sicels]] and the [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]]), and a significant number of [[Greeks]] in [[Southern Italy]] and Sicily ([[Magna Graecia]]). Italians originate mostly from these primary elements and, like the rest of Romance-speaking [[Southern Europe]], share a common Latin heritage and history. There are also elements like Bronze and Iron Age [[Near East]]ern admixture, characterized by high frequencies of [[Zagros|Zagros Neolithic Farmer]] and [[Early European Farmers|Anatolian Neolithic Farmer]] ancestry, including several other ancient signatures derived ultimately from the [[Caucasus]], with a lower incidence in Northern Italy compared to Central and [[Southern Italy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raveane |first=Alessandro |last2=Molinaro |first2=Ludovica |last3=Aneli |first3=Serena |last4=Capodiferro |first4=Marco Rosario |last5=De Gennaro |first5=Luciana |last6=Ongaro |first6=Linda |last7=Rambaldi Migliore |first7=Nicola |last8=Soffiati |first8=Sara |last9=Scarano |first9=Teodoro |last10=Torroni |first10=Antonio |last11=Achilli |first11=Alessandro |last12=Ventura |first12=Mario |last13=Pagani |first13=Luca |last14=Capelli |first14=Cristian |last15=Olivieri |first15=Anna |date=2022 |title=Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy |journal=Genomics |volume=114 |issue=4 |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.02.26.482072 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110405 |pmid=35709925 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11586/436540 |last16=Bertolini |first16=Francesco |last17=Semino |first17=Ornella |last18=Montinaro |first18=Francesco}}</ref><ref name="RA" /><ref name="PS" /> Ancient and Medieval [[North African]] admixture is also found in mainland [[Southern Italy]] and [[Sardinia]], with the highest incidence being in [[Sicily]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarno |first=S |last2=Boattini |first2=A |last3=Carta |first3=M |last4=Ferri |first4=G |last5=Alù |first5=M |last6=Yao |first6=DY |last7=Ciani |first7=G |last8=Pettener |first8=D |last9=Luiselli |first9=D |year=2014 |title=An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e96074 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996074S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096074 |pmc=4005757 |pmid=24788788 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license]].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capelli |first=Cristian |last2=Onofri |first2=Valerio |last3=Brisighelli |first3=Francesca |last4=Boschi |first4=Ilaria |last5=Scarnicci |first5=Francesca |last6=Masullo |first6=Mara |last7=Ferri |first7=Gianmarco |last8=Tofanelli |first8=Sergio |last9=Tagliabracci |first9=Adriano |last10=Gusmao |first10=Leonor |last11=Amorim |first11=Antonio |date=June 2009 |title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=848–852 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2947089 |pmid=19156170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorito |first=Giovanni |last2=Di Gaetano |first2=Cornelia |last3=Guarrera |first3=Simonetta |last4=Rosa |first4=Fabio |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |last6=Piazza |first6=Alberto |last7=Matullo |first7=Giuseppe |date=July 2016 |title=The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=1056–1062 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.233 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=5070887 |pmid=26554880 |s2cid=6621338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcus |first=Joseph H. |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Ringbauer |first3=Harald |last4=Lai |first4=Luca |last5=Skeates |first5=Robin |last6=Sidore |first6=Carlo |last7=Beckett |first7=Jessica |last8=Furtwängler |first8=Anja |last9=Olivieri |first9=Anna |last10=Chiang |first10=Charleston W. K. |last11=Al-Asadi |first11=Hussein |last12=Dey |first12=Kushal |last13=Joseph |first13=Tyler A. |last14=Liu |first14=Chi-Chun |last15=Der Sarkissian |first15=Clio |display-authors=1 |date=2020 |title=Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=939 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..939M |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 |pmc=7039977 |pmid=32094358 |last16=Radzevičiūtė |first16=Rita |last17=Michel |first17=Megan |last18=Gradoli |first18=Maria Giuseppina |last19=Marongiu |first19=Patrizia |last20=Rubino |first20=Salvatore |last21=Mazzarello |first21=Vittorio |last22=Rovina |first22=Daniela |last23=La Fragola |first23=Alessandra |last24=Serra |first24=Rita Maria |last25=Bandiera |first25=Pasquale |last26=Bianucci |first26=Raffaella |last27=Pompianu |first27=Elisa |last28=Murgia |first28=Clizia |last29=Guirguis |first29=Michele |last30=Orquin |first30=Rosana Pla}}</ref><ref name="PS">{{Cite journal |last=Raveane |first=A. |last2=Aneli |first2=S. |last3=Montinaro |first3=F. |last4=Athanasiadis |first4=G. |last5=Barlera |first5=S. |last6=Birolo |first6=G. |last7=Boncoraglio |first7=G. |last8=Di Blasio |first8=A. M. |last9=Di Gaetano |first9=C. |last10=Pagani |first10=L. |last11=Parolo |first11=S. |date=2019-09-06 |title=Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=eaaw3492 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.3492R |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=6726452 |pmid=31517044}}</ref><ref name="RA">{{Cite journal |last=Sarno |first=Stefania |last2=Boattini |first2=Alessio |last3=Pagani |first3=Luca |last4=Sazzini |first4=Marco |last5=De Fanti |first5=Sara |last6=Quagliariello |first6=Andrea |last7=Gnecchi Ruscone |first7=Guido Alberto |last8=Guichard |first8=Etienne |last9=Ciani |first9=Graziella |last10=Bortolini |first10=Eugenio |last11=Barbieri |first11=Chiara |date=2017-05-16 |title=Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1984 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.1984S |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5434004 |pmid=28512355}}</ref> In their admixtures, [[Sicilians]] and Southern Italians are closest to modern Greeks (as the historical region of ''Magna Graecia'', "Greater Greece", bears witness to),<ref>«Sicily and Southern Italy were heavily colonized by Greeks beginning in the eight to ninth century B.C. The demographic development of the Greek colonies in Southern Italy was remarkable, and in classical times this region was called ''Magna Graecia'' (Great Greece) because it probably surpassed in numbers the Greek population of the motherland.» {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&q=history+of+human+genes |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes |vauthors=Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-691-08750-4 |page=278}}</ref> while [[Northern Italians]] are closest to the [[Spaniards]] and [[Southern France|southern French]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haak |first=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |last12=Mittnik |first12=Alissa |last13=Bánffy |first13=Eszter |last14=Economou |first14=Christos |last15=Francken |first15=Michael |display-authors=1 |date=2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |last16=Friederich |first16=Susanne |last17=Pena |first17=Rafael Garrido |last18=Hallgren |first18=Fredrik |last19=Khartanovich |first19=Valery |last20=Khokhlov |first20=Aleksandr |last21=Kunst |first21=Michael |last22=Kuznetsov |first22=Pavel |last23=Meller |first23=Harald |last24=Mochalov |first24=Oleg |last25=Moiseyev |first25=Vayacheslav |last26=Nicklisch |first26=Nicole |last27=Pichler |first27=Sandra L. |last28=Risch |first28=Roberto |last29=Rojo Guerra |first29=Manuel A. |last30=Roth |first30=Christina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Gaetano |first=Cornelia |last2=Voglino |first2=Floriana |last3=Guarrera |first3=Simonetta |last4=Fiorito |first4=Giovanni |last5=Rosa |first5=Fabio |last6=Di Blasio |first6=Anna Maria |last7=Manzini |first7=Paola |last8=Dianzani |first8=Irma |last9=Betti |first9=Marta |last10=Cusi |first10=Daniele |last11=Frau |first11=Francesca |last12=Barlassina |first12=Cristina |last13=Mirabelli |first13=Dario |last14=Magnani |first14=Corrado |last15=Glorioso |first15=Nicola |date=2012 |title=An Overview of the Genetic Structure within the Italian Population from Genome-Wide Data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e43759 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...743759D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0043759 |pmc=3440425 |pmid=22984441 |doi-access=free |last16=Bonassi |first16=Stefano |last17=Piazza |first17=Alberto |last18=Matullo |first18=Giuseppe}}</ref><ref name="Price_2008">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Price AL, Butler J, Patterson N, Capelli C, Pascali VL, Scarnicci F, Ruiz-Linares A, Groop L, Saetta AA, Korkolopoulou P, Seligsohn U, Waliszewska A, Schirmer C, Ardlie K, Ramos A, Nemesh J, Arbeitman L, Goldstein DB, Reich D, Hirschhorn JN |date=January 2008 |title=Discerning the ancestry of European Americans in genetic association studies |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=e236 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030236 |pmc=2211542 |pmid=18208327 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paschou |first=Peristera |last2=Drineas |first2=Petros |last3=Yannaki |first3=Evangelia |last4=Razou |first4=Anna |last5=Kanaki |first5=Katerina |last6=Tsetsos |first6=Fotis |last7=Padmanabhuni |first7=Shanmukha Sampath |last8=Michalodimitrakis |first8=Manolis |last9=Renda |first9=Maria C. |last10=Pavlovic |first10=Sonja |last11=Anagnostopoulos |first11=Achilles |last12=Stamatoyannopoulos |first12=John A. |last13=Kidd |first13=Kenneth K. |last14=Stamatoyannopoulos |first14=George |date=2014 |title=Maritime route of colonization of Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=9211–9216 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.9211P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1320811111 |pmc=4078858 |pmid=24927591 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Stone Age=== {{Further|Prehistoric Italy}} [[File:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg|thumb|Neolithic Europe c. 4500 BC. The [[Cardium pottery|Cardium Pottery]] people and the [[Linear Pottery culture|Linear Pottery]] people were derived from a single [[Pre-modern human migration|migration from Anatolia]] into the Balkans, which then split into two and expanded northward and westward further into Europe.]] Italians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<ref name="Indo-European" /> Mesolithic [[hunter-gatherer]]s, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic [[Epigravettian]] culture;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posth, C., Yu, H., Ghalichi, A. |date=2023 |title=Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=615 |issue=2 March 2023 |pages=117–126 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..117P |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0 |pmc=9977688 |pmid=36859578}}</ref> Neolithic [[Early European Farmers]] who migrated from Anatolia during the [[Neolithic Revolution]] 9,000 years ago;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibbons |first=Ann |date=21 February 2017 |title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |journal=Science}}</ref> and [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe pastoralists]] who expanded into Europe from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.<ref name="Indo-European">{{Cite journal |last=Haak |first=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |date=11 June 2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166}}</ref> The earliest [[Human|modern humans]] inhabiting Italy are believed to have been [[Paleolithic]] peoples that may have arrived in the [[Italian Peninsula]] as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Italy is believed to have been a major [[Last Glacial Maximum refugia|Ice Age refuge]] from which [[Early European modern humans|Paleolithic humans]] later colonized Europe. The [[Neolithic]] colonization of Europe from [[Western Asia]] and the [[Middle East]] beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Italy, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the [[demic diffusion]] model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.<ref name="pmid15044595">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G, Chikhi L, Barbujani G |date=July 2004 |title=Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1361–72 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh135 |pmid=15044595}}</ref> ===Indo-European migrations=== {{Further|Indo-European_migrations}} Starting in the early [[Bronze Age]], the first wave of migrations into Italy of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking peoples occurred from [[Central Europe]], with the appearance of the [[Bell Beaker]] culture. These were later (from the 14th century BC) followed by others that can be identified as [[Italo-Celtic|Italo-Celts]], with the appearance of the Celtic-speaking [[Canegrate culture]]<ref>Venceslas Kruta: ''La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza'', Newton & Compton, 2003, {{ISBN|88-8289-851-2}}, {{ISBN|978-88-8289-851-9}}</ref> and the Italic-speaking [[Proto-Villanovan culture]],<ref name="Menotti2004">{{Cite book |last=Marzatico |first=Franco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_9-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Living on the Lake in Prehistoric Europe: 150 Years of Lake-Dwelling Research |date=19 August 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37181-5 |editor-last=Menotti |editor-first=Francesco |pages=83–84 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210150416/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_9-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> both deriving from the Proto-Italo-Celtic [[Urnfield culture]]. Recent DNA studies confirmed the arrival of [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe-related ancestry]] in Northern Italy to at least 2000 BCE and in Central Italy by 1600 BCE, with this ancestry component increasing through time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saupe |first=Tina |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Scaggion |first3=Cinzia |last4=Carrara |first4=Nicola |last5=Kivisild |first5=Toomas |last6=D'Atanasio |first6=Eugenia |last7=Hui |first7=Ruoyun |last8=Solnik |first8=Anu |last9=Lebrasseur |first9=Ophélie |last10=Larson |first10=Greger |last11=Alessandri |first11=Luca |date=2021-06-21 |title=Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(21)00535-2 |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2576–2591.e12 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E2576S |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=33974848 |s2cid=234471370 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11585/827581}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aneli |first=Serena |last2=Caldon |first2=Matteo |last3=Saupe |first3=Tina |last4=Montinaro |first4=Francesco |last5=Pagani |first5=Luca |date=2021-10-01 |title=Through 40,000 years of human presence in Southern Europe: the Italian case study |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6 |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=140 |issue=10 |pages=1417–1431 |doi=10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6 |issn=1432-1203 |pmc=8460580 |pmid=34410492}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Saupe et al.|2021}} "The results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have first arrived through Late N/Bell Beaker groups from [[Central Europe]]."</ref> In the [[Iron Age]] and late Bronze Age, Celtic-speaking [[La Tène culture|La Tène]] and [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] cultures spread over a large part of Italy,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kruta |first=Venceslas |title=The Celts |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=1991 |pages=89–102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stifter |first=David |title=Old Celtic Languages - Addenda |year=2008 |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Ryan Setliff Online |url=https://www.ryansetliff.online/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.ryansetliff.online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitali |first=Daniele |year=1996 |title=Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana : le potenzialità non-sfruttate |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-5102_1996_num_108_2_1954 |journal=Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Antiquité |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=575–605 |doi=10.3406/mefr.1996.1954}}</ref> with related archeological artifacts found as far south as [[Apulia]].<ref name="Prichard1826">{{Cite book |last=Prichard |first=James Cowles |author-link=James Cowles Prichard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W786AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: In Two Volumes |publisher=John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill |year=1826 |page=60 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210130622/https://books.google.com/books?id=W786AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60 |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McNair |first=Raymond F. |title=Key to Northwest European Origins |date=22 March 2012 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4685-4600-2 |page=81}}</ref><ref name="Hazlitt1851">{{Cite book |last=Hazlitt |first=William |author-link=William Hazlitt (registrar) |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y1sbAAAAMAAJ_2 |title=The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane |publisher=Whittaker |year=1851 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y1sbAAAAMAAJ_2/page/n307 297] |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A spasso nel tempo: passeggiando tra le millenarie vestigia di Canusium |url=https://iltaccodibacco.it/puglia/events/215016.html |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=iltaccodibacco.it |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>Nicholas Hammond, Howard Scullard. Dizionario di antichità classiche. Milano, Edizioni San Paolo, 1995, p.1836-1836. {{ISBN|88-215-3024-8}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELMO CELTICO |url=https://archeologiagalliacisalpina.wordpress.com/category/elmo-celtico/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=ARCHEOLOGIA GALLIA CISALPINA |language=it-IT}}</ref> [[Italic peoples|Italics]] occupied northeastern, southern and central Italy: the "West Italic" group (including the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]]) were the first wave. They had cremation burials and possessed advanced metallurgical techniques. Major tribes included the Latins and [[Falisci]] in Lazio; the [[Oenotrians]] and Italii in [[Calabria]]; the [[Ausones]], [[Aurunci]] and [[Opici]] in [[Campania]]; and perhaps the [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] in [[Veneto]] and the [[Sicels]] in Sicily. They were followed, and largely displaced by the East Italic ([[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrians]]) group.<ref>Cornell, T. J. (1995): The Beginnings of Rome. p43</ref> ===Pre-Roman=== [[File:Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Fresco of dancing [[Peucetians|Peucetian]] women in the [[Tomb of the Dancers]] in [[Ruvo di Puglia]], 4th–5th century BC]] By the beginning of the [[Iron Age Italy|Iron Age]] the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] emerged as the dominant civilization on the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans, whose primary home was in [[Etruria]], expanded over a large part of Italy, covering a [[territory]], at its greatest extent, of roughly what is now [[Tuscany]], western [[Umbria]], and northern [[Lazio]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goring |first=Elizabeth |title=Treasures from Tuscany: the Etruscan legacy |publisher=National Museums Scotland Enterprises Limited |year=2004 |isbn=978-1901663907 |location=Edinburgh |page=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leighton |first=Robert |title=Tarquinia. An Etruscan City |publisher=Duckworth Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7156-3162-4 |series=Duckworth Archaeological Histories Series |location=London |page=32 |language=en}}</ref> as well as what are now the [[Po Valley]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], south-eastern [[Lombardy]], southern [[Veneto]], and western [[Campania]].<ref name="Camporeale2004">{{Cite book |title=The Etruscans Outside Etruria |publisher=Getty Trust Publications |year=2001 |editor-last=Camporeale |editor-first=Giovannangelo |editor-link=Giovannangelo Camporeale |location=Los Angeles |publication-date=2004 |language=en |translator-last=Hartmann |translator-first=Thomas Michael}}</ref><ref>http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Etruschi/Etruria%20Campana.html Etruria campana</ref><ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'', V (Italia), 4.3.</ref><ref name="belsito">{{Cite book |last=Francesco Belsito |title=Storia di Nocera. Monumenti, personaggi, leggende |publisher=Angri, Gaia |year=2013}}</ref><ref>Samuel Edward Finer, The History of Government from the Earliest Times, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 398</ref> On the origins of the Etruscans, the ancient authors report [[Etruscan origins|several hypotheses]], one of which claims that the Etruscans come from the Aegean Sea. Modern archaeological and genetic research concluded that the Etruscans were [[Villanovan culture|autochthonous]] and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster lacking recent admixture with Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name="Ghirotto2013">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al |date=2013 |title=Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e55519 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...855519G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055519 |pmc=3566088 |pmid=23405165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Tassi2013">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G |date=2013 |title=Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22319 |pmid=23900768}}</ref><ref name="Leonardi2018">{{Cite journal |last=Leonardi |first=Michela |last2=Sandionigi |first2=Anna |last3=Conzato |first3=Annalisa |last4=Lari |first4=Martina |last5=Tassi |first5=Francesca |year=2018 |title=The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=497–506 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23679 |pmid=30187463 |s2cid=52161000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2013 |title=Were the Etruscans after all native Italians? |url=http://forwhattheywereweare.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/were-the-etruscans-after-all-native-italians/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713153924/https://forwhattheywereweare.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/were-the-etruscans-after-all-native-italians/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=For what they were... we are – Prehistory, Anthropology and Genetics}}</ref><ref name="Antonio2019">{{Cite journal |last=Antonio |first=Margaret L. |last2=Gao |first2=Ziyue |last3=M. Moots |first3=Hannah |year=2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=Science |language=en |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |publication-date=8 November 2019 |volume=366 |issue=6466 |pages=708–714 |bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmc=7093155 |pmid=31699931 |quote=Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. |hdl-access=free |hdl=2318/1715466}}</ref><ref name="Posth2021">{{Cite journal |last=Posth |first=Cosimo |last2=Zaro |first2=Valentina |last3=Spyrou |first3=Maria A. |date=24 September 2021 |title=The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=eabi7673 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.7673P |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 |pmc=8462907 |pmid=34559560}}</ref> The Ligures are said to have been one of the oldest populations in Italy and Western Europe,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Homo |first=Léon |title=Primitive Italy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415155809 |page=45 |authorlink=Léon Homo}}</ref> possibly of Pre-Indo-European origin.<ref>Karl Viktor Müllenhoff, ''Deutsche Alterthurnskunde'', I volume.</ref> According to Strabo they were not Celts, but later became influenced by the Celtic culture of their neighbours, and thus are sometimes referred to as Celticized Ligurians or Celto-Ligurians.<ref name="SG" /> Their language had affinities with both [[Italic languages|Italic]] ([[Latin]] and the [[Osco-Umbrian languages]]) and [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] ([[Gaulish language|Gaulish]]).<ref>Dominique François Louis Roget de Belloguet, ''Ethnogénie gauloise, ou Mémoires critiques sur l'origine et la parenté des Cimmériens, des Cimbres, des Ombres, des Belges, des Ligures et des anciens Celtes.'' Troisiéme partie: ''Preuves intellectuelles. Le génie gaulois'', Paris 1868.</ref><ref>Gilberto Oneto ''Paesaggio e architettura delle regioni padano-alpine dalle origini alla fine del primo millennio'', Priuli e Verlucc, editori 2002, pp. 34–36, 49.</ref><ref>See, in particular {{Cite book |last=McEvedy |first=Colin |title=The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History by Colin McEvedy |date=1967 |page=29}}</ref> They primarily inhabited the regions of [[Liguria]], [[Piedmont]], northern [[Tuscany]], western [[Lombardy]], western [[Emilia-Romagna]] and northern [[Sardinia]], but are believed to have once occupied an even larger portion of ancient Italy as far south as [[Sicily]].<ref>Leonard Robert Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber and Faber, 1954, p. 54</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sciarretta |first=Antonio |title=Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi |date=2010 |publisher=Mursia |isbn=978-88-425-4017-5 |location=Milano |pages=174–194}}</ref> They were also settled in [[Corsica]] and in the [[Provence]] region along the southern coast of modern [[France]]. [[File:Iron Age Italy-la.svg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the [[Iron Age]], before the [[Roman expansion in Italy]]]] During the Iron Age, prior to Roman rule, the peoples living in the area of modern Italy and the islands were: * '''[[Etruscans]]''' ([[Camunni]], [[Lepontii]], [[Raeti]]); * '''[[Sicani]]'''; * '''[[Elymians]]'''; * '''[[Ligures]]''' ([[Apuani]], [[Bagienni]], [[Briniates]], [[Corsi people|Corsi]], [[Friniates]], [[Garuli]], [[Hercates]], [[Ilvates]], [[Insubres]], [[Orobii]], [[Laevi]], [[Lapicini]], [[Marici (Ligures)|Marici]], [[Statielli]], [[Taurini]]); * '''[[Italic tribes|Italics]]''' ([[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Falisci]], [[Marsi]], [[Umbri]], [[Volsci]], [[Marrucini]], [[Osci]], [[Aurunci]], [[Ausones]], [[Campanians]], [[Paeligni]], [[Sabines]], [[Bruttii]], [[Frentani]], [[Lucanians|Lucani]], [[Samnites]], [[Pentri]], [[Caraceni (tribe)|Caraceni]], [[Caudini]], [[Hirpini]], [[Aequi]], [[Fidenae|Fidenates]], [[Hernici]], [[Picentes]], [[Vestini]], [[Morgantina|Morgeti]], [[Sicels]], [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]]); * '''[[Iapygians]]''' ([[Messapians]], [[Daunians]], [[Peucetians]]); * '''[[Cisalpine Gaul|Celts]]''' ([[Allobroges]], [[Ausones]], [[Boii]], [[Carni]], [[Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)|Cenomani]], [[Ceutrones]], [[Graioceli]], [[Lepontii]], [[Lingones]], [[Segusini]], [[Senones]], [[Salassi]], [[Veragri]], [[Vertamocorii]]); * '''[[Magna Graecia|Greeks]]''' of [[Magna Graecia]]; * '''[[Sardinians]]''' ([[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic]] [[List of Nuragic tribes|tribes]]), in [[Sardinia]]; Italy was, throughout the pre-Roman period, predominantly inhabited by [[Italic tribes]] who occupied the modern regions of [[Lazio]], [[Umbria]], [[Marche]], [[Abruzzo]], [[Molise]], [[Campania]], [[Basilicata]], [[Calabria]], [[Apulia]] and [[Sicily]]. Sicily, in addition to having an Italic population in the [[Sicels]], also was inhabited by the [[Sicani]] and the [[Elymians]], of uncertain origin. The [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]], most often regarded as an Italic tribe,<ref>According, among others, to: {{Cite book |last=Prosdocimi |first=Aldo Luigi |title=Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica |publisher=Spazio Tre |year=1993 |volume=6/1 |language=it}} Cf. {{cite book |last=Villar |first=Francisco |year=2008 |title=Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa |publisher=Il Mulino |language=it |page=490 }}</ref> chiefly inhabited the [[Veneto]], but extended as far east as [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] and [[Istria]], and had colonies as far south as Lazio.<ref name="ven3">{{Cite web |title=Venetoimage – Canova e Possagno |url=http://www.venetoimage.com/svc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033239/http://www.venetoimage.com/svc.htm |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Venetoimage.com}}</ref><ref>(C. Plinii, Naturalis Historia, III, 68–69)</ref> Beginning in the 8th century BC, Greeks arrived in Italy and founded cities along the coast of southern Italy and eastern Sicily, which became known as [[Magna Graecia]] ("Greater Greece"). The Greeks were frequently at war with the native Italic tribes, but nonetheless managed to [[Hellenization|Hellenize]] and assimilate a good portion of the indigenous population located along eastern Sicily and the Southern coasts of the Italian mainland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Saylor Foundation |title=The Ancient People of Italy |url=http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-4.3.2-AncientPeopleoftItaly-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106114301/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-4.3.2-AncientPeopleoftItaly-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Saylor.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayden |first=Olivia E. |title=Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia |url=http://dl.tufts.edu/file_assets/tufts:UA005.025.005.00001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122740/http://dl.tufts.edu/file_assets/tufts:UA005.025.005.00001 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015 |website=Tufts University, 2013}}</ref> According to [[Karl Julius Beloch|Beloch]] the number of Greek citizens in south Italy at its greatest extent reached only 80,000–90,000, while the local people subjected by the Greeks were between 400,000 and 600,000.<ref>P. A. Brunt, Italian manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 52</ref><ref name="LP">''La popolazione del Mondo Greco-Romano'', Karl Julius Beloch</ref> By the 4th and 3rd century BC, Greek power in Italy was challenged and began to decline, and many Greeks were pushed out of peninsular Italy by the native [[Oscans|Oscan]], [[Brutti]] and [[Lucanians|Lucani]] tribes.<ref>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1854. p. 4</ref> [[File:A duel. Fresco from Lucanian tomb.jpg|thumb|Duel of Lucanian warriors, fresco from a tomb of the 4th century BC]] The [[Gauls]] crossed the Alps and [[Roman-Gallic wars#Cisalpine|invaded northern Italy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC]], settling in the area that became known as [[Cisalpine Gaul]] ("Gaul on this side of the Alps"). Although named after the Gauls, the region was mostly inhabited by indigenous tribes, namely the Ligures, Etruscans, Veneti and [[Euganei]]. Estimates by Beloch and [[Peter Brunt|Brunt]] suggest that in the 3rd century BC the Gaulish settlers of north Italy numbered between 130,000 and 140,000 out of a total population of about 1.4 million.<ref name="LP" /><ref name="Ligt, 2012. p. 43-44">Luuk De Ligt, ''Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC – AD 100''. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 43-44</ref> The Northern half of Cisalpine Gaul was already inhabited by the Celtic [[Lepontii]] since the Bronze Age. Speaking about the Alpine region, the Greek historian [[Strabo]], wrote: {{blockquote|''The [[Alps]] are inhabited by numerous nations, but all [[Celts|Keltic]] with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life.''<ref name="SG">Strabo, ''Geography'', book 2, chapter 5, section 28.</ref>}} According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Livy]], after the invasion of the Gauls, some of the Etruscans living in the Po Valley sought refuge in the Alps and became known as the [[Raeti]].<ref>Pliny the Elder III.20</ref><ref>Livy V.33</ref> The Raeti inhabited the region of [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], as well as eastern [[Switzerland]] and [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] in western [[Austria]]. The [[Ladin people|Ladins]] of north-eastern Italy and the [[Romansh people]] of Switzerland are said to be descended from the Raeti.<ref>Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 6, 1980, p. 60</ref> ===Roman=== {{main|Colonia (Roman)}} [[File:Romancoloniae2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Map of Roman coloniae during the second century in Italy]] The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]—who according to legend originally consisted of [[Roman tribe|three ancient tribes]]: Latins, Sabines and Etruscans<ref>''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', Vol. 3, London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Streetp. 661</ref>—would go on to [[Roman conquest of Italy|conquer the whole Italian peninsula]]. During the Roman period hundreds of cities and colonies were established throughout Italy, including [[Florence]], [[Turin]], [[Como]], [[Pavia]], [[Padua]], [[Verona]], [[Vicenza]], [[Trieste]] and many others. Initially many of these cities were colonized by Latins, but later also included colonists belonging to the other Italic tribes who had become Latinized and joined to Rome. After the Roman conquest of Italy "the whole of Italy had become Latinized".<ref>M. Rostovtzeff, ''A History of the Ancient World: Rome'', Vol. II, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927, p. 171</ref> After the [[Cisalpine Gaul#Gallic expansion and Roman conquest|Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul]] and the widespread confiscations of Gallic territory, some of the Gaulish population was either killed or expelled.<ref>Alfred S. Bradford, ''With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World'', Praeger Publishers, 2001, p. 191</ref><ref name="Strabo, 5.1.10">Strabo, ''Geography'', book 5, chapter 10</ref> Many colonies were established by the Romans in the former Gallic territory of Cisalpine Gaul, which was then settled by Roman and Italic people. These colonies included [[Bologna]], [[Modena]], [[Reggio Emilia]], [[Parma]], [[Piacenza]], [[Cremona]] and [[Forlì]]. According to [[Strabo]]: {{blockquote|''The Cispadane peoples occupy all that country which is encircled by the Apennine Mountains towards the Alps as far as Genua and Sabata. The greater part of the country used to be occupied by the Boii, Ligures, Senones, and [[Gaesatae]]; but since the Boii have been driven out, and since both the Gaesatae and the Senones have been annihilated, only the Ligurian tribes and the Roman colonies are left.''<ref name="Strabo, 5.1.10" />}} The [[Boii]], the most powerful and numerous of the Gallic tribes, were expelled by the Romans after 191 BC and settled in [[Bohemia]], while the [[Insubres]] still lived in [[Mediolanum]] in the 1st century BC.<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'', book 5, chapter 6</ref> Population movement and exchange among people from different regions was not uncommon during the Roman period. Latin colonies were founded at [[Rimini|Ariminum]] in 268 and at [[Fermo|Firmum]] in 264,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |title=Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Ancient History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |last=Staveley |first=ES |editor-last=Walbank |editor-first=Frank William |volume=VII: the Hellenistic World: Part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC |page=425 |quote=Certainly, steps designed to consolidate her hold in the north-east followed this incident in quick succession: the foundation in 268 of the Latin colony of Ariminum .... the annexation of the whole Picentine land save for ... Ancona and ... Asculum; the transportation of large numbers of Picentes to the ''ager Picentinus'' on the west coast, and finally in 264 the planting of a second large Latin colony on the coast at Firmum.}}</ref> while large numbers of [[Picentes]], who previously inhabited the region, were moved to [[Paestum]] and settled along the river [[Sele (river)|Silarus]] in [[Campania]]. Between 180 and 179 BC, 47,000 Ligures belonging to the Apuani tribe were removed from their home along the modern Ligurian-Tuscan border and deported to [[Samnium]], an area corresponding to inland Campania, while Latin colonies were established in their place at [[Pisa]], [[Lucca]] and [[Luni, Italy|Luni]].<ref>Ettore Pais, ''Ancient Italy: Historical and Geographical Investigations in Central Italy, Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Sardinia'', The University of Chicago Press, 1908</ref> Such population movements contributed to the rapid Romanization and Latinization of [[Roman Italy|Italy]].<ref>Patrick Bruun, Studies in the romanization of Etruria, Vol. 1–7, p. 101</ref> ===Middle Ages and modern period=== [[File:Map of the Lombard colonies in Sicily.gif|thumb|right|[[Lombards of Sicily|Lombard (Northern Italian) colonies]] of Sicily: in light blue: the cities where Gallo-Italic language is spoken today. In dark blue: the cities where there is a good influence of the Gallo-Italic language. In purple: ancient Gallo-Italic colonies, the influence in these cities is variable, also some districts of [[Messina]] were colonized.]] A large Germanic confederation of [[Sciri]], [[Heruli]], [[Turcilingi]] and [[Rugians]], led by [[Odoacer]], invaded and settled Italy in 476.<ref>Jordanes, ''Getica'' 243</ref> They were preceded by [[Alemanni]], including 30,000 warriors with their families, who settled in the Po Valley in 371,<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 28,5,15</ref> and by [[Burgundians]] who settled between Northwestern Italy and Southern France in 443.<ref name="Vauthier Adams" /> The Germanic tribe of the [[Ostrogoths]] led by [[Theoderic the Great]] conquered Italy and presented themselves as upholders of Latin culture, mixing [[Romano-Germanic culture|Roman culture together with Gothic culture]], in order to legitimize their rule amongst Roman subjects who had a long-held belief in the superiority of Roman culture over foreign "[[barbarian]]" Germanic culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward-Perkins |first=Bryan |author-link=Bryan Ward-Perkins |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward |title=The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-280564-5 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward/page/31 31] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Since Italy had a population of several million, the Goths did not constitute a significant addition to the local population.<ref>Frank N. Magill, ''The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2'', Salem Press, Inc. 1998, p. 895.</ref> At the height of their power, there were several thousand Ostrogoths in a population of 6 or 7 million.<ref name="Vauthier Adams">{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Vauthier Adams |title=Experiencing World History |date=3 August 2000 |publisher=NYU Press}}</ref><ref>William A. Sumruld, ''Augustine and the Arians: The Bishop of Hippo's Encounters with Ulfilan Arianism'', Associated Press University Presses 1994, p. 23.</ref> Before them, [[Radagaisus]] led tens of thousands of Goths in Italy in 406, though figures may be too high as ancient sources routinely inflated the numbers of tribal invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delbr_ck |first=Hans |title=The barbarian invasions |date=1990 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |page=286}}</ref> After the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]], which devastated the local population, the Ostrogoths were defeated. Nevertheless, according to Roman historian [[Procopius of Caesarea]], the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty.<ref>''De Bello Gothico'' IV 32, pp. 241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of ''De Bello Gothico''.</ref> But in the sixth century, another Germanic tribe known as the [[Lombards|Longobards]] invaded Italy, which in the meantime had been reconquered by the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The Longobards were a small minority compared to the roughly four million people in Italy at the time.<ref name="Santosuosso_44">Antonio Santosuosso, ''Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare'', Westview Press 2004, p. 44.</ref> They were later followed by the [[Bavarian dynasty|Bavarians]] and the [[Franks]], who conquered and ruled most of Italy. Some groups of [[Slavs]] settled in parts of the northern Italian peninsula between the 7th and the 8th centuries,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diaconis |first=Paulus |author-link=Paul the Deacon |url=http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php |title=Historia Langobardorum |date=787 |location=Monte Cassino, Italy |page=Book V chapter 29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112407/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead |no-pp=true}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbanese |first=G. G. |title=Il Friuli, Trieste e l'Istria: dalla Preistoria alla caduta del Patriarcato d'Aquileia |date=1983 |publisher=Del Bianco |edition=Grande Atlante Cronologico |location=Udine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. |first=Barbina |title=Codroipo |date=1981 |edition=Il ponte}}</ref> while [[Bulgars]] led by [[Alcek]] settled in [[Sepino]], [[Bojano]] and [[Isernia]]. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=1992 |isbn=9783447032742 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=245}}</ref> Following Roman rule, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia were conquered by the [[Vandals]], then by the Ostrogoths, and finally by the Byzantines. At one point, Sardinia grew increasingly autonomous from the Byzantine rule to the point of organizing itself into [[Sardinian medieval kingdoms|four sovereign Kingdoms]], known as "Judicates", that would last until the [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragonese]] conquest in the 15th century. Corsica came under the influence of the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]] and later under the maritime Republics of [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]]. In 687, Sicily became the Byzantine [[Sicily (theme)|Theme of Sicily]]; during the course of the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]], Sicily gradually became the [[Emirate of Sicily]] (831–1072). Later, a series of conflicts with the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Normans]] would bring about the establishment of the [[County of Sicily]], and eventually the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. The [[Lombards of Sicily]] (not to be confused with the ''Longobards''), coming from [[Northern Italy]], settled in the central and eastern part of Sicily. After the marriage between the Norman [[Roger I of Sicily]] and [[Adelaide del Vasto]], descendant of the [[Aleramici]] family, many Northern Italian colonisers (known collectively as ''Lombards'') left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]] (then known as ''Lombardy''), to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref name="books.google.it">{{Cite journal |last=Loud |first=G. A. |last2=Metcalfe |first2=Alex |date=2002 |title=Following the marriage to his third wife, Adelaide, from the Aleramici clan in Piedmont, many northern Italians (the sources refer to them as lombardi, as opposed to the longobardi from southern Italy) settled on the island of Sicily from the late Eleventh century onwards. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323 |url-status=live |journal=The Society of Norman Italy |publisher=Brill, Leiden |page=323 |isbn=9004125418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135950/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were natives from Northern Italy and should not be confused with the [[Lombards|Lombard]] Germanic tribe, who were referred to as ''Longobardi'' to distinguish them from the locals of the region who were known as ''Lombardi''.</ref> Before them, other ''Lombards'' arrived in [[Sicily]], with an expedition departed in 1038, led by the Byzantine commander [[George Maniakes]],<ref>Jules Gay, ''L'Italie meridionale et l'empire Byzantin'', Parigi 1904, vol. II, p. 450-453.</ref> which for a very short time managed to snatch Messina and [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] from [[Arab]] rule. The Lombards who arrived with the Byzantines settled in [[Maniace]], [[Randazzo]] and [[Troina]], while a group of [[Genoa|Genoese]] and other ''Lombards'' from Liguria settled in [[Caltagirone]].<ref>David Abulafia, ''Le due Italie: relazioni economiche fra il regno normanno di Sicilia e i comuni settentrionali'', Cambridge University Press 1977 (trad. it. Guida Editori, Napoli 1991), p. 114.</ref> [[File:Map of Tuscan settlements in Sicily.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Map of Tuscan settlements in Sicily]] During the subsequent [[Hohenstaufen|Swabian]] rule under the Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], who spent most of his life as [[Kingdom of Sicily|king of Sicily]] in his court in [[Palermo]], Moors were progressively eradicated until the massive deportation of the last [[Muslims]] of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abulafia |first=David |author-link=David Abulafia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGkfAQAAIAAJ |title=Mediterranean encounters, economic, religious, political, 1100–1550 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=0-86078-841-5 |page=236 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504184610/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGkfAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the Arab expulsion, many towns across Sicily were left depopulated. By the 12th century, Swabian kings granted immigrants from northern Italy (particularly [[Piedmont]], [[Lombardy]] and [[Liguria]]), [[Latium]] and [[Tuscany]] in central Italy, and [[France|French regions]] of [[Normandy]], [[Provence]] and [[Brittany]] (all collectively known as ''Lombards''.)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Società Siciliana per la Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Siciliano |date=12 December 1876 |title=Archivio Storico Siciliano |url=https://archive.org/details/archiviostoricos24soci |access-date=12 December 2017 |publisher=Palermo |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barone |first=Francesco |title=L'Islam in Europa tra passato e futuro |publisher=Pellegrini Editore |year=2003 |isbn=88-8101-159-X |editor-last=Di Bella |editor-first=Saverio |location=Cosenza |page=104 |chapter=Islām in Sicilia nel XII e XIII secolo: ortoprassi, scienze religiose e tasawwuf |editor-last2=Tomasello |editor-first2=Dario}}</ref> settlement into Sicily, re-establishing the Latin element into the island, a legacy which can be seen in the many [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily|Gallo-Italic]] dialects and towns found in the interior and western parts of Sicily, brought by these settlers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and etymology of Aidone and Morgantina |url=http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/aidone-morgantina-history.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070045/http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/aidone-morgantina-history.php |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Italy This Way}}</ref> It is believed that the Lombard immigrants in Sicily over a couple of centuries were a total of about 200,000.<ref>According to the most credible hypothesis this settlement dates back to a period between the eleventh century and the thirteenth century. Cfr. {{Cite book |last=Toso |first=Fiorenzo |title=Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |date=2008 |publisher=Il Mulino |isbn=978-88-15-12677-1 |location=Bologna |page=137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartalotta |first=Enrica |title=Minoranze etniche di Sicilia: i Lombardi |url=http://www.siciliafan.it/minoranze-etniche-sicilia-i-lombardi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420122203/http://www.siciliafan.it/minoranze-etniche-sicilia-i-lombardi/ |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=siciliafan.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanza |first=Manfredu |title=Le colonie 'lombarde' si insediano in Sicilia |url=http://www.casalenews.it/cultura/le-colonie-lombarde-si-insediano-in-sicilia-21269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033638/http://www.casalenews.it/cultura/le-colonie-lombarde-si-insediano-in-sicilia-21269.html |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=casalenews.it}}</ref> An estimated 20,000 [[Swabians]] and 40,000 [[Normans]] settled in the southern half of Italy during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Musca |first=Giosuè |title=Terra e uomini nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo: atti delle settime Giornate normanno-sveve |date=15–17 October 1985 |publisher=EDIZIONI DEDALO |location=Bari}}</ref> Additional Tuscan migrants settled in Sicily after the Florentine conquest of Pisa in 1406.<ref>{{Cite book |last=B. Fanucci |first=Giovanni |title=Orazione accademica sull'istoria militare Pisana |date=1788 |publisher=Prosperi |pages=100}}</ref> Some of the expelled Muslims were deported to [[Lucera]] (Lugêrah, as it was known in Arabic). Their numbers eventually reached between 15,000 and 20,000,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbera |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZiKIfC4uBMC&pg=PA175 |title=The Military Factor in Social Change Vol. 2 |work=google.it |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781412837811 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082314/https://books.google.it/books?id=7ZiKIfC4uBMC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> leading Lucera to be called ''Lucaera Saracenorum'' because it represented the last stronghold of Islamic presence in Italy. The colony thrived for 75 years until it was sacked in 1300 by Christian forces under the command of the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] [[Charles II of Naples]]. The city's Muslim inhabitants were exiled or sold into slavery,<ref>Julie Taylor. [https://archive.today/20120629142609/http://www.umd.umich.edu/univ/ur/press_releases/nov03/taylorbook_pr.html Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera]. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. 2003.</ref> with many finding asylum in [[Albania]] across the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref>Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski. [http://www.iiu.edu.my/deed/quran/albanian/Albchapt.htm Islamization of Shqeptaret: The clas of Religions in Medieval Albania.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004644/http://www.iiu.edu.my/deed/quran/albanian/Albchapt.htm |date=25 November 2009 }}</ref> After the expulsions of Muslims in Lucera, Charles II replaced Lucera's Saracens with Christians, chiefly [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundian]] and [[Provence|Provençal]] soldiers and farmers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janin |first=Hunt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |title=Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe |last2=Carlson |first2=Ursula |date=2 July 2013 |work=google.it |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786472741 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082232/https://books.google.it/books?id=Y3sjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55#v=onepage&q=charles%20ii%20burgundians%20lucera |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> following an initial settlement of 140 Provençal families in 1273.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian City States 1250–1453 by Sanderson Beck |url=http://www.san.beck.org/7-7-ItalianCityStates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714190021/http://www.san.beck.org/7-7-ItalianCityStates.html |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=beck.org}}</ref> A remnant of the descendants of these Provençal colonists, still speaking a [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal dialect]], has survived until the present day in the villages of [[Faeto]] and [[Celle di San Vito]]. {{multiple image | align = | image1 = Gebrüder Alinari - Giuseppe Mazzini (Zeno Fotografie).jpg | width1 = 126 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Giuseppe Garibaldi (1866).jpg | width2 = 141 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] ''(left)'', highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] ''(right)'', celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<ref name="scholar and patriot">{{Cite web |title=Scholar and Patriot |url={{Google books|iWK7AAAAIAAJ|page=PA133|keywords=Garibaldi+one+of+the+greatest+generals+of+modern+time|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Manchester University Press |via=Google Books}}</ref> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds",<ref name="Garibaldi on Encyclopædia Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to [[Italian unification]] }} Substantial migrations of Lombards to Naples, Rome and Palermo, continued in the 16th and 17th centuries, driven by the constant overcrowding in the north.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'EMIGRAZIONE ALLA ROVESCIA. DAL LAGO DI COMO ALLA SICILIA |url=http://www.storiamediterranea.it/public/md1_dir/r1495.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033243/http://www.storiamediterranea.it/public/md1_dir/r1495.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Storiamediterranea.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L'EMIGRAZIONE ALLA ROVESCIA: TRA VALCHIAVENNA E SICILIA |url=http://www.storiamediterranea.it/wp-content/uploads/mediterranea/p2492/r1206.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033248/http://www.storiamediterranea.it/wp-content/uploads/mediterranea/p2492/r1206.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Storiamediterranea.it}}</ref> Beside that, minor but significant settlements of [[Slavs]] (the so-called [[Schiavone|Schiavoni]]) and [[Arbëreshë people|Arbereshe]] in Italy have been recorded, while [[Scottish people|Scottish]] soldiers - the ''[[Scottish Guards (France)|Garde Ecossaise]]'' - who served the French King, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], settled in the mountains of [[Piedmont]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-10 |title=The Italian highlanders who may have Scottish roots |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865981 |access-date=2022-12-02 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Gurro: il villaggio scozzese nelle montagne del Piemonte tra kilt, cornamuse e antiche storie di clan |url=https://www.guidatorino.com/gurro-villaggio-scozzese-piemonte/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Guida Torino |language=it-IT}}</ref> The geographical and cultural proximity with Southern Italy pushed Albanians to cross the [[Strait of Otranto]], especially after [[Skanderbeg]]'s death and the conquest of the [[Balkans]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. In defense of the Christian religion and in search of soldiers loyal to the Spanish crown, [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], also king of Naples, invited Arbereshe soldiers to move to Italy with their families. In return the king guaranteed to Albanians lots of land and a favourable taxation. Arbereshe and Schiavoni were used to repopulate abandoned villages or villages whose population had died in earthquakes, plagues and other catastrophes. Albanian soldiers were also used to quell rebellions in Calabria. Slavic colonies were established in eastern [[Friuli]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il popolamento slavo (PDF) |url=http://www.picmediofriuli.it/enciclopedia/pdf/4.4.1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033649/http://www.picmediofriuli.it/enciclopedia/pdf/4.4.1.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Picmediofriuli.it}}</ref> [[Sicily]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN INSEDIAMENTO SLAVO PRESSO SIRACUSA NEL PRIMO MILLENNIO D.C. |url=http://www.europaorientalis.it/uploads/files/1983/1983.1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033242/http://www.europaorientalis.it/uploads/files/1983/1983.1.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Europaorientalis.it}}</ref> and [[Molise]] ([[Molise Croats]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=LE COLONIE SERBOCROATE DELL'ITALIA MERIDIONALE |url=http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/Resetar_Libro_completo1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033638/http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/Resetar_Libro_completo1.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Uni-konstanz.de}}</ref> Between the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the [[early modern period]], there were several waves of immigration of Albanians into Italy, in addition to another in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LE MIGRAZIONI DEGLI ARBERESHE |url=http://www.arbitalia.it/storia/migrazioni.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033637/http://www.arbitalia.it/storia/migrazioni.htm |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Arbitalia.it |format=PDF}}</ref> The descendants of these Albanian emigrants, many still retaining the [[Albanian language]], the [[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]] dialect, have survived throughout southern Italy, numbering about 260,000 people,<ref name="RhzMMTTdIC 2010, p. 18">[https://books.google.com/books?id=31RhzMMTTdIC&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB+people&pg=PA18 Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, vol. 14, Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Andrea Pieroni, Rajindra K. Puri, Berghahn Books, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205065444/https://books.google.com/books?id=31RhzMMTTdIC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB%20people |date=5 February 2016 }}, {{ISBN|1-84545-814-1}}, p. 18.</ref> with roughly 80,000 to 100,000 speaking the Albanian language.<ref name="books.google.bg">[https://books.google.com/books?id=hyR_dqdZ5SQC&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB+people&pg=PA110 Handbook of ethnotherapies, Christine E. Gottschalk-Batschkus, Joy C. Green, BoD – Books on Demand, 2002], {{ISBN|3-8311-4184-3}}, p. 110.</ref><ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Albanian, Arbëreshë |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aae/***EDITION*** |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913112304/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aae/***EDITION*** |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Ethnologue.com}}</ref> ==Italian surnames== Most of [[Italian name#Surnames|Italy's surnames]] (''cognomi''), with the exception of a few areas marked by linguistic minorities, derive from Italian and arose from an individual's peculiar (physical, etc.) qualities (e.g. ''Rossi'', ''Bianchi'', ''Quattrocchi'', ''Mancini'', ''Grasso'', etc.), occupation (''Ferrari'', ''Auditore'', ''Sartori'', ''Tagliabue'', etc.), relation of fatherhood or lack thereof (''De Pretis'', ''Orfanelli'', ''Esposito'', ''Trovato'', etc.), and geographic location (''[[Padova]]no'', ''[[Pisa]]no'', ''[[Lecce]]se'', ''[[Lucca|Lucchese]]'', etc.). Some of them also indicate a remote foreign origin (''[[Greeks|Greco]]'', ''[[Germans|Tedesco]]'', ''[[Moors|Moro]]'', ''[[Albanians|Albanese]]'', etc.). {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- ! colspan=2| Most common surnames<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classifica dei cognomi più diffusi in Italia (ranking of the most common surnames in Italy) |url=https://www.mappadeicognomi.it/classifica_cognomi_piu_diffusi.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511130921/https://www.mappadeicognomi.it/classifica_cognomi_piu_diffusi.php |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |publisher=Mappa dei Cognomi}}</ref> |- | 1|| Rossi |- | 2 || Ferrari |- | 3 || Russo |- | 4 || Bianchi |- | 5 || Romano |- | 6 || Gallo |- | 7 || Costa |- | 8 || Fontana |- | 9 || Conti |- | 10 || Esposito |- | 11 || Ricci |- | 12 || Bruno |- | 13 || Rizzo |- | 14 || Moretti |- | 15 || De Luca |- | 16 || Marino |- | 17 || Greco |- | 18 || Barbieri |- | 19 || Lombardi |- | 20 || Giordano |- |} ==Italian diaspora== {{Main|Italian diaspora|Oriundo}} [[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|[[Italian diaspora]] worldwide {{plainlist| {{Legend|#000000|Italy}} {{Legend|#2e5e00|+ 10,000,000}} {{Legend|#6abc00|+ 1,000,000}} {{Legend|#85ff36|+ 100,000}} {{Legend|#c6fca2|+ 10,000}} }} ]] [[Italian diaspora|Italian migration outside Italy]] took place, in different migrating cycles, for centuries.<ref name="Cohen">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Cohen |title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521444057 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YbzsBPuhyggC&q=%22about+5+million+French+nationals+are+of+Italian+origin+if+their+parentage+is+retraced+over+three+generations.%22&pg=PA143 143]}}</ref> A [[Italian diaspora|diaspora]] in high numbers took place after Italy's unification in 1861 and continued through 1914 with the beginning of the [[First World War]]. This rapid outflow and migration of Italian people across the globe can be attributed to factors such as the internal economic slump that emerged alongside Italy's unification, family, and the industrial boom that occurred in the world surrounding Italy.<ref name="gabaccia">{{Cite book |last=Gabaccia |first=Donna |url=https://archive.org/details/italysmanydiaspo00gaba |title=Italy's Many Diasporas |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780295979182 |location=New York: Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/italysmanydiaspo00gaba/page/58 58]–80 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="SN">{{Cite journal |last=Moretti |first=Enrico |date=1 January 1999 |title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876-1913 |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=640–657 |doi=10.2307/2547529 |jstor=2547529}}</ref> Italy after its unification did not seek nationalism but sought work instead.<ref name="gabaccia" /> However, a unified state did not automatically constitute a sound economy. The global economic expansion, ranging from Britain's [[Industrial Revolution]] in the late 18th and through mid 19th century, to the use of slave labor in the Americas did not hit Italy until much later (with the exception of the "industrial triangle" between [[Milan]], [[Genoa]] and [[Turin]])<ref name="gabaccia" /> This lag resulted in a deficit of work available in Italy and the need to look for work elsewhere. The mass industrialization and urbanization globally resulted in higher labor mobility and the need for Italians to stay anchored to the land for economic support declined.<ref name="SN" /> Moreover, better opportunities for work were not the only incentive to move; family played a major role and the dispersion of Italians globally. Italians were more likely to migrate to countries where they had family established beforehand.<ref name="SN" /> These ties are shown to be stronger in many cases than the monetary incentive for migration, taking into account a familial base and possibly an Italian migrant community, greater connections to find opportunities for work, housing etc.<ref name="SN" /> Thus, thousands of Italian men and women left Italy and dispersed around the world and this trend only increased as the First World War approached. {{multiple image | total_width = 350 | align = left | image1 = David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison1.jpg | width1 = | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Napoleon]], the most notable [[Italians in France|Italian French]] personality. He was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of [[Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon I (emperor of France) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402943/Napoleon-I |access-date=2 September 2010 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref> | image2 = Pope Francis in March 2013 (cropped3).jpg | width2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Pope Francis]], [[Italian Argentines|Argentine of Italian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography – Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330042717/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio_en.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=Vatican.va}}</ref> About 60% of Argentina's population has Italian ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |date=14 November 2011 |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina |url=http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |language=es |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> | footer = }} Notably, it was not as if Italians had never migrated before; internal migration between North and Southern Italy before unification was common. Northern Italy caught on to industrialization sooner than Southern Italy, therefore it was considered more modern technologically, and tended to be inhabited by the bourgeoisie.<ref name="SI">{{Cite book |last=Moe |first=Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/viewfromvesuvius00moen |title=The View from Vesuvius Italian Culture and the Southern Question How did Southern Italy Become "The South"? |publisher=University of California Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780520226524 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/viewfromvesuvius00moen/page/n17 1]–9 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Alternatively, rural and agro-intensive Southern Italy was seen as economically backward and was mainly populated by lower class peasantry.<ref name="SI" /> Given these disparities, prior to unification (and arguably after) the two sections of Italy, North and South were essentially seen by Italians and other nations as separate countries. So, migrating from one part of Italy to next could be seen as though they were indeed migrating to another country or even continent.<ref name="SI" /> Furthermore, large-scale migrations phenomena did not recede until the late 1920s, well into the Fascist regime, and a subsequent wave can be observed after the end of the [[Second World War]]. Another wave is currently happening due to the ongoing [[Italian government debt|debt crisis]]. Over 80 million people of full or part Italian descent live outside Europe, with about 50 million living in [[South America]] (mostly in [[Italian Brazilian|Brazil]], which has the largest number of Italian descendants outside Italy,<ref name="Brazil" /> and [[Italian Argentine|Argentina]], where over 62.5% of the population have at least one Italian ancestor),<ref name="Matanza" /> about 23 million living in North America ([[Italian American|United States]] and [[Italian Canadian|Canada]]) and 1 million in Oceania ([[Italian Australian|Australia]] and [[Italian New Zealanders|New Zealand]]). Others live in other parts of Europe (primarily the [[Italians in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Italians in Germany|Germany]], [[Italians in France|France]] and [[Italians in Switzerland|Switzerland]]). [[File:Map of regions with Little Italys.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|World map of first level subdivisions (states, counties, provinces, etc.) that are home to [[Little Italy]]s or Italian neighbourhoods]] A historical Italian community has also existed in [[History of the Genoese in Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] since the 16th century. To a lesser extent, people of full or partial Italian descent are also found in Africa (most notably in the former Italian colonies of [[Italian Eritreans|Eritrea]], which has 100,000 descendants,<ref>The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara [http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200229/http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/|date=2012-02-18}} that nearly 100,000 Eritreans in 2008 have Italian blood, because they have at least one grandfather or great-grandfather from Italy.</ref><ref name="camera.it">[http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/stampati/sk6000/relazion/5634.htm Descendants of Italians in Eritrea] (in Italian)</ref><ref name="babelfish.yahoo.com">http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?trurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2F_dati%2Fleg13%2Flavori%2Fstampati%2Fsk6000%2Frelazion%2F5634.htm&lp=it_en&.intl=us&fr=yfp-t-501 Descendants of Italians in Eritrea</ref> [[Italian Somalis|Somalia]], [[Italian Libyans|Libya]], [[Italians of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and in others countries such as [[Italian South Africans|South Africa]], with 77,400 descendants,<ref name="Italian-World" /> [[Italian Tunisians|Tunisia]] and [[Italian Egyptians|Egypt]]), in the Middle East (in recent years the [[Italians in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] has maintained a desirable destination for Italian immigrants, with currently 10,000 Italian immigrants), and Asia ([[Singapore]] is home to a sizeable Italian community).<ref name="Italian-World" /> Regarding the diaspora, there are many individuals of Italian descent who are possibly eligible for Italian citizenship by method of ''[[jus sanguinis]]'', which is from the Latin meaning "by blood". However, just having Italian ancestry is not enough to qualify for Italian citizenship. To qualify, one must have at least one Italian-born citizen ancestor who, after emigrating from Italy to another country, had passed citizenship onto their children before they naturalized as citizens of their newly adopted country. The Italian government does not have a rule regarding on how many generations born outside of Italy can claim Italian nationality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizenship by descent |url=https://conssanfrancisco.esteri.it/consolato_sanfrancisco/en/i_servizi/per_i_cittadini/cittadinanza/citizenship-by-descent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042247/https://conssanfrancisco.esteri.it/consolato_sanfrancisco/en/i_servizi/per_i_cittadini/cittadinanza/citizenship-by-descent.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=conssanfrancisco.esteri.it |language=en-gb}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Italy}} * [[Demographics of Italy]] * [[Sicilians]] * [[Sardinians]] * [[Ladin people|Ladins]] * [[List of Italians]] * [[List of Sardinians]] * [[List of Sicilians]] * [[Sammarinese]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{Cite journal |last=Saupe |first=Tina |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Scaggion |first3=Cinzia |last4=Carrara |first4=Nicola |last5=Kivisild |first5=Toomas |last6=D'Atanasio |first6=Eugenia |last7=Hui |first7=Ruoyun |last8=Solnik |first8=Anu |last9=Lebrasseur |first9=Ophélie |last10=Larson |first10=Greger |last11=Alessandri |first11=Luca |display-authors=1 |date=2021-06-21 |title=Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(21)00535-2 |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2576–2591.e12 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E2576S |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=33974848 |s2cid=234471370 |ref={{harvid|Saupe et al.|2021}} |hdl-access=free |hdl=11585/827581}} ==Bibliography== * {{Cite book |last=Baretti |first=Joseph |author-link=Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti |url=https://archive.org/details/anaccountmanner02baregoog |title=An account of the manners and customs of Italy |publisher=T. Davies |year=1768 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Lyman |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Lyman (militiaman) |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalstatei00lymagoog |title=The political state of Italy |publisher=Wells and Lilly |year=1820 |location=Boston}} * {{Cite book |last=Leopardi |first=Giacomo |author-link=Giacomo Leopardi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3IbAQAAIAAJ |title=Discorso sopra lo stato presente dei costumi degl'italiani |publisher=Marsilio Editore |year=1824 |isbn=9788831751964 |location=Venice |language=it}} * {{Cite book |last=Micali |first=Giuseppe |url=https://archive.org/details/storiadeglianti07micagoog |title=Storia degli antichi popoli italiani |publisher=Tipografia Dante |year=1832 |location=Florence |language=it}} * {{Cite book |last=Prezzolini |first=Giuseppe |author-link=Giuseppe Prezzolini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQVtIsx9cSgC |title=Codice della vita italiana |publisher=La Voce |year=1921 |isbn=9788873710226 |location=Florence |language=it}} * {{Cite book |last=Devoto |first=Giacomo |author-link=Giacomo Devoto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEQfAAAAMAAJ |title=Gli antichi italici |publisher=Vallecchi |year=1951 |location=Florence |language=it}} * {{Cite book |last=Bollati |first=Giulio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylRoAAAAMAAJ |title=L'italiano: il carattere nazionale come storia e come invenzione |publisher=Einaudi |year=1996 |isbn=9788806142643 |location=Turin |language=it}} {{Ethnic groups in Italy}} {{Italy topics}} {{Subject bar |portal1=Italy |portal2=European Union |portal3=Europe |commons=y }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italian People}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Italy]] [[Category:Italian people| ]]
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