Editing Jacaranda

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{about|the plant genus|the tree in the genus commonly called Jacaranda|Jacaranda mimosifolia|the rosewood|Dalbergia nigra|other uses}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Jacaranda_cuspidifolia_flower.jpg
|image_caption = A flower of ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''
|taxon = Jacaranda
|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
|type_species=''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]] ''
|synonyms = * ''Digomphia'' Benth.
* ''Etorloba'' Raf.
* ''Icaranda'' Pers.
* ''Kordelestris'' H.Kost.
* ''Nematopogon'' (DC.) Bureau & K.Schum.
* ''Pteropodium'' DC.
* ''Rafinesquia'' Raf. 
}}

'''''Jacaranda''''' is a [[genus]] of 49 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Bignoniaceae]], native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas<ref name="Gentry1992">{{cite journal | title=Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae) | author=Gentry, A. W. | journal=Flora Neotropica | year=1992 | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=51–104 | author2=Morawetz, W. | jstor=4393739}}</ref> while cultivated around the world. The generic name is also used as the common name.

The species ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:130936-2 |website=Plants of theWorld Online}}</ref> has achieved a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] due to introductions, to the extent that it has entered [[Jacaranda mimosifolia#In popular culture|popular culture]]. It can be found growing wild in Central America, the Caribbean, Spain, Portugal, southern and northern Africa, China, Australia, Rwanda and Cyprus.

==Etymology==
The name is of [[South American]] (more specifically [[Tupi-Guarani]]) origin either meaning fragrant,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediambient.itineraris.bcn.cat/en/node/259/365|title=Jacaranda mimosifolia - Parcs i Jardins - Itineraris|work=bcn.cat}}</ref> ''y-acã-ratã'' meaning "heartwood"<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio|first=Teodoro|last= Sampaio|url=https://bdor.sibi.ufrj.br/handle/doc/429|title= O tupi na geografia nacional|page=263}}</ref> or ''ya'kãg rã'ta'' "hard-headed".<ref>{{cite website|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/jacaranda |title=jacaranda|website=Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa|publisher=Porto Editora}}</ref> The word ''jacaranda'' was described in ''A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia'', 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the [[logwood|log-wood]], used in dyeing and medicine" and as being of [[Tupi-Guarani]] origin,<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 2nd Ed. (1989)</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=j&allowed_in_frame=0|title= Jacaranda|publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> by way of Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jacaranda|title= Jacaranda
|publisher= Merriam Webster |access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Although not consistent with the Guarani source, one common pronunciation of the name in English is given by {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|æ|k|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|d|ə}}.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wells | first1 = John C. | author-link1 = John C. Wells | title = Longman Pronunciation Dictionary | chapter = jacaranda | publisher = Pearson Longman | year = 2009 | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>

==Description==
The species are [[shrub]]s to large [[tree]]s ranging in size from {{convert|20|to|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[bipinnate]] in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The [[flower]]s are produced in conspicuous large [[panicle]]s, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]; a few species have white flowers. The [[fruit]] is an oblong to oval flattened [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] containing numerous slender [[seed]]s. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a [[staminode]] that is longer than the [[stamen]]s, tricolpate [[pollen]], and a [[chromosome]] number of 18.

==Taxonomy==
The genus is divided into two sections, sect. ''Monolobos'' and sect. ''Dilobos'' DC., based on the number of [[theca]]e on the [[anther]]s. Sect. ''Monolobos'' has 18 species and is found primarily in western [[South America]], [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], and the [[Caribbean]]. Sect. ''Dilobos'', which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern [[Brazil]] including the [[Paraná River]] valley. The anatomy of the [[wood]] in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. ''Monolobos'', ''J. copaia'' differs somewhat from all other members of the genus and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).

=== Species ===
'''Sect. ''Monolobos'''''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Jacaranda acutifolia]]'' <small>Bonpl.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda arborea]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda brasiliana]]'' <small>(Lam.) Pers.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda caerulea]]'' <small>(L.) J.St.-Hil.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda caucana]]'' <small>Pittier</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda copaia]]'' <small>(Aubl.) D.Don</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda cowellii]]'' <small>Britton & P.Wilson</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda cuspidifolia]]'' <small>Mart. ex DC.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda decurrens]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda ekmanii]]'' <small>Alain</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda hesperia]]'' <small>Dugand.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'' <small>D.Don</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda obtusifolia]]'' <small>Humboldt & Bonpl.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda orinocensis]]'' <small>Sandw.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda poitaei]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda praetermissa]]'' <small>Sandw.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda selleana]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda sparrei]]'' <small>A.H.Gentry</small>
{{div col end}}
'''Sect. ''Dilobos'''''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Jacaranda bracteata]]'' <small>Bur. & K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda bullata]]'' <small>A.H.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda campinae]]'' <small>A.Gentry & Morawetz</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda carajasensis]]'' <small>A.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda caroba]]'' <small>(Vell.) DC.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda crassifolia]]'' <small>Morawetz</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda duckei]]'' <small>Vattimo</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda egleri]]'' <small>Sandwith</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda glabra]]'' <small>(DC.) Bur. & K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda grandifoliolata]]'' <small>A.H.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda heterophylla]]'' <small>M.M.Silva-Castro</small><ref name="Silva-Castro2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Silva-Castro | first1 = Milene Maria Da | title = A new species of ''Jacaranda'' (Bignoniaceae) from the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil) | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 295 | issue = 3 | year = 2017 | pages = 287–291 | issn = 1179-3163 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.295.3.10| bibcode = 2017Phytx.295..287S }}</ref>
* ''[[Jacaranda intricata]]'' <small>A.Gentry & Morawetz</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda irwinii]]'' <small>A.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda jasminoides]]'' <small>(Thunb.) Sandw.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda macrantha]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda macrocarpa]]'' <small>Bur. & K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda micrantha]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda montana]]'' <small>Morawetz</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda morii]]'' <small>A.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda mutabilis]]'' <small>Hassl.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda obovata]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda oxyphylla]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda paucifoliata]]'' <small>Mart. ex DC.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda puberula]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda racemosa]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda rufa]]'' <small>Manso</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda rugosa]]'' <small>A.H.Gentry</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda simplicifolia]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda subalpina]]'' <small>Morawetz</small>
* ''[[Jacaranda ulei]]'' <small>Bur. & K.Schum.</small>
{{div col end}}

==Cultivation==
[[Image:Jacaranda seedling.png|left|thumb|162x162px|Jacaranda seedling]]
Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings, and seeds, though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well-drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze.<ref name="jacaranda">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelovelyplants.com/jacaranda-tree/|title=Jacaranda Tree|work=The Lovely Plants|access-date=2010-10-05|archive-date=2015-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225190539/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/jacaranda-tree/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wikilawn.com/drought-tolerant-plants/jacaranda-tree/ |title=Jacaranda Tree |website=www.wikilawn.com |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

This genus thrives in full sun and sandy soils, which explains their abundance in warmer climates. Mature plants can survive in colder climates down to {{convert|-7|C|F}}; however, they may not bloom as profusely. Younger plants are more fragile and may not survive in colder climates when temperatures drop below freezing.

== Uses ==
Several species are widely grown as [[ornamental plant]]s throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the [[blue jacaranda]] (''Jacaranda mimosifolia''; [[synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''J. acutifolia'' hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the [[Jacaranda copaia|Copaia]] (''Jacaranda copaia'') is important for its [[timber]] because of its exceptionally long [[Bole (botany)|bole]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="175" heights="175">
File:Jacaranda ulei flower.jpg|Flowers of ''Jacaranda ulei''
File:Jacaranda seeds.jpg|Jacaranda seeds
File:Jacaranda255.jpg|''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'' trees in full bloom in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
File:JacarandaTreeIndia.jpg|Jacaranda tree blooming in India
File:Avenida Figueroa Alcorta - floración de jacarandá.jpg|Jacaranda trees in bloom in [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
*{{Wikispecies inline}}
* Dos Santos, G., & Miller, R. B. (1997). "[http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/santo97a.pdf Wood anatomy of ''Jacaranda'' (Bignoniaceae): Systematic relationships in sections ''Monolobos'' and ''Dilobos'' as suggested by twig and stem rays]" (PDF file). ''IAWA Journal'' 18: 369–383. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522073540/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/santo97a.pdf |date=2019-05-22 }}.
* [http://goodnajacarandafestival.com/ Goodna Jacaranda Festival at Evan Marginson Park, Goodna]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154636/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1011 Agroforestry Tree Database]
* [http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ Jacaranda Festival, Grafton]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223739/http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ |date=2010-09-21 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311105}}

[[Category:Jacaranda| ]]
[[Category:Bignoniaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of Brazil]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Trees of Argentina]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]