Editing Jacques Santer

{{Short description|Luxembourgish and European Union politician (born 1937)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[His Excellency]]
| name                = Jacques Santer
| image               = Jacques Santer 1995.jpg
| caption             = Santer in 1995
| order               = <!-- not used.  EU does not use US-style numbered presidencies. -->
| office              = [[President of the European Commission]]
| vicepresident       = [[Leon Brittan]]
| term_start          = 25 January 1995
| term_end            = 15 March 1999
| predecessor         = [[Jacques Delors]]
| successor           = [[Manuel Marín]] {{small|(''Acting'')}}
| office1             = [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]
| monarch1            = [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Jean]]
| term_start1         = 20 July 1984
| term_end1           = 20 January 1995
| predecessor1        = [[Pierre Werner]]
| successor1          = [[Jean-Claude Juncker]]
| office2             = [[List of Ministers for Finances of Luxembourg|Minister of Finances]]
| term_start2         = 16 July 1979
| term_end2           = 14 July 1989
| primeminister2      = Pierre Werner <br /> ''Himself''
| predecessor2        = [[Jacques Poos]]
| successor2          = Jean-Claude Juncker
| birth_name          = Jacques Louis Santer
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1937|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Wasserbillig]], [[Luxembourg]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| resting_place       = 
| party               = {{Ubl|[[Christian Social People's Party|Christian Social People's]]|[[European People's Party|European People's]]}}
| spouse              = Danièle Binot (m. 1967)
| children            = [[Patrick Santer|Patrick]], [[Jérôme Santer|Jérôme]]
| alma_mater          = {{Ubl|[[University of Paris]]|[[University of Amsterdam]]{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}}}
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Jacques Santer voice.ogg|title=Jacques Santer's voice|type=speech|description=Santer on the introduction of the [[euro]]<br/>Recorded 12 December 1998}}
}}

'''Jacques Santer''' (born 18 May 1937)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url= http://www.gouvernement.lu/1828371/Gouvernements_depuis_1848-version_2011.pdf |title= "Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché depuis 1848." Archived copy |access-date=2018-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171230155752/https://www.gouvernement.lu/1828371/Gouvernements_depuis_1848-version_2011.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy }}</ref> is a Luxembourgish politician who served as [[president of the European Commission]] from 1995 to 1999. He served as the [[finance minister of Luxembourg]] from 1979 until 1989, and as [[prime minister of Luxembourg]] from 1984 to 1995, as a member of the [[Christian Social People's Party]] (CSV), which was the leading party in the Luxembourgish government between 1979 and 2013. As Prime Minister of Luxembourg, he also led the negotiations on the [[Single European Act]], which effectively set aside the 20-year-old [[Luxembourg Compromise]].

== Career ==
He graduated in 1959 from the [[Paris institute of political studies|Paris Institute of Political Studies]], and received his doctorate in law in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> From 1972 to 1974 he was a junior minister in the government. From 1979 to 1984 he was Minister of Finance, Minister for Work and Minister for Social Security, under [[Pierre Werner]], in the coalition government between the [[Christian Social People's Party]] (CSV) and the liberal [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]].<ref name=":0" />

After the [[1984 Luxembourg general election|general election of 1984]], Pierre Werner retired as prime minister and from political life in general, and Santer became the new prime minister.<ref name=":0" /> He and the CSV now formed a new coalition with the [[Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party]] (LSAP), which had come out of the elections as the second-largest party in the legislature, beating the Democratic Party into third place; the CSV remained the largest party. This CSV/LSAP coalition was to last until 1999.

On 10 November 1990 an article appeared in the newspaper ''vum Lëtzebuerger Vollek'', which translates into "Five years of state secret – The bombing [[NATO]] terror commando" that caused a parliament inquiry in which Santer was forced to reveal the existence of a [[Operation Gladio|stay-behind army]] in Luxembourg and being politically responsible to call for its dissolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revue.lu/dossier-bommeleeer/verbrechen-im-namen-des-staates |access-date=6 February 2014 |title= Verbrechen im Namen des Staates |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191218/http://www.revue.lu/dossier-bommeleeer/verbrechen-im-namen-des-staates/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref> The organisation was active since its creation by the then prime minister [[Pierre Werner]] in 1959 and was organised by the secret service of Luxembourg, the [[Service de Renseignement de l'Etat]] (SREL) and coordinated by the [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revue.lu/aktuelles/verbrechen-im-namen-des-staates/?p%3D1%26mid%3D21401 |title=Revue.lu - Aktuelles |access-date=2014-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134137/http://revue.lu/aktuelles/verbrechen-im-namen-des-staates/?p=1&mid=21401 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |df=dmy }}, retrieved 9 May 2013 (German)</ref> On 17 December 1990 he told the constitutional committee the organisation had never more than 12 members and was only foreseen to handle intelligence operations, as well as escape and evasion manoeuvers. There were weapons caches established in 1973, but direct access would not have been granted, according to Santer. On 14 October 1990, the remaining members of the organisation were informed and requested to return their radio communication equipment.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/luxemburgs-schattenkaempfer-4f6f2707e4b02e2664d0f215|title = Luxemburgs Schattenkämpfer: Der Santer-Bericht zu "Stay behind"|date = 25 March 2012|newspaper = Luxemburger Wort|language = de}}</ref>

=== Presidency of the European Commission ===
[[File:Jean-Claude Juncker & Jacques Santer - 1997.jpg|thumb|Santer meets with Luxembourgish Prime Minister [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] in 5 February 1997]]
Santer became the [[President of the European Commission#List of presidents|ninth President of the European Commission]] in 1995 as a compromise choice between the United Kingdom and a [[Franco-German]] alliance, after the Franco-German nominee [[Jean-Luc Dehaene]] was vetoed by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] [[John Major]].<ref name="econ61198">{{Citation | title = Europe's presidential race: the form | url = http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TPQSST&source=login_payBarrier | newspaper=The Economist | date = 11 June 1998 | access-date =16 September 2009 }}</ref> Santer's selection was barely ratified by a [[European Parliament]] upset with the process for which Commission presidents are selected.<ref name=McCormick2004>{{Citation  | title = The European Union: Politics and Policies  | year = 2004  | author=McCormick, John }}</ref>

In the same year, 1995, Santer became the first recipient of the [[Vision for Europe Award]].

Allegations of corruption concerning individual EU commissioners led to an investigation into administrative failings (incompetence and malpractice) by a so-called [[Santer Commission#Resignation|Committee of Independent Experts]]. Despite clearing most commissioners, the report stated that they had not found a single person showing the slightest sense of responsibility. Because the implicated commissioners refused to resign and the President of the European Commission did not have the power to dismiss individual commissioners, Santer and his entire commission resigned on 15 March 1999, the very day of the report's publication. As the Commission would only have lasted for half a year from then, he was replaced by Vice-President [[Manuel Marín]] on an interim basis.

=== Later career ===

From 1999 until 2004, Santer was a member of the [[European Parliament]]. He also was on [[General Mediterranean Holdings]]' board, a financial holding owned by Anglo-Iraqi [[Nadhmi Auchi]].
[[File:EC Presidents 2024 (cropped).jpg|upright|right|thumb|Santer in 2024]]
He is currently President of Group Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Union of European Federalists (UEF): Groupe Europe|url = http://www.federalists.eu/?id=14132|website = www.federalists.eu|access-date = 2015-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141543/http://www.federalists.eu/?id=14132|archive-date = 5 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> a member section of the [[Union of European Federalists]]. He also sits on the board of directors of [[RTL Group]], an international TV broadcasting and production company.

On Monday 23 January 2012, Jacques Santer was appointed to head the board of the Special Purpose Investment Vehicle (SPIV), which is designed to boost the firepower of the [[European Financial Stability Facility]], the [[eurozone]] rescue fund.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-santer-idUKTRE80N1UG20120124|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141543/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-santer-idUKTRE80N1UG20120124|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 January 2016|title = EU draws fire over Santer return to EU post|date = 24 January 2012|website = Reuters UK}}</ref>

In May 2013, Santer became an Honorary Member of [[SME Europe]], the official pro-business organisation of the [[European People's Party]].

==Honours==
* {{flag|Iceland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Falcon]] (1990)
* {{flag|Japan}} : Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (2015)
* {{flag|Luxembourg}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Oak Crown]] 
* {{flag|Luxembourg}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] 
* {{flag|Poland}} : Golden [[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] (2008)
* {{flag|Portugal}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (1990)
* {{flag|Portugal}} : Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Christ]] (1988)
* {{flag|Romania}} : Grand Cross of the [[National Order of Faithful Service]] (2004)
* {{Flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (26/10/1973)<ref>[https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/34949 Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana (quirinale.it)]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of prime ministers of Luxembourg]]
* [[Santer-Poos Ministry I]]
* [[Santer-Poos Ministry II]]
* [[Santer-Poos Ministry III]]
* [[Santer Commission]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jacques Poos]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Finances of Luxembourg|Minister for Finances]]
|years=1979–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-Claude Juncker]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Pierre Werner]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]
|years=1984–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-Claude Juncker]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jacques Delors]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the European Commission]]
|years=1995–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manuel Marín]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicolas Mosar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Christian Social People's Party|President of the CSV]]
|years=1974–1982}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean Spautz]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Luxembourg Prime Ministers}}
{{Presidents of the European Council}}
{{European Commission}}
{{European People's Party}}
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|title = Membership of government ministries of Luxembourg
|list  =
  {{Werner-Schaus II}}
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  {{Santer-Poos II}}
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{{Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences}}
{{European Commissioners from Luxembourg}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Santer, Jacques}}
[[Category:Prime ministers of Luxembourg]]
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[[Category:1937 births]]
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