Editing Jacques Delors

{{Short description|French politician (1925–2023)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[His Excellency]]
| name                = Jacques Delors
| image               = Jacques Delors (1993) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Delors in 1993
| order               = <!-- not used.  EU does not use US-style numbered presidencies. -->
| office              = [[President of the European Commission]]
| vicepresident       = [[Frans Andriessen]]
| term_start          = 7 January 1985
| term_end            = 24 January 1995
| predecessor         = [[Gaston Thorn]]
| successor           = [[Jacques Santer]]
| office1             = Mayor of [[Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine|Clichy]]
| term_start1         = 19 March 1983
| term_end1           = 19 December 1984
| predecessor1        = Gaston Roche
| successor1          = {{ill|v=ib|Gilles Catoire|fr}}
| office2             = [[Minister of Finance (France)|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister2      = [[Pierre Mauroy]]
| term_start2         = 22 May 1981
| term_end2           = 17 July 1984
| predecessor2        = [[René Monory]]
| successor2          = [[Pierre Bérégovoy]]
| office3             = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start3         = 1 July 1979
| term_end3           = 25 May 1981
| constituency3       = [[East France]]
| birth_name          = Jacques Lucien Jean Delors
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1925|07|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = Paris, France
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2023|12|27|1925|07|20|df=yes}}
| death_place         = Paris, France
| party               = [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Marie Lephaille|1948|2020|end=d.}}
| children            = 2, including [[Martine Aubry|Martine]]
| alma_mater          = [[University of Paris]]
}}

'''Jacques Lucien Jean Delors''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒak lysjɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ dəlɔʁ|lang}}; 20 July 1925{{snd}}27 December 2023) was a French politician who served as the eighth [[president of the European Commission]] from 1985 to 1995. Delors played a key role in the creation of the [[European single market|single market]], the [[euro]] and the modern [[European Union]].

As president of the [[European Commission]] (EC), Delors was the most visible and influential leader in European affairs. He implemented policies that closely linked the [[Member state of the European Union|member nations]] together and promoted the need for [[European integration|unity]]. He created a [[single market]] that made the [[free movement of persons]], capital, goods, and services within the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) possible. He also headed the [[Delors Committee]], which proposed the [[monetary union]] to create the euro, a new single currency to replace individual national currencies. This was achieved by the signing of the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992.

Delors was a member of the [[French Socialist Party]]. Before becoming president of the EC, he was [[List of finance ministers of France|France's finance minister]] from 1981 to 1984, and a [[member of the European Parliament]] from 1979 to 1981.

==French politics==
Born in Paris in a family originating from [[Corrèze]], Delors first held in the 1940s through the 1960s a series of posts in French banking and state planning with the [[Bank of France]].<ref name="europa1">{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |title=European Commission - Discover the former Presidents - Jacques Delors |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104042326/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a member of the [[French Confederation of Christian Workers]] (CFTC), he participated in its secularization and the foundation of the [[French Democratic Confederation of Labour]] (CFDT). In 1969, he became social affairs adviser to the [[Gaullist]] Prime Minister [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]], a move which was presented as part of Chaban's outreach to the centre-ground and first attracted media attention to Delors personally.<ref name="europa1"/>

In 1957, Delors left the CFDT when he became a high government official to avoid conflicts of interests. In 1974, he joined the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]], with other left-wing Christians. He was one of the rare members of the party to be openly religious, thus challenging its long-standing secular tradition of {{Lang|fr|[[laïcité]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/jacques-delors|title=Jacques Delors Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007170759/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/jacques-delors|url-status=live}}</ref> He served in the [[European Parliament]] from 1979 to 1981, becoming chairman of its Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, actively taking part in debates about economic, social, and monetary policies.<ref name="europa1"/> Under President [[François Mitterrand]], Delors served as Economics and Finance Minister from 1981 to 1983, and Economics, Finance, and Budget Minister from 1983 to 1984.<ref name="europa1"/> He advocated a pause in the social policies, a clear acceptance of the market economy, and an alignment with European [[social democracy]]. Critically, he held the line on France's membership of the [[European Monetary System]] (EMS), giving priority to monetary stability over left-wing spending priorities. Mitterrand flirted with the idea of naming him Prime Minister, but never made the appointment.<ref name=f24>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-from-community-to-union-jacques-delors-champion-of-europe|title=From community to union: Jacques Delors, champion of Europe|publisher=France 24|date=27 December 2023|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227224243/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-from-community-to-union-jacques-delors-champion-of-europe|url-status=live}}</ref>

==President of the European Commission==
{{Further|Delors Commission}}
[[File:1991, persconferentie Eurotop, MECC Maastricht.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Press conference (from left to right) with Danish minister of finance, [[Henning Christophersen]], Dutch ministers [[Wim Kok]], [[Hans van den Broek]] and [[Ruud Lubbers]], after the [[European Council]] in Maastricht, 1991, which led to the 1992 [[Maastricht Treaty]]]]
Delors became the [[President of the European Commission]] in January 1985. During his presidency, he oversaw important budgetary reforms and laid the groundwork for the introduction of a [[single market]] within the [[European Community]]. It came into effect on 1 January 1993 and allowed the free movement of persons, capital, goods, and services within the Community.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ross|first1=George|last2=Jenson|first2=Jane|year=2017|title=Reconsidering Jacques Delors' leadership of the European Union|journal=Journal of European Integration|volume=39|issue=2|pages=113–127|doi=10.1080/07036337.2016.1277718|s2cid=151526296|issn=0703-6337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Delors|title=Jacques Delors {{!}} French politician|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010134304/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Delors|url-status=live}}</ref>

Delors also headed the Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union, widely known as the [[Delors Committee]], that in early 1989 proposed the creation of a new currency—the euro—to replace individual national currencies. This was achieved in the 1992 [[Maastricht Treaty]].<ref>Michael J. Baun, "The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 110.4 (1995): 605–624. [http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~aburgin/IREU%20438%20Policy%20Making%20in%20the%20EU/Additional%20Readings/Additional%20Reading%20for%20students/Baun_The%20Maastricht%20Treaty%20as%20High%20Politics%20Germany%20France%20and%20European%20Integration.pdf  online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809053410/http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~aburgin/IREU |date=9 August 2016 }}</ref>

In opposition to the strident [[neoliberalism]] of US president [[Ronald Reagan]] (1981–1989) that dominated the American political agenda, Delors promoted an alternative interpretation of [[capitalism]] that embedded it in the European social structure. He synthesized three themes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warlouzet|first=Laurent|title=Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138729421|location=London}}</ref> First, from the left came support for the [[redistribution of wealth]] and  protection of the weakest. Second, a neo-mercantilist approach was designed to maximize European industrial output.  And the third was reliance on the marketplace. His emphasis on the social dimension of Europe was and remains central to a strong narrative that became a key element of the self-identification of the [[European Union]].<ref>Alessandra Bitumi, "'An uplifting tale of Europe'. Jacques Delors and the contradictory quest for a European social model in the Age of Reagan." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 16.3 (2018): 203–221 [http://www.academia.edu/download/61940641/An_uplifting_tale_of_Europe_Jacques_Delors_and_the_contradictory_quest_for_a_European_social_model_in_the_Age_of_Reagan20200130-80255-t7.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.</ref>

The Delors presidency is considered to have been the apex of the European Commission's influence on European integration.<ref name=f24/>

==Post-presidency==
Delors had a longstanding interest in education. As the initiator of a French law in 1971 ({{Lang|fr|la formation professionnelle continue}}, FPC) requiring firms to set aside part of their profits for educational opportunities for their employees, he also chaired a [[UNESCO]] Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century from 1993 to 1996, whose final report was published as ''Learning: the Treasure Within''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/delors/treasure.htm |title=UNESCO Task Force on Education, Publications |access-date=17 June 2006 |archive-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615040449/http://www.unesco.org/delors/treasure.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> This work continues to have a significant influence on discourse on lifelong learning, forming the conceptual foundation for both the Canadian Composite Learning Index as well as the [[European Lifelong Learning Indicators (ELLI)]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/towards-and-individual-right-to-adult-learning-for-all-europeans-2/|title=Towards an individual right to adult learning for all Europeans|publisher=Jacques Delors Institute|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228003852/https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/towards-and-individual-right-to-adult-learning-for-all-europeans-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305625744|title=ELLI-Index: A sound measure for lifelong learning in the EU|publisher=European Commission: Joint Research Centre:DOI:10.2788/145|date=May 2010 |doi=10.2788/145 |accessdate=28 December 2023 |author1=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen |last2=Saisana |first2=Michaela |isbn=978-92-79-15629-8 }}</ref>

In 1994, members of the Socialist Party attempted to persuade Delors to run for president. Polls showed that he would have a very good chance of defeating either of the main conservative contenders, Prime Minister [[Édouard Balladur]] and Mayor of Paris [[Jacques Chirac]].<ref name="washpost">{{Cite news|last=Drozdiak|first=William|date=1994-12-13|title=Delors' Vow Not to Run Could Boost French Anti-Europe Forces|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/13/delors-vow-not-to-run-could-boost-french-anti-europe-forces/ec680111-6a27-4aa3-a717-991b31455ae8/|access-date=2023-12-28|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> However Delors declined to run and the eventual Socialist nominee, [[Lionel Jospin]], was defeated in the [[1995 French presidential election|1995 presidential election]] by Jacques Chirac.<ref name=lemonde>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2023/12/27/jacques-delors-one-of-europe-s-greats-has-died_6381306_143.html|title=Jacques Delors, one of Europe's greats, has died|work=Le Monde|date=27 December 2023|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228041042/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2023/12/27/jacques-delors-one-of-europe-s-greats-has-died_6381306_143.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|last2=Badshah|first2=Nadeem|date=2023-12-27|title=Jacques Delors, former European Commission president, dies aged 98|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/jacques-delors-former-european-commission-president-dies-aged-98|access-date=2023-12-28|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228125317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/jacques-delors-former-european-commission-president-dies-aged-98|url-status=live}}</ref>

Delors founded the Paris-based, centre-left [[think tank]] [[Notre Europe]] in 1996 and remained one of its presidents for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite book|title=The National Origins of Policy Ideas: Knowledge Regimes in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark|last=Campbell & Pedersen|first=John L. & Ove K. |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NY|isbn=978-0691161167|page=339}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00006981/01/LGI_Policy-Research-Institutes-Paper_2003.pdf|title=Policy research institutes and think tanks in Western Europe: Development trends and perspectives|last=Stone & Ullrich|first=Diane & Heidi|year=2013|language=en|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126000325/http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00006981/01/LGI_Policy-Research-Institutes-Paper_2003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He was president of the {{Lang|fr|Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale}}, and an honorary member of both the [[Institut Aspen France]] and the [[Club of Rome]].<ref name=lemonde/>

On 15 September 2010, Delors supported the new initiative [[Spinelli Group]], which was founded to reinvigorate the striving for [[federalization of the European Union]]. Other prominent supporters include [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], [[Guy Verhofstadt]], [[Sylvie Goulard]], [[Andrew Duff]], and [[Elmar Brok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinelligroup.eu/who-we-are/|title=Spinelli group website, Members of the steering group|access-date=17 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921204036/http://www.spinelligroup.eu/who-we-are/|archive-date=21 September 2010}}</ref> In 2010, Delors was the first to be given the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardo-award.eu/|title=Leonardo|website=leonardo-award.eu|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228053004/http://www.leonardo-award.eu/home.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Delors stated in the ''[[Handelsblatt]]'' newspaper that "If the British cannot support the trend towards more integration in Europe, we can nevertheless remain friends, but on a different basis. I could imagine a form such as a European economic area or a free-trade agreement."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/jacques-delors-globalisation-austerity-wisdom-internationalist-spirit-missed |title=Jacques Delors foresaw the perils of austerity. How we need his wisdom now |work=The Guardian |date=11 August 2017 |accessdate=28 December 2023 |last1=Seddon |first1=Mark |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227193117/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/jacques-delors-globalisation-austerity-wisdom-internationalist-spirit-missed |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 June 2015, [[Donald Tusk]] announced that Delors would become the third person to have the title of [[Honorary Citizen of Europe]] bestowed upon them, in recognition of "his remarkable contribution to the development of the European project".<ref name="Tusk">{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/24-tusk-invitation-letter-european-council/|title=Invitation letter by President Donald Tusk to the members of the European Council – Consilium|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225524/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/24-tusk-invitation-letter-european-council/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2024, Delors was posthumously given a "Special Recognition" award at ''[[The Parliament Magazine]]''{{'s}} annual [[MEP Awards]], in recognition of his contributions towards the European project, to mark the awards' 20th anniversary.<ref name="Parlimag">{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/03/21/mep-awards-seven-lawmakers-recognised-for-outstanding-contribution-to-eu-policymaking|title=MEP awards: Seven lawmakers recognised for outstanding contribution to EU policymaking|date=21 March 2024|work=[[Euronews]]|accessdate=26 March 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Delors was married to Marie Lephaille until her death in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=En souvenir de Madame MARIE DELORS|url=https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/delors-marie/2e14ed56bbb9498c8fc93654fd1e2ae7|access-date=2023-12-28|website=libramemoria.com|language=FR-fr|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707170006/https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/delors-marie/2e14ed56bbb9498c8fc93654fd1e2ae7|url-status=live}}</ref> They had a daughter, [[Martine Aubry]], who served as [[First Secretary of the Socialist Party]] from 2008 to 2012,<ref name="europa1"/> and a son, Jean-Paul Delors, who was a journalist and died aged 29 in 1982 from [[leukaemia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Drake|first=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlQYBmKBwp8C&pg=PA1|title=Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80399-6|language=en|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052923/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlQYBmKBwp8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Delors died in his sleep at his home in Paris, on 27 December 2023, aged 98.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Former EU Commission president Jacques Delors dies at 98 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-%F0%9F%94%B4-former-eu-commission-president-jacques-delors-dies-at-98 |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227165721/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-%F0%9F%94%B4-former-eu-commission-president-jacques-delors-dies-at-98 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was honored with a [[state funeral]] at the [[Hôtel des Invalides]] in Paris on 5 January in the presence of political figures from all over Europe<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=France bids farewell to former EU chief Delors |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/european-union/article/2024/01/05/france-bids-farewell-to-former-eu-chief-delors_6403709_156.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106125907/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/european-union/article/2024/01/05/france-bids-farewell-to-former-eu-chief-delors_6403709_156.html |url-status=live }}</ref> before his burial alongside his wife and his son at the [[Fontaine-la-Gaillarde]] cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=Obsèques de Jacques Delors: « Une vie tournée vers les autres »: l'homélie de Mgr Hérouard |url=https://www.la-croix.com/religion/obseques-de-jacques-delors-une-vie-tournee-vers-les-autres-l-homelie-de-mgr-herouard-20240106 |work=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106113415/https://www.la-croix.com/religion/obseques-de-jacques-delors-une-vie-tournee-vers-les-autres-l-homelie-de-mgr-herouard-20240106 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1990: Franklin D. Roosevelt [[Freedom Medal]] for Freedom of Speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rooseveltinstitute.org/events/franklin-d-roosevelt-four-freedoms-awards/|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards|publisher=Roosevelt Institute|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215104352/https://rooseveltinstitute.org/events/franklin-d-roosevelt-four-freedoms-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1998: [[UEFA President's Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/about/how-we-work/president/|title=UEFA President's Award|publisher=[[UEFA]]|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> 
* 1999: Member of the [[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]].<ref>Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005). p83</ref>
* 2005: [[Pax Christi International Peace Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/pax-christi-prize-for-peace-2005-2/?fullPosts=true|title=Pax Christi prize for 2005|publisher=Jacques Delors Institute|date=31 October 2005|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228103003/https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/pax-christi-prize-for-peace-2005-2/?fullPosts=true|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Honorary Citizen of Europe]].<ref name="Tusk"/>
* 2024: Special Recognition 20th Anniversary Award at ''[[The Parliament Magazine]]''{{'s}} [[MEP Awards]].<ref name="Parlimag"/>

==Honours==
* {{flagu|Estonia}}: First Class of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]]{{Bcn|date=December 2023}}
* {{flagu|France}}: Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]] (2005; previously appointed Officer in 1999)<ref>{{cite web |title=Décret du 25 mars 2005 portant promotion |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000629246 |website=[[Legifrance]] |date=25 March 2005 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410092500/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000629246 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Décret du 2 avril 1999 portant promotion et nomination |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000759217 |website=Legifrance |date=2 April 1999 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703092203/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000759217 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagu|Germany}}: Medal of the [[Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/dateien/PDF/160423_Verdienstorden_B-W_Ordenstraeger_1975-2016.pdf|title=Verdienstorden des Landes Baden-Württemberg: Liste der Ordensträger 1975 – 2016|publisher=Baden-Württemberg|accessdate=28 December 2023|language=de|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005231135/http://stm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/dateien/PDF/160423_Verdienstorden_B-W_Ordenstraeger_1975-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* {{Cite book|last1=Delors|first1=Jacques|title=Mémoires|last2=Arnaud|first2=Jean-Louis|date=2004|publisher=Plon|isbn=978-2-259-19292-7|location=Paris}}

==See also==
*[[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]]
*[[No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)|"No. No. No." (Margaret Thatcher)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*  Bitumi, Alessandra. "'An uplifting tale of Europe'. Jacques Delors and the contradictory quest for a European social model in the Age of Reagan." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 16.3 (2018): 203–221.
* Drake, Helen. ''Jacques Delors: perspectives on a European leader'' (Psychology Press, 2000).
* Drake, Helen. "Political leadership and European integration: the case of Jacques Delors." ''West European Politics'' 18.1 (1995): 140–160.  [http://aei.pitt.edu/7120/1/002168_1.pdf   Online]
* Endo, Ken. ''The presidency of the European Commission under Jacques Delors: The politics of shared leadership'' (Springer, 1999).
* Ross, George, and Jane Jenson. "Reconsidering Jacques Delors' leadership of the European union." ''Journal of European Integration'' 39.2 (2017): 113–127.
* Van Assche, Tobias. "The impact of entrepreneurial leadership on EU high politics: A case study of Jacques Delors and the creation of EMU." ''Leadership'' 1.3 (2005): 279–298.
*Warlouzet, Laurent. ''Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis'' (Routledge, 2017). [https://sorbonne-universite.academia.edu/LaurentWarlouzet Online]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Jacques Delors}}

*

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/cta/events02/world/eur/euro/delors.ram Delors addressing the British trade unions]
* The infamous headline from ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' in the UK: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/programmes_enl_1146754853/img/1.jpg "Up Yours Delors"]
*{{C-SPAN|8819}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Jacques Delors}}
* The electronic copies of [https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/4056?item=AV-07.01 Jacques Delors's private papers] are consultable at the [https://www.eui.eu/en/academic-units/historical-archives-of-the-european-union Historical Archives of the European Union] in Florence

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{{s-bef|before=[[René Monory]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (France)|Minister of Finance]]|years=1981–1984}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre Bérégovoy]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[François-Xavier Ortoli]]|before2=[[Edgard Pisani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[French European Commissioner]]|years=1985–1995|alongside=[[Claude Cheysson]], [[Christiane Scrivener]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Édith Cresson]]|after2=[[Yves-Thibault de Silguy]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Gaston Thorn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the European Commission]]|years=1985–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jacques Santer]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Margaret Thatcher]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Speaker at the [[College of Europe]] Opening Ceremony|years=1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard von Weizsäcker]]}}
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{{European Commission}}
{{European Commissioners from France}}
{{Finance Ministers of France}}
{{Charlemagne Prize recipients}}
{{UEFA President's Award}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
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[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:French Christian socialists]]
[[Category:French Confederation of Christian Workers members]]
[[Category:French Democratic Confederation of Labour members]]
[[Category:French economists]]
[[Category:French European commissioners]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:MEPs for France 1979–1984]]
[[Category:Politicians from Paris]]
[[Category:Presidents of the European Commission]]
[[Category:Socialist Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Unified Socialist Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of France]]
[[Category:Catholic socialists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium]]
[[Category:European commissioners (1985–1988)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]