Editing James Cook

{{Short description|British explorer and naval officer (1728–1779)}}
{{Redirect|Captain Cook|other uses|Captain Cook (disambiguation)|and|James Cook (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Cook
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|FRS|country=GBR|size=100%}}
| image = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg
| caption = ''[[Portrait of James Cook]]''<br> by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1728|11|7}}{{efn|name=ns}}
| birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], [[Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Kealakekua Bay]], Hawaii
| death_cause = 
| education = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]]
| occupation = Explorer, cartographer and naval officer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Batts Cook|Elizabeth Batts]]|21 December 1762}}
| children = 6
| signature = James Cook Signature.svg
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch_label = Branch
| branch = [[Royal Navy]]
| serviceyears_label = Service&nbsp;years
| serviceyears = 1755–1779
| rank = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Seven Years' War]]
** [[Conquest of New France]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}

[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] '''James Cook''' (7 November 1728{{efn|name=ns}} – 14 February 1779) was a British [[Royal Navy]] officer, explorer, and cartographer known for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 1768 and 1779. He completed the first recorded circumnavigation of the main islands of New Zealand and was the first known European to visit the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands.

Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager before enlisting in the Royal Navy in 1755. He served during the [[Seven Years' War]], and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the [[St. Lawrence River]] during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|siege of Quebec]]. In the 1760s, he mapped the coastline of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and made important astronomical observations which brought him to the attention of the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] and the [[Royal Society]]. This acclaim came at an important moment in British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1768 as commander of {{ship|HMS|Endeavour}} for the [[First voyage of James Cook|first of three Pacific voyages]].

During these voyages, he sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped coastlines, islands and features across the Pacific from Hawaii to Australia in greater detail than previously charted. He made contact with numerous indigenous peoples, and he claimed many territories for Britain. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.

In 1779, during his second visit to Hawaii, Cook [[Death of James Cook|was killed]] when a dispute with indigenous Hawaiians turned violent. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century. Numerous memorials have been dedicated to him worldwide. However, he remains a controversial figure due to his occasionally violent encounters with indigenous peoples, and there is ongoing debate regarding his role in facilitating [[British Empire|British colonialism]].

==Early life and family==
James Cook was born on 7 November 1728{{efn|name=ns|Born on 7 November ([[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]), 27 October ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old style]]). Dates in this article are in the New Style.}} in the village of [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]] in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] and baptised on 14 November in the [[parish church]] of [[Marton, Middlesbrough#St Cuthbert's Church|St Cuthbert]] where his name can be seen in the church register.<ref name="Rigby25" /><ref>{{harvnb|Robson|2009|p=2.}}</ref> He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from [[Ednam]] in [[Roxburghshire]], and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from [[Thornaby-on-Tees]].<ref name="Rigby25">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=25.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Stamp|1978|p=1.}}</ref>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=13–15}} In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at [[Great Ayton]], where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=2-5}} In 1741, after five years of schooling, he began work for his father who had been promoted to farm manager. For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, [[Roseberry Topping]], enjoying the opportunity for solitude.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=15}}

In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved {{convert|20|mi|km}} to the fishing village of [[Staithes]] to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and [[haberdasher]] William Sanderson.<ref name="Rigby25" /> Historian [[Vanessa Collingridge]] speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=31–33}}

After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of [[Whitby]] and was introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker. The Walkers, who were [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]], were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade.{{sfn|Horwitz|2003|pp=305-309}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=33–35}} Their house is now the [[Captain Cook Memorial Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Cook Memorial Museum |url=https://artuk.org/visit/venues/captain-cook-memorial-museum-3247 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104215753/https://artuk.org/visit/venues/captain-cook-memorial-museum-3247 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Art UK}}</ref> Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] ''Freelove'', and he spent several years on this and various other [[coastal trading vessel|coasters]], sailing between the [[River Tyne|Tyne]] and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy – all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.{{Sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=34–36}}

[[File:Elizabeth Batts Cook.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth Batts Cook|Elizabeth Cook]], wife (16 years) and widow (56 years) of James Cook, by William Henderson, 1830.]]
His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on [[merchant ship]]s in the [[Baltic Sea]]. After passing his [[Licensed mariner|examinations]] in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to [[Master's mate|mate]] aboard the collier [[brig]] ''Friendship''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hough|1994|p=11.}}</ref> 

In 1755, Britain was re-arming for what was to become the [[Seven Years' War]]. Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service, so{{snd}}despite the need to start at the bottom of the naval hierarchy{{snd}}he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy. He entered the Navy at [[Wapping]] on 17 June 1755.<ref name="Rigby27">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=27.}}</ref>

On 21 December 1762, Cook married [[Elizabeth Batts Cook|Elizabeth Batts]], the daughter of Samuel Batts{{snd}}[[Public house#Inns|keeper]] of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of Cook's mentors{{snd}}at [[St Margaret's Church, Barking]], Essex.<ref>{{harvnb|Robson|2009|pp=120–121.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/LocalHistoryResources/Documents/Infosheet22JamesCookDickTurpin.pdf |title=Famous 18th&nbsp;century people in Barking and Dagenham: James Cook and Dick Turpin |publisher=London Borough of Barking and Dagenham |access-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605124552/http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/LocalHistoryResources/Documents/Infosheet22JamesCookDickTurpin.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>{{efn|At time of the marriage, Cook was 34 and Elizabeth was 20.}} The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard {{HMS|Thunderer|1760|6}} which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the [[West Indies]]), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at [[Christ's College, Cambridge]]).{{cn|date=May 2025}} When not at sea, Cook lived in the [[East End of London]]. He attended [[St Paul's Church, Shadwell]], where his son James was baptised.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Cook has no direct descendants – all of his children died before having children of their own.<ref>{{harvnb|Stamp|1978|p=138.}}</ref>

[[David Samwell]], a Welsh [[Naval surgeon|surgeon]] who accompanied Cook on the third voyage, described him as: "... above six feet high, and though a good looking man, he was plain both in address and appearance. His head was small, his hair, which was dark brown, he wore tied behind. His face was full of expression, his nose exceedingly well shaped, his eyes which were of a brown cast, were quick and piercing: his eyebrows prominent, which gave his countenance altogether an air of austerity."{{sfn|Samwell|1786|pp=20-21}}

==Start of Royal Navy career==
{{Further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}

Cook's first posting was with {{HMS|Eagle|1745|6}}, serving as [[Able seaman (rank)#Royal Navy|able seaman]] and [[master's mate]] under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain [[Hugh Palliser]] thereafter.<ref>{{harvnb|Robson|2009|pp=19–25.}}</ref> In October and November 1755, he took part in ''Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to [[boatswain]] in addition to his other duties.<ref name="Rigby27" /> His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of ''Cruizer'', a small cutter attached to ''Eagle'' while on patrol.<ref name="Rigby27" /><ref>{{harvnb|McLynn|2011|p=21.}}</ref> In June 1757, Cook passed his [[Master (naval)|master]]'s examinations at [[Trinity House]], [[Deptford]], qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.<ref name="G_Williams">{{cite web 
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_01.shtml
 |title=Captain Cook: Explorer, Navigator and Pioneer 
|first=Glyn 
|last=Williams 
|author-link=Glyndwr Williams
|date=17 February 2011
 |access-date=5 September 2011 
|publisher=BBC 
|archive-date=19 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819202628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_01.shtml
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> He then joined the [[sixth-rate]] frigate [[HMS Solebay (1742) |HMS ''Solebay'']] as master under Captain Robert Craig.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=25}}{{efn|HMS ''Solebay'' was commissioned in 1744, captured by the French in 1744, cut out by a British privateer in 1746, and recommissioned in the British Navy in 1746.<ref>{{cite book
   |  title=British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714-1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
   |  author=Winfield
   | first= Rif
   |  isbn=9781783469253
   |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5WCAwAAQBAJ
   |  year=2007
  |   publisher=Pen & Sword Books
 | pages =1894, 1902, 2084
}}</ref>
}}

===Canada===

During the [[Seven Years' War]], Cook served in North America as master aboard the [[fourth-rate]] Navy vessel {{HMS|Pembroke|1757|6}}.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=14-23}} With others in ''Pembroke''{{'}}s crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|captured]] the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] from the French in 1758, and in the siege of [[Quebec City]] in 1759.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=16-21}}

The day after the fall of Louisbourg, Cook met an army officer, [[Samuel Holland (surveyor)|Samuel Holland]], who was using a [[plane table]] to survey the area.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=18}} The two men had an immediate connection through their interest in [[surveying]], and Holland taught Cook the methods he was using. They collaborated on developing preliminary charts of the entrance to the [[Saint Lawrence River]], with Cook most likely the author of sailing directions for the river, written in 1758. The combination of Holland's land-surveying techniques{{efn|Cook later extended his land-surveying abilities with instruments such as the [[theodolite]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=86}}}} and Cook's hydrographic skills enabled the latter, from that time onwards, to produce nautical charts for coastal areas that substantially exceeded the accuracy of such Admiralty charts of the time.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=33, 40-41}}{{sfn|McLynn|2011|p=34}} As [[James Wolfe|General Wolfe]]'s advance on Quebec progressed in 1759, Cook and the other masters of ships in the English fleet worked to chart and mark the shoals of the river, particularly near to Quebec itself. The close approach by the ships of the Royal Navy through these shallow waters allowed [[James Wolfe|General Wolfe]] to make his successful stealth attack during the 1759 [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=18-19}}{{sfn|McLynn|2011|p=37}}

[[File:Cooks Karte von Neufundland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| A 1775 chart of [[Newfoundland]], made from James Cook's [[Seven Years' War]] surveyings.]]
Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in the 1760s, aboard {{HMS|Grenville|1754|6}}. He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the [[Burin Peninsula]] and [[Cape Ray]] in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the "rocks and hidden dangers" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, local pilots were engaged to assist with mapping [[Fortune Bay]], Connaigre Bay, [[Hermitage Bay]], the [[Bay d'Espoir]] and the coast west of [[St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. Lawrence]].<ref name=pilots>{{cite web
 |url=http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/cns/JamesCookInNewfoundland1762_1767.pdf
 |title=James Cook in Newfoundland 1762–1767
 |first=William
 |last=Whiteley
 |year=1975
 |page  = 11
 |access-date=27 August 2012
 |work=Newfoundland Historical Society Pamphlet Number 3
 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513194810/http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/cns/JamesCookInNewfoundland1762_1767.pdf
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>{{efn|
The four pilots were: John Beck for the coast west of "[[St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador|Great St Lawrence]]", Morgan Snook for [[Fortune Bay]], John Dawson for Connaigre Bay and [[Hermitage Bay]], and John Peck for the "[[Bay d'Espoir|Bay of Despair]]".<ref name=pilots/>
}}

While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=32-35}} By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England, it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=James |last1=Cook |first2=J. |last2=Bevis |title=An Observation of an Eclipse of the Sun at the Island of New-Found-Land, August 5, 1766, by Mr. James Cook, with the Longitude of the Place of Observation Deduced from It 
|date=1 January 1767
 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 
|volume=57
 |pages=215–216 
|doi=10.1098/rstl.1767.0025
 |url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans04718464
 |doi-access=free 
|issn=0261-0523}}</ref>

Cook's [[Hydrography|hydrographic]] surveys in Newfoundland{{snd}}conducted over five seasons{{snd}}produced the first large-scale, accurate maps of the island's coasts. They were the first large-scale surveys to use precise [[triangulation]] to establish land outlines.<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Cook_Monument_Corner_Brook.jpg 
|work=Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada 
|title=Captain James Cook R. N.
 |last=Government of Canada
 |year=2012
 |access-date=2 November 2012
 |archive-date=8 January 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021300/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Cook_Monument_Corner_Brook.jpg
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's charts were used for over 100 years.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=33}}

At the end of the 1767 surveying season, while HMS ''Grenville'' was returning to her home port of [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford]], Cook encountered a storm at the entrance to the Thames. He anchored ''Grenville'' off the [[Nore]] lighthouse and prepared the ship to ride out the weather. One anchor cable broke, and [[HMS Grenville (1754)#grounding|the ship went aground on a shoal]]. Despite efforts to improve the situation, Cook and his crew were obliged to abandon ship. They returned when the storm eventually abated, lightened and re-rigged the ship and continued into Deptford.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=93-94}}{{sfn|McLynn|2011|p=61}}

==First voyage (1768–1771)==
[[File:Cook Three Voyages 59.png|thumb|upright=2.0|alt=A map of the entire globe, with lines showing where Cook's ships travelled|The tracks of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in '''<span style="color:red;">red</span>''', second voyage in '''<span style="color:green;">green</span>''', and third voyage in '''<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>'''. The track of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.]]
{{Main|First voyage of James Cook}}

Cook's first scientific voyage was a three-year expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']], conducted from 1768 to 1771. The voyage was jointly sponsored by the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Society]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cix}}{{efn|The Royal Society agreed to pay Cook a one hundred [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] gratuity, equivalent to {{GBP|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|{{£sd |g=100}}|1768|r=0}}|link=yes}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, in addition to his Naval pay.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cix}}}} The publicly stated goal was to observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] from the vantage point of [[Tahiti]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=47-56}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=95}} Additional objectives{{snd}}outlined in sealed orders not to be opened until Cook reached Tahiti{{snd}}included: searching for the postulated ''[[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]'' (undiscovered southern land); and to claim lands for Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=47-56}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=95}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}}{{efn|The sealed orders to Cook read, in part: "You are also with the Consent of the Natives to take possession of Convenient Situations in the Country in the Name of the King of Great Britain; or, if you find the Country uninhabited take Possession for His Majesty by setting up Proper Marks and Inscriptions, as first discoverers and possessors. ... You will also observe with accuracy the Situation of such Islands as you may discover in the Course of your Voyage that have not hitherto been discover’d by any Europeans, and take possession for His Majesty and make Surveys and Draughts of such of them as may appear to be of Consequence, without Suffering yourself however to be thereby diverted from the Object which you are always to have in View, the Discovery of the Southern Continent so often Mentioned." {{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}} }}{{efn | 
During the first voyage, Cook laid claims to several lands, including:<br> 
*   [[Raʻiātea]], the second largest island in [[Society Islands]] (after Tahiti), 21 July 1769.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=144}}<br>
*  [[Mercury Bay]] in modern New Zealand, 15 November 1769.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp= 203-204}}<br> 
*  [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui|Queen Charlotte Sound]] in modern New Zealand, 30 January 1770.{{sfn| Collingridge|2003|p=189}}<br>
*   Entire east coast of modern Australia (Cook called it New South Wales) 22 August 1770.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=387-388}}
}}

In early 1768, the Admiralty asked shipwright [[Adam Hayes]] to select a vessel for the expedition; he chose the merchant [[Collier (ship)|collier]] ''Earl of Pembroke''.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-voyages/first-pacific-voyage/april-june-1768
|access-date=25 May 2025
|title=April - June, 1768 
|year=2018
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
}} The Captain Cook Society cites Admiralty Minutes curated at The National Archives (TNA) in Kew. Specific records are: 5 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 12 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 
 12 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 25 May 1768 ADM/3/76.</ref>{{efn|The ''Earl of Pembroke'' was built by Thomas Fishburn, launched in June 1764 from the [[Port of Whitby]].{{sfn|McLintock|1966}} Cook had lived in [[ Whitby ]] for three years when apprenticing for the merchant marine, and he was familiar with colliers, and with Fishburn.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=46}}
}} She was renamed ''Endeavour'' by the navy. On 6 May 1768, at age 39, Cook took his examination for the rank of lieutenant{{snd}}a rank that was required for the captain of a ship armed with the number of guns planned for ''Endeavour''.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=38-39}} The promotion to [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] was effective on 25 May 1768, the date he took command.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=39}}<ref name="Rigby30">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=30.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Beazley|1911|p=71}}<ref>{{harvnb|Kippis|1788|pp=22,23}}. Kippis incorrectly states that Cook and [[Hugh Palliser]] selected the ship for the voyage.</ref> Like most colliers, ''Endeavor'' had a large hold, a sturdy construction that would tolerate grounding, was small enough to be [[Careening|careened]] for repairs, and had a small draft that enabled navigating in shallows.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=280}}{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=41}} Upon completion of the first voyage, Cook wrote "It was to these properties in her, those on board owe their Preservation. Hence I was enabled to prosecute Discoveries in those Seas so much longer than any other Man ever did or could do."{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=280}} When selecting ships for his second voyage in 1772, Cook chose the same type of ship, from the same shipbuilder.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=280-281}}

The Admiralty authorised a ship's company of 73 sailors and 12 [[Royal Marines]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=588}} Cook's second lieutenant was [[Zachary Hicks]], and his third lieutenant was [[John Gore (seaman)|John Gore]], a 16-year Naval veteran who had circumnavigated the world in 1766 aboard [[HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS ''Dolphin'']].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cxxx}} Also on the ship were astronomer [[Charles Green (astronomer)|Charles Green]] and botanist [[Joseph Banks]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=50-52}} Banks provided funding for seven others to join the journey, including naturalists, artists, a secretary, and two servants.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Richard 
|last=Holmes
|title=The Age of Wonder
|isbn=9780307378323
|publisher=HarperPress
|year=2009
}}, p. 10. Holmes incorrectly states that Green's first name was William, not Charles.</ref>

===Transit of Venus===
The expedition departed England on 26 August 1768.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=140}} Cook and his crew rounded [[Cape Horn]] and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at [[Tahiti]] on 13 April 1769, where the [[1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti|observations of the transit]] were made.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=101-102,146, 158-165}} However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=165}} Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which instructed him to search for the postulated southern continent of ''Terra Australis''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secret Instructions to Captain Cook, 30 June 1768 |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw1_doc_1768.pdf |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203030/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw1_doc_1768.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===New Zealand and Australia===
Cook then sailed to New Zealand and landed near the [[Tūranganui River (Gisborne)|Tūranganui River]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}} Encounters with the Māori on the first two days were violent: a Māori was shot and killed on each of the days.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198-201}} Cook then sailed around both of the New Zealand islands, mapping the complete coastline.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=119-138}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=202-225}} With the aid of [[Tupaia (navigator)|Tupaia]], a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the [[Māori people|Māori]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Salmond 
|first=Anne
|author-link=Anne Salmond
 |title=Two worlds: First Meetings Between Māori and Europeans, 1642–1772
|url=https://archive.org/details/twoworldsfirstme0000anne
|access-date=29 May 2025
 |date=1991
 |publisher=Viking
 |isbn=0-670-83298-7
 |oclc=26545658
}}</ref> Despite Cook's attempts to establish relations, many encounters turned violent, and a total of nine Māori were killed during the voyage.<ref>{{cite magazine
|title=British Government ‘Expresses Regret’ for Māori Killed After James Cook’s Arrival in New Zealand
|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/british-government-expresses-regret-maori-killed-after-james-cooks-arrival-new-zealand-180973270/
|website=Smithsonian Magazine
|issn=0037-7333
|date=3 October 2019
|first=Brigit
|last= Katz
|access-date=29 May 2025
}} British government statement describes nine deaths.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198–200, 202, 205–207.}}</ref> 
[[File:Cook's landing at Botany Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15
|alt=Cook in a small boat, approaching a shore, where two Australian Aborigines are standing
|Cook landing at [[Botany Bay]], artist unknown.]]

Cook then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia near [[Point Hicks]] on 19 April 1770.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=226–228.}}</ref>{{efn|At this time, the [[International Date Line]] had yet to be established, so the dates in Cook's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today.}} In doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.<ref>{{cite web 
|date=18 July 2018
 |title=Queensland's History Pre-1700s
 |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615052433/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-date=15 June 2024 
|access-date=29 December 2024 
|website=Queensland Government}}</ref>{{efn|Earlier explorers had encountered the northern and southern coasts of Australia.}} On 23 April, Cook saw [[Aboriginal Australians]] for the first time at [[Brush Island]] near [[Bawley Point, New South Wales|Bawley Point]].<ref name= jour22Apr>{{cite web
 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770
 |access-date=21 September 2011
 |archive-date=27 September 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927080037/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |url-status=live}}
</ref>{{efn|Cook noted in his journal: "... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes<!--not a mistake, don't change it--> they might have on I know not."<ref name= jour22Apr/>}} ''Endeavour'' continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight, while Cook charted and named landmarks along the way.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=137-140}} On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent in [[Botany Bay]], at the east end of [[Silver Beach (New South Wales)|Silver Beach]].{{efn|The landing location is within the modern [[Kamay Botany Bay National Park]]. Cook initially named the bay Sting-Ray Harbour, after the many stingrays found there,{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}} but later changed it to Botany Bay, in recognition of the unique specimens retrieved by expedition botanists Banks and Solander.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|p=230.}}</ref>}} In the expedition's first direct encounter with Aboriginal Australians, two Gweagal men of the [[Dharawal]] / [[Eora]] nation opposed the landing, and one of them was shot and wounded by Cook's crew.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voices heard but not understood |url=https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Gujaga Foundation |date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075129/https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{cite web |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 29 April 1770 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=southseas.nla.gov.au |publisher=South Seas |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110408181719/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=141–43.}}</ref>

Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, exploring the surrounding area and collecting water, timber, fodder, and botanical specimens.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=140-144}} Cook sought to establish relations with the Indigenous population without success.<ref>{{Cite book
 |last=FitzSimons
 |first=Peter
 |title=James Cook: the story behind the man who mapped the world
 |date=2019 
|publisher=Hachette Australia
 |isbn=978-0-7336-4127-5 
|pages=304–306
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/James_Cook/oqWiDwAAQBAJ
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=146–157.}}</ref> Their first landing site was later to be promoted, particularly by Joseph Banks, as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and [[British colony|British colonial]] outpost.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}}<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey |2020|p=287.}}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 1 184663 Endeavour (ship).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A large wooden ship, resting on its side on a beach
| ''Endeavour'' beached for repairs after running aground on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] in 1770. Drawing by ship artist [[Sydney Parkinson]].]]
After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards, stopping at [[Bustard Bay]] on 23 May 1770.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=145}} The ships proceeded north through the shallow and extremely dangerous [[Great Barrier Reef]]. On 11 June ''Endeavour'' ran aground on the reef at high tide.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} The ship was stuck fast, so Cook ordered all excess weight thrown overboard, including six cannons and some of the ship's ballast. She was eventually hauled off after 27 hours, on the second high tide after the grounding.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=237-239}} The ship was leaking badly, so the crew [[Fothering|fothered]] the damage (hauled a spare sail under the ship to cover and slow the leak).{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} Cook then [[careen]]ed the ship on a beach at the mouth of the [[Endeavour River]] for seven weeks while repairs were undertaken.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=151-155}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=195-197, 227.}}</ref> 
<!--The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mostly peaceful, although following a dispute over green turtles Cook ordered shots to be fired and one local was lightly wounded.<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=220–221.}}</ref> -->

The voyage continued northward until they reached the northeast tip of Australia: [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]]. Searching for a vantage point to look for a route forward, Cook saw a hill on a nearby island. On 22 August 1770, he stood atop the island and claimed the entire Australian coast that he had surveyed as British territory, and named the island [[Possession Island (Queensland)|Possession Island]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=237}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=James |date=21 August 1770 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092849/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The expedition then turned west and continued homeward through the dangerously shallow waters of the [[Torres Strait]].

===Return to England===
In October 1770, Cook stopped in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] (modern [[Jakarta]], Indonesia), where the Dutch dockyard facilities were used to inspect and repair the damage from running aground on the Great Barrier Reef.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=253}} While in Batavia, seven of his crew died from [[malaria]], and 40 were sickened.{{sfn|Edwards|2003|p=189}} From Batavia, he sailed to the [[Cape of Good Hope]], then to the island of [[Saint Helena]], arriving on 30 April 1771.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1968|p=468.}}</ref> The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]], and Cook disembarked to go to [[Deal, Kent|the town of Deal]] in Kent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/the-first-voyage-1768-1771 |title=The First Voyage (1768–1771) |publisher=The Captain Cook Society (CCS) |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403121441/https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/the-first-voyage-1768-1771 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The duration of the first voyage was 1,050 days, from 26 August 1768 to 12 July 1771.}}

Shortly after his return, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hough|1994|p=180.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McLynn|2011|p=167.}}</ref> Cook's journal of the first voyage was published in 1773.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=290-291}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=262-263}}{{efn|
The publication was edited by [[John Hawkesworth (book editor)|John Hawkesworth]], and was combined with journals of several other British naval expeditions to the Pacific. It was given a lengthy title that began ''[[An Account of the Voyages]]...''.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=290-291}} }} Banks received accolades from the press and the scientific community.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=251-254}} Banks planned to travel with Cook in the second voyage, but his excessive demands for modifications to the ship conflicted with the Admiralty's constraints, so he removed himself from the voyage before it departed.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=259-263}}

==Second voyage (1772–1775)==
[[File:James Cook's portrait by William Hodges.jpg|thumb
|Portrait of James Cook c. 1775. By [[William Hodges]], who accompanied Cook on the second voyage.]]
{{Main|Second voyage of James Cook}}
In 1772, Cook was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, with the goal of determining whether or not the hypothetical landmass ''Terra Australis'' existed.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=179-180}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=256}}

This voyage would have two ships and, unlike the first voyage, Cook selected them himself: {{HMS|Resolution|1771|6}} commanded by Cook, and {{HMS|Adventure|1771|6}}, commanded by [[Tobias Furneaux]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=181}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=256}} ''Resolution'' began her career as the [[North Sea]] [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] ''Marquis of Granby'', launched at [[Whitby]] in 1770. She was fitted out at [[Deptford]] with the most advanced navigational aids of the day, including an [[azimuth compass]], ice anchors, and an apparatus for distilling fresh water from sea water.<ref>{{cite web|title=Log book of HMS 'Resolution'|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/15|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> 

Crew included astronomer [[William Wales (astronomer)|William Wales]] (responsible for the new [[Larcum Kendall#K1|K1 chronometer]] carried on the ''Resolution''), lieutenant [[Charles Clerke]], artist [[William Hodges]], and naturalists [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] and his son, [[Georg Forster]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=264-266}} 

===Searching for ''Terra Australis''===
After departing England, the ships travelled to South Africa and stopped at [[Cape Town]] in November 1772.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=197-204}} From there they sailed eastward, planning to circumnavigate the globe roughly between 50°S and 70°S latitude.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=197-204}}{{efn|
South of 40°S latitude, the strong prevailing westerly winds of the [[Roaring forties]] gave a much faster eastward journey. Sailing this far south was established as a route to the East Indies by the Dutch seafarer [[Brouwer Route|Hendrick Brouwer]] early in the 17th century. Unlike Cook, Dutch ships had to make a well-timed northward turn to reach the bases of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. Those ships that turned late on this route were among the early wrecks of European ships on the western coast of Australia, with rescue parties and survivors contributing to the initial knowledge of this part of the world.<ref>{{cite book
  | title=Dutch East India Company Shipbuilding: The Archaeological Study of Batavia and Other Seventeenth-Century VOC Ships
  |  author=van Duivenvoorde
  |first= Wendy
  |  isbn=9781623491796
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFDDQAAQBAJ
 |access-date=26 May 2025
  |  year=2015
  |   publisher=Texas A&M University Press
 |page=2
}}</ref>
}} In late November 1772, the ships sighted the first icebergs and Cook performed an experiment: his crew chopped blocks of ice from ice flows and melted them onboard the ships, producing good quality fresh water, proving that drinking water could be obtained from sea ice.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=202-204}} On 17 January 1773 the crews became the first recorded Europeans to cross the [[Antarctic Circle]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=204}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Exploring Antarctica - a timeline
|publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich
|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/history-antarctic-explorers
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}</ref> Despite his mission to find ''Terra Australis'', Cook never sighted Antarctica in any of his voyages; but on 18 January{{snd}}unbeknownst to him{{snd}}the ships approached within {{convert|75|mi|km}} of Antarctica.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=204}}
[[File:The Resolution and Adventure taking in ice for water 4 January 1773.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=Two large wooden ships at rest in the ocean, next to icebergs
|The ''Resolution'' and ''Adventure'' retrieving ice to melt for drinking water. By expedition artist [[William Hodges]], 1773.]]
In February 1773, in the Antarctic fog, ''Resolution'' and ''Adventure'' became separated.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=205}} Furneaux made his way, via [[Tasmania]],{{efn|At the time, Tasmania was named [[Van Diemen's Land]].}} to a pre-arranged rendezvous location to be used in the event of separation: [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui|Queen Charlotte Sound]] in New Zealand. Cook arrived in May, after Furneaux.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=205,213-214}} The crews traded with the Māori people, and in his journal, Cook lamented the fact that Europeans were possibly transmitting diseases to the indigenous people and encouraging prostitution.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=218}} 

In June, the ships departed New Zealand, and headed south{{snd}} in the middle of the southern winter{{snd}}to resume their eastward search for ''Terra Australis'' at about 60°S.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=219}} The next month, 20 crewmen of the ''Adventure'' contracted [[scurvy]] because Furneaux had failed to follow Cook's dietary instructions.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=219-220}} 

The ships then turned north to visit Tahiti, [[Tonga]], and New Zealand.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=220-228}} On their way to New Zealand, the ships became separated in a storm.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} Cook proceeded to the rendezvous point, and waited three weeks, then departed to continue the voyage alone. Furneaux arrived, missing Cook by four days.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} While resupplying their ship in Queen Charlotte Sound, eleven members of the crew of ''Adventure'' fought with some Maori, resulting in the deaths of all eleven crew and two Maori. Furneaux later discovered the bodies of the crew members, partially burned in preparation for cannibalism.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=230-233}} When learning about the deaths much later, Cook wondered if Furneaux's crew was at fault, writing "I must ... observe in favor of the New Zealanders that I have always found them of a brave, noble, open and benevolent disposition".{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=255}} The ''Adventure'' departed New Zealand and quickly returned to Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=258}}{{efn|Furneaux reached England on 14 July 1774. The ''Adventure'' was the first ship to circumnavigate the globe west-to-east; and Furneaux became the first person to circumnavigate the globe in both directions.<ref>{{cite book
|last=David
|first= Andrew C. F. 
|chapter=Furneaux, Tobias (1735–1781)
|title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|date= 3 January 2008
}}</ref>}}
[[File:Cook-1777.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|A [[South-up map orientation|south-up map]] of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#South Georgia|South Georgia]] prepared in 1777 by Cook. Track of the ''Resolution'' is drawn as straight line segments around the islands.]]
The ''Resolution'' continued her search for ''Terra Australis'' alone, reaching her most southern latitude of 71°10′S in January 1774.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=236}} When his ship reached that southernmost point, and progress was blocked by impenetrable [[Drift ice|pack ice]], Cook wrote in his private diary: "I whose ambition leads me not only farther than any other man has been before me, but as far as I think it possible for man to go...".<ref name="G_Williams" /><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://diariesofnote.com/2023/01/30/farther-than-any-other-man-has-been-before-me/
|access-date=22 May 2025
|publisher=Diaries of Note
|title=James Cook: Farther Than Any Other Man Has Been Before Me
}} Diary entry 30 January 1774.</ref>

The ''Resolution'' made a large anti-clockwise circle in the south Pacific, visiting Easter Island, [[Tofua]], [[Melanesia]], and New Zealand.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=238-245}}{{efn|When Cook returned to Queen Charlotte Sound, the Māori were apprehensive because they believed that Cook would take revenge for the deaths of eleven men from the ''Adventure''. But Cook was unaware of the conflict.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=243-244}}}} They then proceeded home, sailing south of [[Tierra del Fuego]], and stopping at [[South Georgia Island]], where Cook claimed it in the name of his king.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=251}} The ship then travelled to South Africa, then north back to Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=251-263}}{{efn|The duration of the second voyage was 1,112 days, from 13 July 1772 to 30 July 1775.}}{{efn|The primary purpose of the second voyage was to determine if the hypothesized ''Terra Australis'' existed. After the trip, the general conclusion was that it did not exist, because it was imagined to extend into the temperate latitudes, and Cook demonstrated that no polar landmass reached beyond about 50°.{{sfn|Blainey|2020|pp=39-42}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=263}}
}}

===Return to England===

Cook was promoted to the rank of [[post-captain]] and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=324-325}} He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.<ref name="Beaglehole">{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|p=444.}}</ref> His fame extended beyond the Admiralty: he was made a [[Royal Society|Fellow of the Royal Society]] and awarded the [[Copley Medal|Copley Gold Medal]] for completing his second voyage without losing a man to [[scurvy]].<ref name="Rigby79">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=79.}}</ref> [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]] painted his portrait; he dined with [[James Boswell]]; and he was described in the [[House of Lords]] as "the first navigator in Europe".<ref name="G_Williams" />

==Third voyage (1776–1779)==
[[File:Hodges, Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb
|alt=Two large wooden ships entering a bay near a tropical island, surrounded by several Tahitians in canoes
|''Resolution'' and ''Adventure'' in Tahiti, painted by [[William Hodges]], 1776.]]
{{Main|Third voyage of James Cook}}
The primary purpose of Cook's third expedition was to search for a [[Northwest Passage]] from the north Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=268,280-282}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=327}}{{efn|Simultaneously, the Admiralty was organizing a second expedition to search for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic side.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=268,280-282}}}} To keep this goal secret, the Admiralty publicly stated that the aim of the mission was to return Polynesian native [[Omai]] to his home in Tahiti.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=270}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=327}}{{efn|When Cook visited Tahiti during his second voyage, Omai (originally from [[Raʻiātea]]) asked Furneaux for passage to England, and Furneaux obliged. Omai spent two years in England, where he was very popular.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=226, 267}}}}
 
On this voyage, Cook again commanded the ''Resolution'', while Captain [[Charles Clerke]] commanded {{HMS|Discovery|1774|6}}.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=274-280}}{{efn|The ''Discovery'' was also a Whitby-built collier.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=337}}}} Cook's lieutenants included [[John Gore (Royal Navy officer, died 1790)|John Gore]] and [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=274-280}} [[William Bligh]]{{snd}}who would later command [[HMS Bounty|HMS ''Bounty'']]{{snd}}was the master.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=274-280}} [[William Anderson (naturalist)|William Anderson]] was surgeon and botanist, [[William Bayly (astronomer)|William Bayly]] served as astronomer, and [[John Webber]] was the official artist.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=274-280}} Among the midshipmen was [[George Vancouver]], who would later lead the [[Vancouver Expedition]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=274-280}}

===Hawaii===
The third voyage began by sailing around South Africa, then into the Pacific Ocean.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=289-301}} After stopping in New Zealand, the expedition returned Omai to his homeland of Tahiti. Cook then travelled north and became the first recorded European to encounter the [[Hawaiian Islands]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=380}}{{efn|Some historians speculate that [[Manila galleon|Spanish trading ships]] may have seen or even visited the Hawaiian islands before Cook, but kept the discovery secret to protect their lucrative trade route between [[Acapulco]] and [[Manila]].<ref name=Kane>{{cite book| last = Kane| first = Herb Kawainui| author-link = Herb Kawainui Kane| editor = Bob Dye| chapter = The Manila Galleons| title = Hawaii Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine| volume = I| publisher = [[University of Hawaiʻi Press]]| year = 1996|   pages = 25–32| isbn = 978-0-8248-1829-6}}</ref>
}} After his initial landfall in January 1778 at [[Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii|Waimea]] harbour, [[Kauai]], Cook named the [[archipelago]] the "Sandwich Islands" after the [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|fourth Earl of Sandwich]]—the acting [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=380}}

===North America===
From Hawaii, Cook sailed northeast to reach the west coast of North America and begin his search for a Northwest Passage.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=316-321}} He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming it [[Cape Foulweather]], after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about [[43rd parallel north|43° north]] before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.<ref name="Hayes 1999 42–43">{{harvnb|Hayes|1999|pp=42–43.}}</ref> He unwittingly sailed past the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] and soon after entered [[Nootka Sound]] on [[Vancouver Island]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=319-322}} Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove, at the south end of [[Bligh Island (Canada)|Bligh Island]].<ref>{{cite bcgnis|18990|Resolution Cove |access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref>{{efn|Relations between Cook's crew and the people of [[Yuquot]] were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii.{{sfn|Fisher|1979|pp=87-97}}}} After leaving Nootka Sound, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the [[Bering Strait]], on the way identifying what came to be known as [[Cook Inlet]] in Alaska.<ref name="Hayes 1999 42–43"/> 

[[File:Captain James Cook in Matavai Bay, Tahiti; by John Cleveley the Younger.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15
|alt=Two large wooden ships in a bay of Tahiti, with several Tahitian canoes
|HMS ''Resolution'' and ''Discovery'' in [[Matavai Bay]], Tahiti. By [[John Cleveley the Younger]].]]
By the second week of August 1778, Cook had sailed through the Bering Strait, crossed the [[Arctic Circle]], and sailed into the [[Chukchi Sea]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=325-327}} He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=327}} Cook then sailed west to the [[Siberia]]n coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=328-329}} 

During this voyage, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern Pacific.<ref name="G_Williams" /> 

By early September 1778, he was back in the [[Bering Sea]] to begin the trip to back to Hawaii.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1968|pp=615–623.}}</ref> Cook became increasingly frustrated and irritable on this voyage, and sometimes exhibited irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they considered inedible.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=328,331-332,363-364}}{{sfn|Obeyesekere|1992|p=42}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=392-393}}

===Return to Hawaii===
Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. The ships sailed throughout the archipelago for eight weeks, surveying and trading.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=638-648}}{{efn|To protect the Hawaiian women from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Cook issued orders to his crew: "In order to prevent as much as possible the communicating this fatal disease to a set of innocent people" no woman was to board either of the ships, and any crew member who had an STD was prohibited from engaging in sex with the women.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=638-639}}
}} After stops in [[Maui]] and [[Kauai]], Cook made landfall at [[Kealakekua Bay]] on [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai'i Island]], the largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=648-650}} 

On the large island, Cook met with the Hawaiian king [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]], who treated Cook with respect, and invited him to participate in several ceremonies. The king and Cook exchanged gifts, and the king presented Cook with a [[ʻAhu ʻula|ʻahuʻula]] (feathered cloak).{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=650-654}} Some members of Cook's crew concluded that the Hawaiian's considered Cook a deity, and that interpretation (specifically, that Cook was considered to be the Polynesian god [[Lono]]) has been endorsed by some academics.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=657-660}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=335-340}}{{sfn|Sahlins|1985}}{{sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=382-389,395-400}}{{efn|
Cook's arrival coincided with the ''[[Makahiki]]'', a Hawaiian [[harvest festival]] of worship for the Polynesian god [[Lono]]. Some scholars assert that the form of HMS ''Resolution''{{snd}}specifically, the mast formation, sails and rigging{{snd}}resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.{{sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=382-389,395-400}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=404}}{{sfn|Obeyesekere|1992|p=61}} Some academics state that Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by [[Marshall Sahlins]]) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's initial [[Apotheosis|deification]] as Lono by some Hawaiians.{{sfn|Sahlins|1985}}
}} Other scholars, including [[Gananath Obeyesekere]], assert that the Hawaiians did not consider Cook to be a deity.<ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1992|pp=197-250}}.</ref>{{efn|The debate about whether or not Cook was considered a deity is sometimes called the [[Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate]].}}

===Death===
[[File:Zoffany Death of Captain Cook.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A beach with a dozen Maori warriors fighting against Cook and several of his marines
|''The Death of Captain Cook'' by [[Johan Zoffany]], c. 1795. One of [[Death of Cook|several paintings of this event]].]]
{{Main|Death of James Cook}}

After a month's stay, Cook left Hawaii to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific, but shortly after departure a strong gale caused ''Resolution''{{'}}s foremast to break, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=661-662}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=341-342}}

Relations between the crew and the Hawaiians were already strained before the departure, and they grew worse when the ship returned for repairs.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=662-664}}{{efn|Before departure, Cook offered to purchase the wood from a fence surrounding a sacred [[marae]]; when the offer was refused, Cook ordered his men to take the wood regardless.{{sfn|Sparks|1847|pp=135–139}} }} Numerous quarrels broke out and petty thefts were common. On 13 February 1779, a group of Hawaiians stole one of Cook's [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=347-348}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=667}} 

The following day, Cook attempted to recover the cutter by kidnapping and [[ransom]]ing the king, Kalaniʻōpuʻu.{{sfn|Beazley|1911|p=72}}{{sfn|Sahlins|2012|p=336}} Cook and a small party marched through the village to retrieve the king.{{sfn|Obeyesekere|1992|p=107}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=408–409}} Cook led Kalaniʻōpuʻu away; as they got to the boats, one of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, [[Kānekapōlei]], and two chiefs approached the group. They pleaded with the king not to go and a large crowd began to form at the shore.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=351-354}} News reached the Hawaiians that on the other side of the bay, high-ranking Hawaiian chief Kalimu had been shot whilst trying to break through a British blockade; this exacerbated the tense situation.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=669-672}} As the Europeans launched the boats to leave, Cook was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=669-672}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=409–410}}{{sfn|Fornander|Stokes|1880|p=193}}{{efn|Early sources identify the primary assailants as [[Kalaimanokahoʻowaha]] (club) and Nuaa (knife).{{sfn|Fornander|Stokes|1880|p=193}}{{sfn|Dibble|1843|p=61}}{{sfn|Samwell|1786|p=16}} [[David Samwell]] wrote: "The principal actors were the other chiefs, many of them the king's relations and attendants."{{sfn|Samwell|1786|p=16}}
}} Cook collapsed and died on the shore, and Hawaiian warriors crowded around the corpse to bludgeon it.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=354}}

===Aftermath===
[[File:Hawaii WikiC 9015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=Plaque reading "Near this spot Captain James Cook met his death, February 14, 1799"
|Marker at the shoreline of Kealakekua Bay, near the spot where Captain Cook was slain.]]
Following the death of Cook and the four marines, the bodies were taken inland to a village by Hawaiians.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=355-360}}{{efn|Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed, and two others wounded, in the confrontation.{{sfn|Samwell|1786|p=16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Muster for HMS Resolution during the third Pacific voyage, 1776–1780 |url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/Portals/ccs/Files/Musters/3resolution3muster1.pdf |website=Captain Cook Society |access-date=27 October 2014 |page=20 |date=15 October 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200409/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/Portals/ccs/Files/Musters/3resolution3muster1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>}} King took a boat to the opposite side of the bay, and was approached by a priest who offered to intercede and ask for Cook's remains to be returned; King consented.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=412-415}} Some crewmen returned to the location of the attack, and skirmishes broke out, resulting in the death of several Hawaiians.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=355-360}} The following day, some of Cooks remains were returned to the ''Resolution'', including some charred flesh, several bones, the skull, and the hands with the skin still attached. The crew placed the remains in a weighted box, and [[burial at sea|buried their captain at sea]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=355-360}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=412-415}}

Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and sailed north to try again to locate the Northwest Passage.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=360-361}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=412}} He stopped in [[Kamchatka]] and entrusted Cook's journal, with a cover letter describing Cook's death, to the local military commander, [[Magnus von Behm]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=679-680}} Behm had the package delivered, overland, from Siberia to England.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=679-680}} The Admiralty, and all of England, heard the news of Cook's death when the package arrived in London{{snd}}eleven months after he died; the package had arrived in England before the surviving crew.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=7}}{{sfn|Thomas|2003|p=402}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/910
|title=Captain Cook's third voyage (Jul 1776-Oct 1780)
|website=Museum of New Zealand - Te Papa Tongarewa
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref>{{efn|It took seven months for the package containing news of Cook's death to travel overland from Kamchatka to England.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=679-680}}}}

Continuing north, the expedition made it to the Bering Strait, but was again blocked by pack ice, and unable to discover a Northwest Passage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=681-682}} Clerke died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and [[John Gore (Royal Navy captain)|John Gore]], a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of the ''Resolution'' and the expedition. [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] replaced Gore in command of ''Discovery''.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=423}} The ships returned home, reaching England on 4 October 1780.{{efn|The duration of the third voyage was 1,545 days, from 12 July 1776 to 4 October 1780.}} After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage.<ref>{{Cite web
|first=Ian
|last=Boreham
 |url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/better-conceiv-d-than-describ-d-the-life-and-times-of-captain-james-king-1750-84-captain-cook-s-friend-and-colleague-steve-ragnall-2013 
|title=Better Conceiv'd than Describ'd: the life and times of Captain James King (1750–84), Captain Cook's Friend and Colleague. Steve Ragnall. 2013 
|publisher=The Captain Cook Society
|access-date=10 October 2017 
|archive-date=10 October 2017 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155340/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/better-conceiv-d-than-describ-d-the-life-and-times-of-captain-james-king-1750-84-captain-cook-s-friend-and-colleague-steve-ragnall-2013 
|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 | title=Better Conceiv'd Than Describ'd: The Life and Times of Captain James King (1750-84), Captain Cook's Friend and Colleague
 | last=Ragnall
|first= Steve
 | isbn=9781780883595
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EybXLq0w3MwC
 | year=2012
| pages=190-195
 | publisher=Kibworth Beauchamp
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}</ref>

==Legacy==

===Navigation===
[[File:Larcum Kendall chronometer K1.jpg|thumb
|alt=A large pocket watch, about 13 centimeters in diameter
|The [[Larcum_Kendall#K1|K1 chronometer]] used on Cook's second and third voyages, which enabled accurate computation of longitude. The cost was £500, {{Inflation|UK|500|1769|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}.<ref>
{{cite book
   | title = Marine Chronometers at Greenwich: A Catalogue of Marine Chronometers at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
  | last= Betts
  | first= J.
 |  isbn=9780191511172
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9EDwAAQBAJ
  | year=2018
  | publisher=OUP Oxford
 | page = 186
}} The British government paid Kendall £450 plus a £50 bonus.
</ref>]]
Cook's three voyages to the Pacific Ocean vastly expanded Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, including the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific contributed to the fields of hydrographic and geographic knowledge.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

On his second and third voyages, Cook carried the K1 chronometer made by [[Larcum Kendall]], to test if it could accurately keep time for long spans of time, while withstanding the violent motions of a ship. It performed well, and thus (along with similar chronometers, such as [[John_Harrison#H4|John Harrison's H4]]) solved the [[History of longitude|longitude problem]] that had plagued mariners for centuries.{{sfn|Hough|1994| pp= 192-193, 197, 236}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=260, 309, 344}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |title=Captain Cook – Cook's Chronometer |work=English and Media Literacy, Documentaries |via=dl.nfsa.gov.au |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220205340/http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|
Kendall's chronometer was a copy of Harrison's H4 chronometer.
{{sfn|Hough|1994| pp= 192-193, 197, 236}}
}} Cook's log was full of praise for the timepiece.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

===Leadership===

Several officers who served under Cook went on to have distinguished careers. [[William Bligh]], Cook's [[sailing master]], was given command of {{HMS|Bounty||6}} in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with [[breadfruit]]. Bligh's [[Mutiny on the Bounty|crew mutinied]], and placed him and 18 others into an open boat 23 feet (7 m) long. Bligh successfully navigated 3618 miles (5822 km) to [[Timor]], arriving with all men alive.<ref>{{ cite book
| url = http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010111b.htm 
 | access-date = 28 May 2025
 | first = A. G. L.  
 | last= Shaw
 | author-link =A. G. L. Shaw
 | chapter=Bligh, William (1754–1817)
 | title=Australian Dictionary of Biography 
 |  volume =1
 |  publisher= Melbourne University Press    
 |  year= 1966   
 |  pages= 118–122 
}}
</ref> He later became [[Governor of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |title=Biography: William Bligh |work=Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard |year=2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209022850/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Vancouver]], one of Cook's [[Midshipman|midshipmen]], led a [[Vancouver Expedition|voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America]] from 1791 to 1794.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |chapter=Vancouver, George (1757–1798) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=Nan |last=Phillips |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203650/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |url-status=live}}</ref> In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named {{HMS|Discovery|1789|2}}. [[George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)|George Dixon]], who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded a commercial vessel that circumnavigated the globe.<ref>{{cite DCB 
|first=Barry M. 
|last=Gough
 |title=Dixon, George
 |volume=4 
|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_george_1776_91_4E.html 
|access-date=7 August 2011
}}</ref>

===Science===
Cook was a pioneer in the prevention of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}} He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to [[scurvy]], an unusual accomplishment at the time.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=2660-267}} He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fernandez-Armesto|2006|p=297.}}</ref>{{efn|Cook did not employ citrus fruits{{snd}}lemons, oranges{{snd}}to combat scurvy, instead relying on [[sauerkraut]] and fresh fruits and vegetables.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}}}} For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the [[Copley Medal]] in 1776.<ref>{{harvnb|Stamp|1978|p= 105.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans08393052 
|access-date=1 April 2025
|title=The Method Taken for Preserving the Health of the Crew of His Majesty's Ship the Resolution during Her Late Voyage Round the World |volume=66
 |pages=402–406
 |first=Captain James 
|last=Cook 
|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
|year=1767 
|issn=0261-0523 
 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1776.0023
 |s2cid=186212653
}}</ref> Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. Based on language similarities, Cook and Banks identified similarities in the languages spoken in the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia, and suggested that they may have originated in Asia.{{sfn|Sykes|2001|pp=79-85}}<ref>{{cite web 
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian4.html
|title =  Linguistic Evidence/Oral Traditions
|website= Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey
|publisher=PBS
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref>{{efn|Today, most languages in the south Pacific Ocean are categorized within the [[Austronesian language]] group.}} 
<!-- In New Zealand schoolbooks, the arrival of Cook is often identified with the onset of [[colonisation]].{{sfn|Horwitz|2003|p=156}} Valid fact from book; but needs to be moved to the Controversy section of this article --> 
[[File:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A large wooden ship in a bay in Australia
|A [[HM Bark Endeavour Replica|replica of the ''Endeavour'']] in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown Harbour]], near where the original ship was beached for seven weeks in 1770 for repairs.]]
Significant observations and discoveries were made by the scientists that Cook carried on each his voyages. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and [[Daniel Solander]], sailed on the first voyage and collected over 3,000 plant species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |url-status=live}}</ref> Banks subsequently promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as [[History_of_New_South_Wales#1788:_Establishment_of_the_colony|a penal settlement in 1788]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |title=Sir Joseph Banks |publisher=BBC |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125072305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |chapter=Solander, Daniel (1733–1782) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=L. A. |last=Gilbert |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919080043/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |url-status=live}}</ref> Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. [[Sydney Parkinson]] was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage.<ref name=flor>{{Cite journal
|last=Yarwood|first=Vaughan
|date=July–August 2018
|title=Joseph Banks' Florilegium
|journal=New Zealand Geographic
|volume=152
|pages=106–107
|issn=0113-9967 
}}</ref>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=243}} The drawings, many published in ''[[Banks' Florilegium]]'', were of immense scientific value to British botanists.<ref name=flor/>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=243}}<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml 
|title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum 
 |year=2011
 |access-date=8 August 2011
 |archive-date=5 July 2011 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011619/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml |url-status=live
}}</ref> Cook's second expedition included artist [[William Hodges]], who produced landscape paintings of many locations, including Tahiti, Easter Island, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Hodges, William (1744-1797)|volume=27}}</ref> 

Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] were [[American Revolutionary War|fighting Britain for their independence]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to "not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind."<ref name="Franklin1837">{{cite book |last=Franklin |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Franklin |title=The works of Benjamin Franklin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |access-date=22 September 2011 |date=1837 |publisher=Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason |pages=123–124 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528054931/http://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memorials===

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Memorial tablet – Captain James Cook and his family, Church of St Andrew the Great, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0
|alt=An ornately carved plaque, mounted on the wall of a church
|Memorial to James Cook and family in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], Cambridge.]]
His obituary in the ''The Norwich Chronicle'' read, in part:
{{blockquote|text=This untimely and ever to be lamented fate of so intrepid, so able, and intelligent a sea-officer, may justly be considered as an irreparable loss to the public... for in him were united every successful and amiable quality that could adorn his profession; nor was his singular modesty less conspicuous than his other virtues. His successful experiments to preserve the healths of his crews are well known, and his discoveries will be an everlasting honour to his country.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=364. Biographer Hough mistakenly attributes this obituary to ''[[The London Gazette]]''. The quoted obituary is from ''The Norfolk Chronicle'', Vol. 554, 15 January 1780}}<ref>
{{cite newspaper
|url=https://www.lastchancetoread.com/docs/1780-01-15-the-norfolk-chronicle.aspx  
|access-date=30 May 2025
|newspaper= The Norfolk Chronicle
|title=Obituary of Captain James Cook
|date= 15 January 1780
|issue=554
}}
</ref>
}}

One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at [[The Vache]], erected in 1780 by [[Hugh Palliser]], a friend of Cook.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://ornc.org/news/palliser-and-cook/
|title=The Governor and the Navigator: Connecting Sir Hugh Palliser and Captain James Cook 
|publisher=Old Royal Naval College Greenwich
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124987?section=official-list-entry
|publisher=Historic England
|title= Monument to Captain Cook Approximately 70 metres to North of the Vache
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref> The inscription reads, in part:
{{blockquote|text=The ablest and most renowned navigator this or any country hath produced... Cool and deliberate in judging, sagacious in determining, active in executing, steady and persevering in enterprising from vigilance and unremitting caution, unsubdued by labour, difficulties, and disappointments, fertile in expedience never wanting presence of mind... Mild, just, but exact in discipline... Traveller! Contemplate, admire, revere and emulate this great master in his profession, whose skill and labours have enlarged natural philosophy [and] have extended nautical science.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/remembering-cook/memorials/types-of-cook-memorials/monument-to-cook-at-the-vache-chalfont-st-giles-buckinghamshire-uk
|title=Monument to Cook at The Vache, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, UK 
|access-date=30 May 2025
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
}}</ref>{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=696-697}}
}}

A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on [[Easby Moor]] overlooking his boyhood village of [[Great Ayton]],<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/
 |title=Great Ayton – Captain Cook's Monument 
|access-date=20 September 2011 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202118/http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/ 
|archive-date=27 October 2011 
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17137751 
|title=Captain Cook
 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald  
|issn=0312-6315
|date=26 January 1935 
|access-date=27 September 2013
 |page=16
 |publisher=National Library of Australia 
|archive-date=9 November 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015431/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17137751
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> There is also a monument to Cook in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], [[St Andrew's Street, Cambridge]], where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep.<ref>{{cite web
|title=St Andrew the Great Church, Cambridge
|url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/st-andrew-the-great-church-cambridge
|website=Captain Cook Society
|accessdate=13 August 2017
}}</ref> 

The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]] by the opening of the [[Captain Cook Birthplace Museum]], located within [[Stewart Park Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]] (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |title=The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, Marton, Middlesbrough |work=captcook-ne.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Other tributes in [[Middlesbrough]] include a primary school,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |title=Captain Cook Primary School |publisher=BBC |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> shopping square<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |title=Captain Cook Shopping Square |publisher=Captaincookshopping.com |access-date=8 March 2010 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328130339/http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''Bottle 'O Notes'', a public artwork by [[Claes Oldenburg]], that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://teesvalleymuseums.org/object/bottle-of-notes-artwork-claes-oldenburg-and-coosje-van-bruggen-local-art-and-artists/
|access-date=28 May 2025
|title=Bottle of Notes
|website =Tees Valley Museums
}}</ref>

Also named after Cook is [[James Cook University Hospital]], a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003, near to the [[James Cook railway station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |title=Captain Cook and the Captain Cook Trail |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906040659/http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Royal Research Ship [[RRS James Cook|RRS ''James Cook'']] was built in 2006 to replace the [[RRS Charles Darwin|RRS ''Charles Darwin'']] in the UK's Royal Research Fleet,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |title=RRS James Cook |publisher=Nautical Environment Research Council |year=2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703104025/http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stepney Historical Trust]] placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A [[Statue of Captain James Cook, The Mall|statue]] erected in his honour can be viewed near [[Admiralty Arch]] on the south side of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100 |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |work=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

====Australia====
[[File:Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook's_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4
|alt=A group of about 12 people dressed in English military uniforms dating from around 1800, shooting their rifles into the air
|Annual re-enactment of James Cook's visit in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Queensland.]]
[[Cooks' Cottage]], his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in [[Melbourne]], Australia, having been moved from England at the behest of the Australian philanthropist [[Russell Grimwade]] in 1934.<ref name="CityMelb">{{cite web |title=Cooks' Cottage |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |access-date=6 August 2017 |publisher=[[City of Melbourne]] |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131055807/https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 1933 |title=Captain Cook's Cottage:  Another Centenary Gift: Mr. Russell Grimwade's Generosity. 
|page=21 
|newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] 
|issn=2377-7052
|issue=((27,105)) 
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4746055 
|access-date=6 September 2017
 |via=National Library of Australia 
|archive-date=12 March 2024 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061306/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4746055
 |url-status=live
}}</ref>{{sfn|Horwitz|2003|p=292}} The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with [[James Cook University]] opening in [[Townsville]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcu.edu.au/about |title=About James Cook University |publisher=James Cook University |year=2011 |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220112811/http://www.jcu.edu.au/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|statues]] of Cook in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] in Sydney, and at [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Sum 2024">{{cite news 
|last1=Sum |first1=Eliza |last2=Carey 
|first2=Adam |date=25 January 2024 |title=Second Statue Targeted After Vandals Hack Off Captain Cook Sculpture on Eve of Australia Day 
|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html 
|access-date=25 January 2024 
|work=Sydney Morning Herald 
|issn=0312-6315
|archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125001101/https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local [[Guugu Yimithirr people]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} They celebrate the first act of [[Reconciliation in Australia|reconciliation]] between [[Indigenous Australians]] and non-Indigenous people, when a Guugu Yimithirr elder stepped in after some of Cook's men had violated custom by taking [[green turtle]]s from the river and not sharing with the local people.{{cn|date=May 2025}} He presented Cook with a broken-tipped spear as a peace offering, thus preventing possible bloodshed. Cook recorded the incident in his journal.<ref name="kim">{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Sharnie |last2=Stephen |first2=Adam |date=19 June 2020
 |title=Cooktown's Indigenous People Help Commemorate 250 Years Since Captain Cook's Landing with Re-enactment
 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706200313/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

====United States====
The [[Kealakekua Bay|site where Cook was killed in Hawaii]] was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk. The small plot of land surrounding the marker was purportedly deeded to Britain in 1877 by Princess [[Likelike]] and her husband, [[Archibald Scott Cleghorn]].<ref name=ChrisGray>{{cite news 
|last1=Gray 
|first1=Chris
 |title=Captain Cook's little corner of Hawaii under threat from new golf
 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html
 |access-date=12 January 2018 
|work=The Independent 
|issn=0951-9467
|date=11 November 2000 
|archive-date=6 May 2018 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175006/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CCSmem>{{ cite web
|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/remembering-cook/memorials/types-of-cook-memorials/obelisk-to-cook-at-kealakekua-bay-hawaii-hawaiian-islands-usa
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
|title=Obelisk to Cook at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, USA
|access-date=25 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Coulter
 |first=John Wesley 
|date=June 1964
|title=Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument 
|journal=The Geographical Journal 
|publisher=The Royal Geographical Society 
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1794586
|access-date=25 May 2025
|volume=130
 |issue=2 
|pages=256–261 
|doi=10.2307/1794586 
|jstor=1794586
 |bibcode=1964GeogJ.130..256C
}}</ref>{{efn|The legality of the deed{{snd}}and subsequent related deeds{{snd}}is in dispute.<ref name=CCSmem/><ref name=ChrisGray/>}} The plot is now fronted by a low stone jetty bearing some small insignia (many now missing) and accompanied by an undated plaque which reads:  "This jetty was erected by the Commonwealth of Australia in memory of Captain James Cook, RN the discoverer of both Australia and these islands".<ref>Photo by Camilo Gaivoto, [[Google Earth]], access date 1 June 2025.</ref> The [[Apollo 15]] [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] ''Endeavour''<ref>{{cite web |title=Call Signs |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228032512/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=21 May 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> and the {{ship|Space Shuttle|Endeavour||6}}<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Endeavour.html
 |website=John F. Kennedy Space Center  
 |title=Space Shuttle Endeavour 
|publisher=NASA
 |access-date=21 May 2011
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101826/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html
 |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> are named after Cook's ship. Another Space Shuttle, [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']], was named after Cook's ''Discovery''.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html
 |website=John F. Kennedy Space Center  
|title=Space Shuttle Discovery
 |publisher=NASA
|access-date=21 May 2011 
|url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610033909/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html
 |archive-date=10 June 2011
}}</ref> There is a [[Statue of James Cook (Anchorage, Alaska)|statue of Cook]] at Resolution Park in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.alaska.org/detail/resolution-park-captain-cook-monument
| title =  Resolution Park and Captain Cook Monument
| publisher =  Alaska Channel
| access-date  =  28 May 2025
}}
</ref> A U.S. coin, the 1928 [[Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar]], carries Cook's image.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coinsite.com/content/commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |title=Hawaii Sesquicentennial Half Dollar |work=coinsite.com |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135925/http://www.coinsite.com/content/Commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

====Canada====
A [[Statue of James Cook (Victoria, British Columbia)|statue of James Cook in Victoria, BC, Canada]]{{snd}}which was constructed in 1976{{snd}}was destroyed on [[Canada Day]] in 2021 by protestors drawing attention to the effects of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].<ref>{{cite newspaper
|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/times-colonist/20220203/282089165173080
| access-date = 30 May 2025
| newspaper = Victoria Times Colonist
|issn=	0839-427X
| title = Capt. Cook Won't be Back as Inner Harbour Statue
| date = 3 Feb 2022
| first= Roxanne
| last=Egan-Elliot
}} </ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Dickson |first=Courtney |title=Protesters toss statue of explorer James Cook into Victoria harbour; totem pole later burned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |date=2 July 2021 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703024735/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ethnographic collections===
[[File:H000104- Feather Cape.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian [[ʻAhu ʻula]] (feather cloak) held by the [[Australian Museum]].]]
{{see also|James Cook Collection: Australian Museum}}
The [[Australian Museum]] in Sydney holds over 250 objects associated with Cook's voyages. The objects are mostly from Polynesia although there are also artefacts from the Solomon Islands, North America and South America. Many of the artefacts were collected during first contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web
 |last=Florek |first=Stan |date=29 October 2014 
|title=Our Global Neighbours: Curious Cook Clubs
 |url=https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404232411/https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Australian Museum}}</ref><ref name="Thomsett, History of Acquisition">{{cite web |last=Thomsett |first=Sue 
|title=Cook Collection, History of Acquisition
 |url=http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=./NarrativeQuery.php |work=Electronic Museum Narrative |publisher=Australian Museum |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218090450/http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=.%2FNarrativeQuery.php |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest collection of artefacts from Cook's voyages is the Cook-Forster Collection held at the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hauser-Schäublin |first1=Brigitta |last2=Krüger |first2=Gundolf 
|title=Cook-Forster Collection: Pacific Cultural Heritage 
|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612021052/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=National Museum of Australia}}</ref>{{efn|The collection is managed by the Göttingen Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology. [https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster A photo gallery displaying some of the items].}}

===Places named after Cook===
Cook's name has been given to the [[Cook Islands]], [[Cook Strait]], [[Cook Inlet]], [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], and [[Cook (crater)|Cook crater]] on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292
 |title=Planetary Names: Crater, Craters: Cook on Moon
 |work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=[[USGS]]/NASA |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182806/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]], the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/
 |title=Aoraki Mount Cook National Park & Mt Cook Village, New Zealand |access-date=21 September 2011
 |url-status=dead 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060533/http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/
 |archive-date=1 October 2011
}}</ref> Another [[Mount Cook (Saint Elias Mountains)|Mount Cook]] is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian [[Yukon]] territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |title=Map of Mount Cook, Yukon, Mountain – Canada Geographical Names Maps |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118224628/http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaii has a town named [[Captain Cook, Hawaii|Captain Cook]], near his place of death.

===Culture===
Cook has been a subject in many literary creations. [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], a popular poet known for her sentimental romantic poetry,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacolbe |first=Jessica |date=23 May 2019 |title=Life of Forgotten Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon |url=https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=Jstor Daily |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009122415/https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> published a poetical illustration to a portrait of Captain Cook in 1837.<ref>{{cite book 
|last=Landon
 |first=Letitia Elizabeth
 |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838
 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68
 |year=1837 
|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.
 |chapter=James Cook
|page=23
|access-date=10 October 2022 
|archive-date=10 October 2022 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010033952/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68 
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1931, [[Kenneth Slessor]]'s poem "[[Five Visions of Captain Cook]]" was the "most dramatic break-through" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet [[Douglas Stewart (poet)|Douglas Stewart]].<ref>Herbert C. Jaffa, ''Kenneth Slessor: A Critical Study'', Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1977, p. 20.</ref> Cook has been depicted in numerous films, documentaries and dramas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131107/https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Teacher's Notes: Captain Cook – Obession and Discovery |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/ 
|title= The Futon's First Look: "Captain Cook's Extraordinary Atlas" (ABC)
 |website=www.TheFutonCritic.com 
|access-date=26 January 2024
 |archive-date=12 March 2024
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061805/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |title=Cooked (Film) |first=Jens |last=Korff |date=17 July 2022 |website=Creative Spirits |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131106/https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cook appears as a symbolic and generic figure in several [[Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology|Aboriginal myths]], often from regions where Cook did not encounter Aboriginal people.<ref name=Maddock/> Cook is usually portrayed as the bringer of Western colonialism to Australia and is presented as a villain who brings immense social change.<ref name=Maddock>{{cite book 
|last=Maddock 
|first=Kenneth
|author-link=Ken Maddock
|chapter=Myth, History and a Sense of Oneself 
|editor-last=Beckett 
|editor-first=Jeremy
|title=Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality
|publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press 
|year=1988 
|pages=11–30 
|isbn=0-85575-190-8
|chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Past_and_Present/-yGEAwAAQBAJ 
|access-date=27 May 2025
}}</ref>

===Controversy===
[[File:Hyde_Park Captain Cook.JPG|thumb
|alt=A bronze statue of Cook, mounted atop a large granite base
|[[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|Statue of James Cook]], Hyde Park, Sydney. The rear inscription reads: "Discovered this territory, 1770".]]
{{seealso|Indigenous response to colonialism}}

The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. Several countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage,<ref>{{Cite web 
|title=250th Anniversary of Captain Cook's Voyage to Australia 
|url=https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Australian Government, Office for the Arts |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172046/https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web 
|title=Tuia Enounters 250 |url=https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306135019/https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |url-status=live}}</ref> leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy and the violence associated with his contacts with Indigenous peoples.<ref name="Daley 2020">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Paul |date=29 April 2020
 |title=Commemorating Captain James Cook's Arrival, Australia Should Not Omit His Role in the Suffering That Followed
 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed
 |access-date=16 March 2021 
|website=The Guardian
 |archive-date=8 March 2021 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230636/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |last=Roy |first=Eleanor Ainge |date=8 October 2019 
|title=New Zealand Wrestles with 250th Anniversary of James Cook's Arrival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival 
|access-date=15 March 2021 
|website=The Guardian
 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030255/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival 
|url-status=live}}</ref> In the lead-up to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised, and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.<ref>{{Cite web
 |date=23 August 2017
 |title=Australia Debates Captain Cook 'Discovery' Statue 
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 
|access-date=15 March 2021 |website=BBC News |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 
|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |date=13 June 2020 
|title=Captain James Cook Statue Defaced in Gisborne
 |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/ 
|access-date=16 March 2021
 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
 |archive-date=9 March 2021 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309004905/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages.<ref>{{cite web 
|date=13 November 2020
 |title=Shots Fired 
|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096 
|url-status=live 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307042709/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096
 |archive-date=7 March 2021 
|access-date=12 March 2021
 |website=ABC Radio National
}}</ref>{{efn|An example of an artefact that has been the subject of requests for return is the [[Gweagal shield]].<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=Thomas
|first=Nicholas
|date=2018
|title=A Case of Identity: The Artifacts of the 1770 Kamay (Botany Bay) Encounter
|url=
|journal=Australian Historical Studies
|volume=49
|issue=1
 |pages=4–27
|issn=1031-461X
|doi=10.1080/1031461X.2017.1414862 
|via=Taylor and Francis Online
}}</ref>}} Attacks on public monuments to Cook continued in Canada and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 
|title=Capt. James Cook Statue Recovered from Victoria Harbour; What's Next is Undecided
 |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703145332/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 
|archive-date=3 July 2021
 |access-date=4 July 2021
 |website=Times Colonist}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/truecrimeaustralia/police-courts-victoria/captain-cook-statue-cut-down-on-eve-of-australia-day/news-story/aa6aa1f84cf25bc70dab5765d42a9031?amp&nk=89c859e6bc39eb7b8000c7309289cfd8-1706162324 
|last=Ellis 
|first=Fergus 
|title=Captain Cook Statue Cut Down on Eve of Australia Day, Vandals Brazenly Share Footage
 |work=Herald Sun
 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sum 2024" /><ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 
|title=Melbourne Statues of Queen Victoria and Captain Cook Vandalised on Australia Day Eve
 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000119/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[ABC News Online]]}}</ref>

Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the [[Indigenous decolonization|decolonisation]] of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.<ref name=AlProc>{{cite book |last=Proctor |first=Alice |title=The Whole Picture |publisher=Cassell |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78840-155-5 |pages=243, 255–62}} Chapters 11 and 12 are most relevant to Cook.</ref> A number of commentators argue that Cook enabled British imperialism and colonialism in the Pacific.<ref name="Daley 2020" /><ref name=AlProc/><ref>{{Cite web 
|last=Gapps 
|first=Stephen 
|date=28 April 2020 
|title=Make No Mistake: Cook's Voyages were Part of a Military Mission to Conquer and Expand
 |url=https://theconversation.com/make-no-mistake-cooks-voyages-were-part-of-a-military-mission-to-conquer-and-expand-134404
 |access-date=8 April 2024
 |website=The Conversation
}}</ref>{{sfn|Thomas|2003|p=xxxiii}}{{efn|[[Geoffrey Blainey]] notes that Banks promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.{{sfn|Blainey|2020|p=287}} }} [[Robert Tombs]] has defended Cook, arguing: "He epitomized the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in which he lived" and in conducting his first voyage "was carrying out an enlightened mission, with instructions from the Royal Society to show 'patience and forbearance' towards native peoples".<ref>{{cite news
|last=Tombs 
|first=Robert 
|author-link=Robert Tombs
|date=4 February 2021
 |title=Captain Cook Wasn't a 'Genocidal' Villain. He Was a True Enlightenment Man 
|work=The Telegraph
 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 
|url-access=subscription
 |url-status=live 
|access-date=9 December 2021 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
| image             = James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg
| year_adopted      = 3 September 1785
| crest             = On a Wreath of the Colours, An Arm embowed, vested in the Uniform of a Captain of the Royal Navy, in the Hand the Union-Jack on a Staff proper; the Arm encircled by a Wreath of Palm and Laurel.<ref name=arms/>
| escutcheon        = Azure, between the two Polar Stars Or, a Sphere on the plane of the Meridian, North Pole elevated, Circles of Latitude for every ten degrees and of Longitude for fifteen, showing the Pacific Ocean between fifty and two hundred and forty West, bounded on one side by America, on the other by Asia and [[New Holland]], in memory of his having explored and made Discoveries in that Ocean so very far beyond all former Navigators; His Track thereon marked with red Lines.<ref name=arms>{{Cite web 
|publisher=The State Library of New South Wales
|url=https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/n88ElePn
 |access-date=29 January 2023 
|title=Grant of Arms Made to Mrs Cook and to Cook's Descendants in 1785
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129163800/https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/n88ElePn
 |archive-date=29 January 2023
}} Includes a photograph of the original grant of arms, as well as a full description.
</ref>
| motto             = '''Nil Intentatum Reliquit''' (He left nothing unattempted) and '''Circa Orbem''' (Around the world). 
| notes             =  Cook's [[English heraldry|coat of arms]] was granted to his widowed wife, the only known example of a posthumous grant.<ref>{{Cite web 
|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/makingamark/teaching-resources/objects/cook-coat-of-arms
 |access-date=29 January 2023
 |title=Cook Coat of Arms 
|publisher=National Portrait Gallery
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129164549/https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/makingamark/teaching-resources/objects/cook-coat-of-arms
 |archive-date=29 January 2023
}}
</ref> [[Elizabeth Batts Cook]] petitioned for the grant six years after his death to preserve the memory of her late husband and to be placed on any monuments and memorials.<ref>{{Cite web 
|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/cook-s-coat-of-arms 
|access-date=29 January 2023
|publisher= Captain Cook Society
 |title=Cook's Coat of Arms
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630202740/https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/cook-s-coat-of-arms
 |archive-date=30 June 2022
}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|British Empire|Biography}}
 {{Div col}}
* ''[[Death of Cook]]''{{snd}}Paintings depicting Cook's death
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]
* [[List of Australian places named by James Cook]]
* [[List of places named after Captain James Cook]]
* [[New Zealand places named by James Cook]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist|colwidth=30em}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
{{div col }}
* {{cite book 
|title=The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery 
|volume=I: ''The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771''
 |editor-last=Beaglehole
 |editor-first=John
 |editor-link=John Cawte Beaglehole
 |year=1968
|via=[[Hakluyt Society]]
|orig-year=1955
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |oclc=223185477
|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai0001jcbe
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}
<!-- {{sfn|Beaglehole |1974|p=?}}  -->
* {{cite book 
|last=Beaglehole 
|first=John  
 |title=The Life of Captain James Cook
 |author-link=John Beaglehole
 |publisher=Stanford University Pres
|year=1974
 |isbn=978-0-7136-1382-7
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Captain_James_Cook/qe0FMQAACAAJ
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}  Sometimes titled ''The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery Vol. IV:  The Life of Captain James Cook.''

* {{cite EB1911|last=Beazley|first=Charles Raymond|wstitle=Cook, James|author-link=Charles Raymond Beazley|volume=7|pages=71–72|short=1}}

<!-- {{sfn|Blainey|2020 |p=?}}  -->
*{{cite book
 |last=Blainey
 |first=Geoffrey 
|author-link=Geoffrey Blainey
|title=Captain Cook's Epic Voyage: the strange quest for a missing continent |publisher=Viking
 |year=2020 
|isbn=978-1-76089-509-9 
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Captain_Cook_s_Epic_Voyage/85S2DwAAQBAJ
|access-date=30 May 2025
}}

*{{cite book 
|last=Dibble 
|first=Sheldon 
|author-link=Sheldon Dibble
 |url=https://archive.org/details/historysandwich00dibbgoog/page/n74
 |title=History of the Sandwich Islands
 |date=1843
 |publisher=Press of the Mission Seminary
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Collingridge
 |first=Vanessa 
|author-link=Vanessa Collingridge 
|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll/ 
|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer
 |year=2003 |publisher=Ebury Press
 |isbn=978-0-09-188898-5
}}

<!-- {{sfn|Edwards|2003|p=?}}  -->
* {{Cite book
|editor-last=Edwards 
|editor-first=Philip
 |title=The Journals of Captain Cook
 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame
 |date=2003
 |publisher=Penguin Books 
 |isbn=978-0-14-043647-1
}}  Abridged version of the journals, based on the original three volumes of manuscripts by [[John Beaglehole]]  1955–67.

* {{cite book
 |last=Fernandez-Armesto 
|first=Felipe
|author-link=Felipe Fernández-Armesto
 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
 |date=2006
 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company 
|isbn=978-0-393-06259-5
 |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Fisher
 |first=Robin 
|author-link=Robin Fisher (historian)
|title=Captain James Cook and his times
|chapter=Cook and the Nootka
|pages=81-98
 |url=https://archive.org/details/captainjamescook00cong
|access-date=27 May 2025
 |date=1979
 |isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4
 |publisher=Taylor & Francis
}}

<!-- {{sfn|Fornander|Stokes|1880|p=??}} --> 
* {{Cite book
 |last1=Fornander 
|first1=Abraham
|author-link1=Abraham Fornander
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcQNAAAAQAAJ&q=An+Account+of+the+Polynesian+Race%3A+Its+Origins+and+Migrations
 |title=An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian people up to the time of Kamehameha I
 |last2=Stokes 
|first2=John F. G. 
 |publisher=Trubner
 |year=1880
 |volume=II
 |oclc=4888555
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Hayes 
|first=Derek
 |title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery
 |date=1999
 |publisher=Sasquatch Books
 |isbn=978-1-57061-215-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl57oHrVXGoC}}

* {{cite book 
|last=Horwitz
 |first=Tony
 |author-link=Tony Horwitz
 |title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before
 |date=October 2003
 |publisher=Bloomsbury 
|isbn=978-0-7475-6455-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/bluelatitudes00tony/page/156/mode/2up
|access-date = 28 May 2025
}}

<!--   {{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=??}}   -->
* {{cite report
|first1=Kieran
 |last1=Hosty 
|last2=Hundley 
|first2=Paul 
|title=Preliminary Report on the Australian National Maritime Museum's Participation in the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project's Search for HMB ''Endeavour''
 |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum 
|date=June 2003 
|citeseerx=10.1.1.182.5880
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d5930518b4eba030ca49b78ec913dbad8b4794ad
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}

<!--   {{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=??}}   -->
* {{cite book 
|title=Captain James Cook
 |first=Richard
 |last=Hough
|author-link=Richard Hough
 |date=1994
 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton
|isbn=978-0-340-82556-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/captainjamescook00rich
|access-date=30 May 2025
}}

* {{cite book
 |title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods |first=Andrew
 |last=Kippis
 |author-link=Andrew Kippis 
 |date=1788 
|url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/complete.html |access-date=16 July 2012
 |archive-date=22 March 2012
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322140625/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/complete.html
 |url-status=dead
}}

<!--  {{sfn|McLintock|1966|p=>>}}  -->
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=McLintock
|first=Alexander Hare 
|author-link=Alexander Hare McLintock
 |year=1966 
|title=Ships, Famous 
|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 
|editor=A.H. McLintock 
|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand
 |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/S/ShipsFamous/Endeavour/en
 |access-date=5 May 2009
}}

* {{cite book 
|author-link=Frank McLynn
 |last=McLynn 
|first=Frank 
|date=2011 
|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas
 |publisher=Yale University Press
 |isbn=978-0-300-11421-8
|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly_e8a8
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}

* {{cite book
 |title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific
 |publisher=Princeton University Press
 |last=Obeyesekere
 |first=Gananath 
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Apotheosis_of_Captain_Cook/PfwqEAAAQBAJ
|access-date=22 May 2025
|author-link=Gananath Obeyesekere
 |date=1992
 |isbn=978-0-691-05680-7}}  Originally published in 1992, with a new Afterword (pp. 197-250) called "De-Sahlinization"  added in the 1997 reprint,  which discusses the [[Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate|Sahlins controversy]].
 
* {{cite book 
|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific 
|first1=Nigel 
|last1=Rigby 
|last2=van der Merwe
 |first2=Pieter 
|date=2002
 |publisher=National Maritime Museum, London
 |isbn=978-0-948065-43-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}

<!-- {{sfn|Robson|2009|p=??}} -->
* {{cite book 
|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755–1768
 |first=John 
|last=Robson 
|date=2009 
|publisher=University of New South Wales Press
 |isbn=978-1-74223-109-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWKCAwAAQBAJ
|access-date=23 May 2025
}}
 
* {{cite book |title=Islands of history
 |url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl 
|url-access=registration
 |publisher=University of Chicago Press 
|first=Marshall
|last=Sahlins
 |author-link=Marshall David Sahlins
 |date=1985 
|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6}}

* {{cite book 
|first=Marshall
|last=Sahlins
 |author-link=Marshall David Sahlins
|editor-last=Moore
 |editor-first=Jerry D.
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=We4N11-IrB4C&pg=PA336
 |title=Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists
|chapter=Culture Matters
 |date=2012
|pages=327-345
 |publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]] 
|isbn=978-0-7591-2219-2
}}

* {{cite book 
|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society 
|author-link=David Samwell 
|last=Samwell
 |first=David 
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USMOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA76
 |title=Hawaiian Historical Society Reprints
 |editor-last=Cartwright
 |editor-first=Bruce 
|chapter=A Narrative of the Death of Captain Cook 
|access-date=9 November 2015
 |year=1786 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518181233/https://books.google.com/books?id=USMOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA76
 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live}}

* {{cite book
 |author=Sparks 
|first=Jared 
|author-link=Jared Sparks 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftw5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA136
 |title=Life of John Ledyard, American Traveller 
|publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown
 |year=1847
 |access-date=12 February 2018 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030149/https://books.google.com/books?id=ftw5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA136 |archive-date=14 April 2021
 |url-status=live
}}

* {{cite book
 |title=James Cook Maritime Scientist
 |publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press
 |last=Stamp 
 |first=Tom and Cordelia 
 |date=1978
 |isbn=978-0-905355-04-7
 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q49tAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date= 29 May 2025
}}
 
* {{cite book
 |last=Sykes 
|first=Bryan 
|author-link =Bryan Sykes
|title=The Seven Daughters of Eve
 |publisher=Norton
|isbn=978-0-393-02018-2 |date=2001
 |title-link=The Seven Daughters of Eve}}

* {{Cite book
 |url=https://archive.org/details/cookextraordinar0000thom_b8f2 
|last=Thomas 
|first=Nicholas 
|author-link=Nicholas Thomas (anthropologist)
|year=2003 
|title=The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook
|publisher=Walker & Co.
 |isbn=0-8027-1412-9
 |oclc=1030721339
}}

{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
{{div col}}
* {{Cite book 
| ref=none
|last=Aughton
 |first=Peter 
|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage 
|date=2002
 |publisher=Cassell & Co.
 |isbn=978-0-304-36236-3
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1JDJ0y45AwC
|access-date=27 May 2025
}}

* {{cite book
|  title=The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery
|volume= II: ''The Voyage of the Resolution and Adventure 1772-1775''
|   editor-last=Beaglehole
|  editor-first =  John
| editor-link = John Beaglehole
|   url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzorDwAAQBAJ
|access-date=23 May 2025
|   year=1961
|   publisher= Cambridge University Press 
|via=[[Hakluyt Society]]
| ref=none
}} Reprinted in 2017 by Taylor & Francis.  

* {{cite book
|  title=The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery
| volume= III Part I: ''The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776-1780''
|   editor-last=Beaglehole
|  editor-first =  John
| editor-link = John Beaglehole
|   url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty4rDwAAQBAJ
|access-date=23 May 2025
|   year=1967
|   publisher= Cambridge University Press 
|via=[[Hakluyt Society]]
| ref=none
}} Reprinted in 2017 by Taylor & Francis. 

* {{Cite book 
| ref=none
|last=Fagan
|first=J.
|title=Captain Cook:  His Artists, His Voyages 
|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookhisar0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up
 |url-access=registration 
 |publisher=Australian Consolidated Press
 |year=1970
 |oclc=896726172
  }}  A picture book with a wide variety of works by artists that accompanied Cook.

* {{Cite book
| ref=none
 |editor-last=Forster
 |editor-first=Georg
 |title=A Voyage Round the World 
|editor-link=Georg Forster 
|year=1986 
|orig-year=1777
|publisher=Wiley-VCH 
|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7}}  First published in 1777 as ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''

* {{Cite book
| ref=none
 |last1=Hawkesworth 
|first1=John
 |author-link1=John Hawkesworth (book editor)
 |last2=Byron 
|first2=John 
|author-link2=John Byron 
|last3=Wallis |first3=Samuel
 |author-link3=Samuel Wallis
 |last4=Carteret
 |first4=Philip 
|author-link4=Philip Carteret
 |last5=Cook |first5=James
 |author-link5=James Cook
 |last6=Banks 
|first6=Joseph
 |author-link6=Joseph Banks 
|date=1773
 |title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq 
|title-link=An Account of the Voyages 
 |publisher=Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell
 |oclc=9299044
}} [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I]; [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II–III]. 

* {{Cite book
| ref=none
 |last=Kippis
 |first=Andrew
 |author-link=Andrew Kippis 
|date=1904 
|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook
 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog
|publisher=George Newnes Ltd.; Charles Scribner's Sons |oclc=1836297
}}

* {{cite book
| ref=none
 |last=Moorehead 
|first=Alan
 |author-link=Alan Moorehead
 |date=1966 
|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840 |url=https://archive.org/details/fatalimpactaccou0000moor |url-access=registration 
|publisher=H Hamilton
 |isbn=978-0-241-90757-3}}

* {{Cite book
| ref=none
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZ_AAAAMAAJ
 |last=Richardson
 |first=Brian 
|year=2005
 |title=Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World
 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press
 |isbn=0-7748-1190-0 |oclc=58930493}}

* {{cite book
| ref=none
 |last=Robson
 |first=John 
|date=2004 
|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia
|publisher=Random House Australia
 |isbn=978-0-7593-1011-7
 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/j8lMPgAACAAJ
|access-date=30 May 2025
}}

* {{cite book 
| ref=none
|title=How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example
 |publisher=University of Chicago Press 
|last=Sahlins
 |first=Marshall David
|author-link=Marshall Sahlins
 |date=1995
 |isbn=978-0-226-73368-5
}}

* {{Cite book 
| ref=none
|last=Sides 
|first=Hampton 
|author-link=Hampton Sides
|year=2024
 |title=The Wide Wide Sea: Imperial Ambition, First Contact, and the Fateful Final Voyage of Captain James Cook
 |publisher=Doubleday
 |isbn=9780385544764
 |oclc=1416012934 
|url=https://archive.org/details/widewideseaimper0000hamp
|access-date=30 May 2025
}}
 
* {{Cite book
| ref=none
 |last=Withey 
|first=Lynne
 |year=1987 
|title=Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific
 |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofdiscove0000with/page/n7/mode/2up |url-access=registration 
 |publisher=William Morrow and Company 
|isbn=0688051154 
|oclc=15488483}}

* {{cite book
| ref=none
 |title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71
 |first=W. J. L. 
|last=Wharton
 |author-link=William Wharton (Royal Navy officer)
|date=1893 |url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/complete.html |access-date=16 July 2012 
|archive-date=22 March 2012
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ 
|url-status=dead}}

{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=yes |commonscat=yes |n=no |q=yes |s=yes |b=no |v=no}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Cook |birth=1728 |death=1779}} - Digitised books and documents
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2644}} - Digitised books and documents
* {{Librivox author |id=1650}}

===Journals===
* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Journal from Cook's second voyage] - High-resolution digitised version at the Cambridge Digital Library
* [https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110315072628/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/contents.html Searchable version of the ''Endeavor'' journal]  = Held by the [[National Library of Australia]]
* [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project] - Maps and online copies of journals, including Banks' journal.  Includes  John Hawkesworth's account of Cook's first voyage.

===Collections and museums===
* [https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/search/searchterm/James%20cook American Geographical Society Library] - Collection of maps made by Cook
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* [https://teesvalleymuseums.org/visit/captain-cook-museum/ Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton]
* [http://www.cookmuseumwhitby.co.uk/ Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby]
* [https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/10800 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] - Collection of items related to Cook
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ National Museum of Australia - Cook-Forster]  - Artefacts collected during the voyages of Cook

{{Captain James Cook}}
{{His Majesty's Naval Service}} 
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}}
[[Category:James Cook| ]]
[[Category:1728 births]]
[[Category:1779 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English explorers]]
[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:18th-century Royal Navy personnel]]
[[Category:British explorers of Antarctica]]
[[Category:British explorers of Australia]]
[[Category:British explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:English cartographers]]
[[Category:English explorers of North America]]
[[Category:English hydrographers]]
[[Category:English navigators]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English sailors]]
[[Category:Explorers of Alaska]]
[[Category:Explorers of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Explorers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Explorers of Oregon]]
[[Category:Explorers of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Hydrographers]]
[[Category:Maritime writers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:People from Middlesbrough]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Q150 Icons]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Navy captains]]
[[Category:Sea captains]]