Editing Jacobin cuckoo

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Jacobin cuckoo
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Clamator jacobinus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22683800A93002088 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683800A93002088.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Jacobin_Cuckoo_(Clamator_jacobinus)_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg|
| image_caption = An adult ([[India]])
| genus = Clamator
| species = jacobinus
| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)
| synonyms =''Oxylophus jacobinus''<br/>''Coccystes melanoleucos''<br/>''Coccystes hypopinarius''
| range_map=ClamatorJacobinusMap.svg
| range_map_caption = dark green - year round<br/>yellow - summer only<br/>blue - winter<br/>cream - passage only
}}
The '''Jacobin cuckoo''' ('''''Clamator jacobinus'''''), also '''pied cuckoo''' or '''pied crested cuckoo''', is a member of the [[cuckoo]] order of [[bird]]s that is found in Africa and Asia. It is partially migratory and in [[India]], it has been considered a harbinger of the [[monsoon]] rains due to the timing of its arrival.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Khachar, Shivrajkumar |year=1989 |title= Pied Crested Cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus'' - the harbinger of the monsoon.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=86|issue=3|pages=448–449}}</ref> It has been associated with a bird in [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]] and poetry, known as the ''chātaka'' (Sanskrit: चातक) represented as a bird with a beak on its head that waits for rains to quench its thirst.

==Taxonomy==
The Jacobin cuckoo was described by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' in 1780.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1780 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=12 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | page=35 | chapter=Le Jacobin huppé de Coromandel | language=fr  | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42301234 }}</ref> The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] in the ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle''. This was produced under the supervision of [[Edme-Louis Daubenton]] to accompany Buffon's text.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis  | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Coucou hupé de la côte de Coromandel | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=9 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 872 | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35224647 }}</ref>  Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] coined the [[binomial name]] ''Cuculus jacobinus'' in his catalogue of the ''Planches Enluminées''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boddaert | first=Pieter | author-link=Pieter Boddaert | year=1783 | title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés | place=Utrecht | page=53, Number 872 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822673 | language=fr }}</ref> The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is the [[Coromandel Coast]] of southeast India.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=13 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476465 }}</ref>

The current genus ''Clamator'' was erected by German naturalist [[Johann Jakob Kaup]] in 1829 with the [[great spotted cuckoo]] (''Clamator glandarius'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Kaup | first=Johann Jakob | author-link=Johann Jakob Kaup | year=1829 | title=Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und Naturliches System der Europaischen Thierwelt | volume=c. 1 | language=de | place=Darmstadt | publisher=In commission bei Carl Wilhelm Leske | page=53 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41576476 }}</ref> The name is the [[Latin]] word for "shouter" from ''clamare'', "to shout". The specific epithet ''jacobinus'' and the English name Jacobin refer to the pied plumage which resembles the black and white garments of monks belonging to the [[Dominican Order]]. In France Dominicans were known as "Jacobins".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n110 110], 210}}</ref>

The three [[subspecies]] with their breeding ranges are:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/turacos/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>
* ''C. j. serratus'' ([[Anders Sparrman|Sparrman]], 1786) – South Africa, southern Zambia
* ''C. j. pica'' ([[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] & [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1833) – Africa south of the Sahara to north Zambia and Malawi, northwest India to Nepal and Myanmar
* ''C. j. jacobinus'' (Boddaert, 1783) – south India, Sri Lanka, south Myanmar

==Description==
[[File:Jacobin Cuckoo (14964504996).jpg|thumb|left|In flight, the white wing patches and tail edges are prominent]]
[[File:Cuckoo Jacobin 2015 11 26 08 37 15 7518.jpg|thumb|left|Black-phase Jacobin cuckoo in [[KwaZulu-Natal]]]]
This medium-sized, slim black and white cuckoo with a crest is distinctive. The white wing patch on the black wing and the pattern make it unmistakable even in flight. They are very vocal during the breeding season. The call is a ringing series of whistling notes "piu-piu" with the calls of the nominate form more rapid and slightly Mellower.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC  |author2=JC Anderton|year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. |volume=2|page=225}}</ref><ref name=payne>{{cite book|author=Payne, RB|year=2005|title=The Cuckoos. |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=49, 320–325}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=167–170|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4. Edition 2|author=Baker, ECS|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds4/BakerFBI4#page/n195/mode/1up|year=1927}}</ref>

In [[India]] the subspecies ''serratus'' (Sparrman, 1786) is a summer breeding visitor to northern India and is believed to migrate to southern Africa. This is larger and longer winged than the nominate subspecies found in the southern peninsular region and Sri Lanka is said to be a local migrant.<ref name=gaston>{{cite journal|author=Gaston, AJ|year=1976|title=Brood Parasitism by the Pied Crested Cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus''.|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=331–348|doi=10.2307/3878|jstor=3878|bibcode=1976JAnEc..45..331G }}</ref> No ringing evidence exists to support the actual migration to Africa.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S  |author2=S Dillon Ripley|year=1981|edition=2nd|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 3|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=194–198}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H |year=1928| title= The migration of the Pied Crested Cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus''| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume= 33|issue=1| pages=136–145|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859897}}</ref>

In Africa, subspecies ''serratus'' and ''pica'' (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) show two phases, a pied phase with white or whitish below and a black phase where the only white is on the wing patch. Mating appears to be assortative, with pied phase males pairing with pied phase females. An all-rufous color phase has been noted in Central Africa.<ref name=payne/> There is lack of clarity on the migration and plumage variation involved. Subspecies ''pica'' has been said to be the form that migrates between Africa and India<ref name=payne/> however Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest ''serratus'' as being the valid name for the Afro-Indian migrants.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ticehurst, Claud B|title=Systematic Notes on East African Birds.-Part XIV. 32 On the Relationship of Clamator serratus (Sparrm.), Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.), and Clamator hypopinarus (Cab. & Heine). |pages= 402–415|journal=Ibis| volume=79| issue=2|year=1937| doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1937.tb02182.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 4|author=Peters, JL|year=1940|publisher=Harvard University Press, Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds41940pete#page/12/mode/1up|pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Friedmann, H|year=1964 | title= Evolutionary trends in the avian genus Clamator. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection. Volume 146. Number 4|publisher=Smithsonian Institution| url=https://archive.org/stream/smithsonianmisce146196364smit#page/n143/mode/2up|pages=1–127}}</ref>

In the past some other African subspecies have been suggested such as ''hypopinarus'' from South Africa and ''caroli'' from the Gabon.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/novitateszoologi22lond#page/253/mode/1up/ |journal= Novitates Zoologicae|volume=22|year=1915|pages=244–266|title= List of a small collection of birds from Hausaland, Northern Nigeria|author=Hartert, E}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The species is distributed south of the Sahara in Africa and south of the Himalayas in India. Also found in Sri Lanka and parts of Myanmar. Within Africa, there are movements of the species although they are resident in tropical Africa. The east African population is migratory and moves over southern Arabia into India during April.<ref name=payne/>
The habitat of the species is mainly in thorny, dry scrub or open woodland<ref name=pcr/> avoiding areas of dense forest or extremely dry environments.<ref name=payne/>

==Behaviour and ecology==

In the breeding season, birds call from prominent perches and chase each other with slow wing-beats and pigeon like clapping flight. [[Courtship feeding]] has been observed in Africa.<ref name=payne/> The species is a brood parasite and in India the host is mainly species of babblers in the genus ''[[Turdoides]]''. The colour of the eggs matches those of the host, typically turquoise blue. The eggs are slightly larger than those of the common babbler (''T. caudatus'') or the [[jungle babbler]] (''T. striata''). Other hosts include the [[red-vented bulbul]], and the eggs laid are then mostly white.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Osmaston, BB|year=1916|title= The Pied Crested Cuckoo ''Coccystes jacobinus''.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 24|issue=4|pages=821–822|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30152432}}</ref> Eggs are laid hurriedly in the morning into the nest of the host often dropped from above while the bird perches on the rim of the nest and over the host eggs often resulting in the cracking of one or more host eggs.<ref name=gaston/> In Africa, the males distract the host while the female lays the egg.<ref name=payne/> Multiple eggs may be laid in the nest of a host and two young cuckoos were found to fledge successfully in several occasions.<ref name=gaston/> In Africa, the hosts include ''[[Pycnonotus barbatus]]'', ''[[Pycnonotus capensis|P. capensis]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Krüger, O|year=2004|title=Breeding biology of the Cape bulbul Pycnonotus capensis: a 40 year comparison.|journal=Ostrich|volume=75|issue=4|pages=211–216|url=http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/BBE/Kruger/PDFs/Ostrich_75_211_216.pdf|doi=10.2989/00306520409485447|bibcode=2004Ostri..75..211K |s2cid=86524534|access-date=2009-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824115858/http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/BBE/Kruger/PDFs/Ostrich_75_211_216.pdf|archive-date=2007-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Turdoides fulvus]]'', ''[[Turdoides rubiginosus]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Huels, TR|year=1982 |title=Co-operative feeding of conspecific and ''Clamator jacobinus'' young by ''Turdoides rubiginosus''. |journal=Scopus |volume=6|pages=33–35}}</ref> ''[[Lanius collaris]]'', ''[[Andropadus importunus]]'', ''[[Terpsiphone viridis]]'', ''[[Dicrurus adsimilis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Skead CJ |year=1962|title=Jacobin crested cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus'' (Boddaert) parasitising the fork-tailed drongo ''Dicrurus adsimilis'' (Beckstein).|journal= Ostrich |volume=33|issue=2 |pages=72–3|doi=10.1080/00306525.1962.9633437}}</ref> and a few other species.<ref name=payne/><ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/smithsonianmisce146196364smit#page/n164/mode/1up|title=Evolutionary trends in the genus ''Clamator''|author=Friedmann, H| year= 1964| journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|volume=164| issue=4|pages=1–106}}</ref> Babblers in the genus ''Turdoides'' are communal breeders and cuckoo chick are raised by several members of the group. A pied cuckoo chick was observed to be fed by four [[jungle babbler]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title=On the parasitic habits of the Pied Crested Cuckoo | author=Bates, R.S.P. | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=40 | issue=1 | pages=125 | year=1938|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47602399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Communal nest-feeding in Babbler | author=Bates, R.S.P. | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=56 | issue=3 | pages=630–631| year=1959|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47375572}}</ref>

The skin of young birds darkens form pink to purplish brown within two days of hatching. The mouth linking is red with yellow [[gape]] flanges. Unlike some cuckoos, nestlings do not evict the eggs of the host from the nest although they claim most of the parental attention and food resulting sometimes, in the starvation of host nestlings.<ref name=payne/>

These cuckoos feed on insects including hairy caterpillars that are picked up from near or on the ground. Caterpillars are pressed from end to end to remove the guts before they are swallowed. They sometimes feed on fruits.<ref name=gaston/>

Jacobin cuckoos are occasionally targeted as prey by the [[Eurasian sparrowhawk|sparrowhawk]] (''Accipiter nisus''), which has been recorded attacking the significantly larger cuckoo by forcing it to the ground with its talons, then ripping away with its hooked beak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roaring.earth/sparrowhawk-vs-cuckoo/|title=Battle of the Birds: Hawk Tries to Kill Cuckoo|date=2019-12-01|website=Roaring Earth|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestsightings.com/single-post/2017/03/07/Hawk-Tries-to-Kill-Cuckoo-Bird|title=Hawk Tries to Kill Cuckoo Bird|website=latest-sightings|date=7 March 2017 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>

==In culture==
This species is widely mentioned in ancient Indian poetry as the ''chātaka''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1862 |title=The Birds of India.|publisher=Military Orphans Press, Calcutta.|volume=1|page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein01jerd/page/341 341]|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein01jerd}}</ref> According to Indian mythology it has a beak atop its head and it thirsts for the rains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c059.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12|access-date=2009-06-24}}</ref> The poet [[Kalidasa]] used it in his "[[Meghadoota]]" as a metaphor for deep yearning and this tradition continues in literary works.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keay, F E|title=A history of Hindi literature|year=1920|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofhindili00keayrich/page/102 102]–103|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhindili00keayrich}}</ref> [[Satya Churn Law]], however noted that in Bengal, the bird associated with the "chataka" of Sanskrit was the [[common iora]] unlike the Jacobin cuckoo suggested by European orientalists. He further noted that a captive iora that he kept drank water only from dew and spray picked up from plant leaves suggesting that it may have been the basis for the idea that the "chatak" only drank raindrops.<ref>{{cite book|author=Law, Satya Churn|year=1923|title=Pet birds of Bengal (volume 1)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/petbirdsofbengal00laws/page/114 114]–115, 123|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/petbirdsofbengal00laws}}</ref> To compound the issues with matching vernacular names, it has been pointed out that in Bengal ''chātak'' also refers to skylarks (which are also crested).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|volume=14|issue=2|year=1924|title=Studies in Bird-Myths. No. III.—On two Aetiological Myths about the Sky-Lark| pages=106–110|author=Mitra, Sarat Chandra}}</ref>
[[File:Pied-Cuckoo.jpg|thumb|Pied cuckoo in Pune, Maharashtra]]
It is also mentioned in the poem 'Are ghaas ki roti' where it is said that if Maharana Pratap was to surrender to Akbar, a dystopian future will ensue where the chātak will drink water from the ground.

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==Other sources==
* {{cite journal | author = Johnsingh AJT, Paramanandham K | year = 1982 | title = Group care of white-headed babblers ''Turdoides affinis'' for a pied-crested cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus'' chick | journal = Ibis | volume = 124 | issue = 2| pages = 179–183 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1982.tb03758.x }}
<!-- Simmons, RM (1930) Migration of the Pied Crested-Cuckoo (''Coccystes jacobinus''). ''J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.''  34(1):252-253. notes that they coincide in arrival with the rain quail -->
<!--Betts, FN (1929) Migration of the Pied Crested Cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus''. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  33(3):714. Periyapatna only in Sept or so -->
<!-- Acharya, HN (1931) The occurrence of Pied Cuckoo ''Clamator jacobinus'' (Boddaert) in north Gujarat. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  35(2):458-459. -->
<!-- Bates, RSP (1938) On the parasitic habits of the Pied Crested Cuckoo [''Clamator jacobinus'' (Bodd.)]. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  40(1):125. -->
<!-- Pillai, NG (1943) Migration of Pied Crested Cuckoo [''Clamator jacobinus'' (Boddaert)]. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  43(4):658. winter record from Kerala -->
* {{cite journal | author = Ali Salim | year = 1931 | title = Notes on the Pied Crested Cuckoo (''Clamator jacobinus'') in Alibag Taluk (Kolaba District) | journal = J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. | volume = 34 | issue = 4| pages = 1071–1072 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Jamdar Nitin | year = 1987 | title = Occurrence of Pied Crested Cuckoo (''Clamator jacobinus'') in Suru Valley, Ladakh | journal = J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. | volume = 84 | issue = 1| pages = 208–209 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Liversidge R | year = 1971 | title = The biology of the Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus | doi = 10.1080/00306525.1969.9639115  | journal = Ostrich | volume = 40 | issue = sup1 | pages = 117–37 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Liversidge R | year = 1961 | title = Pre-incubation development of ''Clamator jacobinus'' | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919x.1961.tb02466.x | journal = Ibis | volume = 103a | issue = 4| page = 624 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.migrantwatch.in/cuckoo.php Pied Cuckoo watch - a collaborative study in India]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/jacobin-cuckoo-clamator-jacobinus Internet Bird Collection]
* Jacobin cuckoo - [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/382.pdf Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds].

{{Brood parasite}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q839535}}

[[Category:Clamator|Jacobin cuckoo]]
[[Category:Brood parasites]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1783|Jacobin cuckoo]]