Editing James Ivory

{{short description|American film director (born 1928)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image        = James Ivory (1991.09).jpg
| caption      = Ivory at the [[48th Venice International Film Festival]] in 1991
| name         = James Ivory
| birth_name   = Richard Jerome Hazen
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1928|6|7|mf=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Berkeley, California]], U.S.
| death_date   = 
| death_place  = 
| years_active = 1953–present
| alma_mater   = {{Ubl | [[University of Oregon]] | [[University of Southern California]] }}
| occupation   = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter}}
| partner      = [[Ismail Merchant]] (1961–2005; Merchant's death)
}}

'''James Francis Ivory''' (born '''Richard Jerome Hazen'''<ref name = Jacobs>{{Cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Alexandra|date=November 2, 2021|title=James Ivory, Famous for Buttoned-Up Films, Is Frank About Sex and Much Else in His Memoir|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/books/review-solid-ivory-memoirs-james-ivory.html|access-date=January 1, 2022|issn=0362-4331|url-access = limited|page = C1}}</ref> June 7, 1928) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He was a principal in [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] along with Indian film producer [[Ismail Merchant]] (his domestic and professional partner) and screenwriter [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]. The trio is known for making film adaptations of stories by authors such as [[E.M. Forster]] and [[Henry James]]. Their body of work is celebrated for its elegance, sophistication, literary fidelity, strong performances, complex themes, and rich characters.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-merchant-ivory|title= Where to begin with Merchant Ivory|website= [[British Film Institute]]|date= July 28, 2017|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref>

Merchant–Ivory was established in 1961 in [[India]] where they made modestly budgeted films including ''[[The Householder]]'' (1963), ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965), and ''[[Bombay Talkie]]'' (1970). Ivory began adapting films from classic novels such as ''[[The Europeans (1979 film)|The Europeans]]'' (1979), ''[[Quartet (1981 film)|Quartet]]'' (1981), ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' (1983), ''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]'' (1984), ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' (1987), and ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]'' (1990). During this period he was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Director]] for ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985), ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' (1992), and ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' (1993). At the age of 89, Ivory won the [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]] for his work on [[Luca Guadagnino]]'s ''[[Call Me by Your Name (film)|Call Me by Your Name]]'' (2017), becoming the oldest competitive [[Academy Award]] winner.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-oscars-james-ivory-adapted-screenplay-20180304-story.html|title= James Ivory becomes Oscar's oldest winner with 'Call Me by Your Name'|website= The Los Angeles Times|date= March 5, 2018|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> 

Over his career, Ivory has earned [[List of awards and nominations received by James Ivory|numerous accolades]] including an [[Academy Award]], three [[BAFTA Awards]], and a [[Writers Guild of America Award]] as well as nominations for three [[Golden Globe Awards]]. He received the [[Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film|Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1995. Ivory released his autobiography ''Solid Ivory: Memoirs'' (2021) and directed the documentary ''A Cooler Climate (2022).

==Early life and education==
James Ivory was born Richard Jerome Hazen on June 7, 1928, in [[Berkeley, California]], and adopted shortly after birth by Hallie Millicent (née de Loney) and Edward Patrick Ivory, a sawmill operator; they renamed him '''James Francis Ivory'''.<ref name = Jacobs/> He grew up in [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]].<ref name=mip>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchantivory.com/bbcnews.html|title=Film-maker James Ivory donates a collection of personal documents to the University of Oregon|access-date=December 11, 2007|publisher=Merchant Ivory Productions}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Oregon]], where he received a degree in fine arts in 1951. Ivory is a recipient of the Lawrence Medal, UO's College of Design's highest honor for its graduates. His papers are held by UO Libraries' Special Collections and University Archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uo-alum-james-ivory-wins-oscar-call-me-your-name|title=UO alum James Ivory wins Oscar for 'Call Me by Your Name'|date=March 5, 2018|website=Around the O|access-date=February 13, 2019}}</ref> He was UO's 2019-2020 honorary degree recipient.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Ivory {{!}} Office of the President |url=https://president.uoregon.edu/honorary-degrees/james-ivory |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=president.uoregon.edu}}</ref>

Ivory then attended the [[University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts]], where he directed the short film ''Four in the Morning'' (1953). He wrote, photographed, and produced ''Venice: Theme and Variations'', a half-hour documentary submitted as his thesis film for his master's degree in cinema.<ref>add</ref> The film was named by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1957 as one of the ten best non-theatrical films of the year.  He graduated from USC in 1957.<ref>[http://cinema.usc.edu/alumni/alumni-history/ Notable Alumni, USC School of Cinematic Arts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826034853/http://cinema.usc.edu/alumni/alumni-history/ |date=August 26, 2009 }}.</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=This vague reference is to a general site, not to a page specifically dealing with James Ivory|date=January 2014}}

== Career ==
=== 1959–1978: Beginnings and early films ===
{{main|Merchant Ivory Productions}}
Ivory met producer [[Ismail Merchant]] at a screening of Ivory's documentary ''The Sword and the Flute'' in New York City in 1959. In May 1961, Merchant and Ivory formed the film production company [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]. Merchant and Ivory became long-term life partners.<ref name="latimesobituary">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |title=Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas |access-date=July 4, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 26, 2005 |first=John |last=Horn |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725011950/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Larson2017/> Their professional and romantic relationship commenced in 1961 and continued until Merchant's death in 2005.<ref name="latimesobituary"/> 

Ivory's professional partnership with Merchant has a place in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' for the longest partnership in independent cinema history. Before Merchant's death in 2005, they produced 40 films, including a number of films that received [[Academy Award|Academy]], [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] awards. Ivory directed 17 theatrical films for Merchant Ivory, and novelist [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]] was the screenwriter for 22 of their productions in addition to another film produced by Merchant Ivory after Merchant's death.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Ismail Merchant once commented: "It is a strange marriage we have at Merchant Ivory ... I am an Indian Muslim, Ruth is a German Jew, and Jim is a Protestant American. Someone once described us as a three-headed god. Maybe they should have called us a three-headed monster!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1627804,00.html |location=London |work=The Times |title=Ismail Merchant |date=May 26, 2005|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121213243/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C60-1627804%2C00.html |archive-date=November 21, 2008 }}</ref>

===1979–1993: Breakthrough and acclaim ===
In 1985, Ivory directed a film adaptation of the classic [[E. M. Forster]] [[A Room with a View|novel]] ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''. The film starred [[Helena Bonham Carter]] who was 19 years old at the time, in her first major film role. The film also co-starred [[Julian Sands]], [[Maggie Smith]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Denholm Elliott]], [[Simon Callow]], and [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. The film received universal praise with ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]'' film critic [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "It is an intellectual film, but intellectual about emotions: It encourages us to think about how we feel, instead of simply acting on our feelings."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-room-with-a-view-1986|title=A Room with a View Movie Review (1986)|website=Rogerebert.com|access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> The film received eight [[Academy Award]] nominations including [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Ivory. He also received Best Director nominations from the [[British Academy Film Awards]], the [[Golden Globes Awards]], and the [[Directors Guild of America]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The following year Ivory directed another Forster [[Maurice (novel)|adaptation]], the romantic drama ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' (1987). The film is a [[homosexual|gay]] love story in the restrictive and repressed culture of [[Edwardian England]]. The story follows its main character, Maurice Hall, through university, a tumultuous relationship, struggling to fit into society, and ultimately being united with his life partner. The film stars [[James Wilby]] and [[Hugh Grant]] in their first major film appearances, and also features [[Rupert Graves]], [[Simon Callow]], [[Denholm Elliott]], [[Mark Tandy (actor)|Mark Tandy]], [[Billie Whitelaw]], [[Judy Parfitt]], [[Phoebe Nicholls]], and [[Ben Kingsley]]. In a 2017 retrospective in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Sarah Larson wrote, "...For many gay men coming of age in the eighties and nineties, ''Maurice'' was revelatory: a first glimpse, onscreen or anywhere, of what love between men could look like".<ref name="Sarah Larson">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/james-ivory-and-the-making-of-a-historic-gay-love-story | title=James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story| author=Sarah Larson | magazine=The New Yorker | date=May 19, 2017 | access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref> Director James Ivory has added to the legacy on the film saying, "So many people have come up to me since ''Maurice'' and pulled me aside and said, 'I just want you to know you changed my life.'"<ref name="Sarah Larson"/> Ivory won the [[Venice Film Festival]]'s [[Silver Lion|Silver Lion for Best Director]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

This was followed in 1990 by ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]'', which was adapted by Jhabvala from the novels by [[Evan S. Connell]]. According to Ivory, "the world of ''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge'' is the world I grew up in...It's the only film I've ever made that was about my own childhood and adolescence."<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Harmetz|first=Aljean|date=February 18, 1990|title=Partnerships Make a Movie|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/18/movies/film-partnerships-make-a-movie.html|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref> The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress ([[Joanne Woodward]]), as well as two [[New York Film Critics Circle]] awards. Ivory would later call ''Mr. & Mrs. Bridge'' a personal favorite, adding that it was the one film he would most like to see reappraised.<ref name="houstonchronicle">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Everett|date=November 8, 2014|title=Festival salutes the literate cinema of James Ivory|work=houstonchronicle.com|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/theater/article/Festival-salutes-the-literate-cinema-of-James-5878801.php|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref>

In 1992, [[Merchant-Ivory]] tackled their third Forster adaptation, ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'', based on the [[Howards End|acclaimed novel]] and starring [[Emma Thompson]], Helena Bonham Carter, [[Anthony Hopkins]], and [[Vanessa Redgrave]]. The film premiered at the 1992 [[Cannes Film Festival]] where it competed for the [[Palme d'Or]] and went on to critical acclaim. Ivory received his second [[Academy Award for Best Director]] nomination. The film also received three [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Emma Thompson), [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]], and [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]. The film also received eleven [[British Academy Film Award]] nominations, and four [[Golden Globe Award]] nominations. In 2016, the film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the [[2016 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="Classics">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/62136.html |title=Cannes Classics 2016 |access-date=April 21, 2016 |date=April 20, 2016 |work=Cannes Film Festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210012746/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/62136.html |archive-date=February 10, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was released theatrically after restoration on August 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/howards-end-re-release-theaters-1201797683/|title=Restored 'Howards End' to Be Released in Theaters|first=Dave|last=McNary|date=June 17, 2016|website=Variety|access-date=October 28, 2017}}</ref>

The following year, Merchant-Ivory directed the period drama ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' (1993), adapted from the acclaimed [[The Remains of the Day|novel of the same name]] by [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]. American filmmaker [[Mike Nichols]] served as one of the film's producers, and the film reunited [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Emma Thompson]]. Supporting performances included [[James Fox]], [[Christopher Reeve]], [[Hugh Grant]], and [[Lena Headey]]. The film revolved around a dedicated butler who serves an English landlord in the years leading up to the [[second World War]]. The film was a commercial and critical success with [[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said, in another favorable review, "Here's a film for adults. It's also about time to recognize that Mr. Ivory is one of our finest directors, something that critics tend to overlook because most of his films have been literary adaptations."<ref>{{cite web|last=Canby |first=Vincent |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1D9153CF936A35752C1A965958260&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes |title=Movie Review – The Remains of the Day – Review/Film: Remains of the Day; Blind Dignity: A Butler's Story |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 1993 |access-date=September 19, 2013}}</ref> The film received eight [[Academy Award]] nominations with Ivory receiving his third nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. He also received nominations from the [[British Academy Film Awards]], [[Golden Globe Awards]], and [[Directors Guild of America]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 1999, the [[British Film Institute]] ranked ''The Remains of the Day'' the [[BFI Top 100 British films|64th-greatest British film of the 20th century]].<ref>[http://www.cinemarealm.com/best-of-cinema/top-100-british-films/ ''British Film Institute - Top 100 British Films''] (1999). Retrieved August 27, 2016</ref>

=== 1995–2009: Established work ===
In 1995 he directed the film ''[[Jefferson in Paris]]'' starring [[Nick Nolte]] as [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Thandiwe Newton]] as [[Sally Hemings]], and [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] as [[Martha Jefferson Randolph|Patsy Jefferson]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79712/jefferson-in-paris#overview|title= Jefferson in Paris (1995)|website= TCM|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> The following year he directed the film ''[[Surviving Picasso]]'' starring [[Anthony Hopkins]] as the painter [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/surviving-picasso-1996|title= Surviving Picasso (1996)|website= Rogerebert.com|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> In 1998 he directed and co-wrote the film ''[[A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film)|A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries]]'', a film divided into three segments each named after a different protagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/soldiers_daughter_never_cries|title= A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries|website= Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> In 2000 he directed the romantic period drama ''[[The Golden Bowl (film)|The Golden Bowl]]'' which was adapted from the [[Henry James]] [[The Golden Bowl|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/golden_bowl|title= The Golden Bowl|website= Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> He directed the romantic comedy ''[[Le Divorce]]'' starring [[Kate Hudson]] and [[Naomi Watts]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1124832-divorce|title= Le Divorce|website= Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> 

In 2005 he directed the film ''[[The White Countess]]'' written by [[Kazuo Ishiguro]] starring [[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Natasha Richardson]], and [[Vanessa Redgrave]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b052qxsn|title= The White Countess|website= BBC|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> In 2009, Ivory reunited with [[Anthony Hopkins]] for the romantic drama ''[[The City of Your Final Destination]]'' co-starring [[Laura Linney]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vulture.com/2010/04/james_ivory_on_the_city_of_you.html|title= James Ivory on The City of Your Final Destination|website= Vulture|date= April 16, 2010|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref> The film is the first Merchant Ivory film production without the participation of producer Ismail Merchant due to his death in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/26/film.india|title= Film-maker Ismail Merchant dies, aged 68|website= The Guardian|date= May 26, 2005|accessdate= May 24, 2024|last1= Jones|first1= Sam}}</ref> 

=== 2017–present: Career resurgence ===
In 2017, Ivory wrote and co-produced the film adaptation of ''[[Call Me by Your Name (novel)|Call Me by Your Name]]'', a 2007 [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] novel by [[André Aciman]]. [[Call Me by Your Name (film)|The film]], a [[romance film|romantic drama]], was directed by [[Luca Guadagnino]] and is the final installment in his thematic "Desire" trilogy, following ''[[I Am Love (film)|I Am Love]]'' (2009), and ''[[A Bigger Splash (2015 film)|A Bigger Splash]]'' (2015). Set in 1983 in northern Italy, the story chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, [[Elio Perlman]] ([[Timothée Chalamet]]), and Oliver ([[Armie Hammer]]), a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio's father ([[Michael Stuhlbarg]]), an archaeology professor.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vox.com/2017/11/21/16552862/call-me-by-your-name-review-timothee-chalamet-armie-hammer|title= Call Me by Your Name is an erotic film in every sense of the word. It's also a masterpiece.|website= Vox|date= November 21, 2017|accessdate= May 24, 2024}}</ref>

Ivory originally was to co-direct the film based on Guadagnino's suggestion; however, there was no contract to that effect.<ref name="deepchords">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/berlinale-luca-guadagnino-call-me-by-your-name-1201986720/|title=Berlinale: Luca Guadagnino on Why 'Call Me by Your Name' Strikes Such Deep Chords|first=Nick|last=Vivarelli|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 13, 2017|access-date=October 6, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011008/http://variety.com/2017/film/global/berlinale-luca-guadagnino-call-me-by-your-name-1201986720/|archive-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Varietyivoryprofile">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/james-ivory-why-wont-u-s-actors-do-nude-scenes-starting-with-call-me-by-your-name-stars-1202581485/|title=James Ivory on 'Call Me by Your Name' and Why American Male Actors Won't Do Nude Scenes (Exclusive)|first=Nick|last=Vivarelli|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=October 6, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007052903/http://variety.com/2017/film/global/james-ivory-why-wont-u-s-actors-do-nude-scenes-starting-with-call-me-by-your-name-stars-1202581485/|archive-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref> Ivory accepted the offer to co-direct on the condition that he would also write the film;<ref name="Varietyivoryprofile"/> he spent "about nine months" on the screenplay.<ref name="screenwriting">{{cite web|url=https://creativescreenwriting.com/james-ivory/|title=James Ivory on Screenwriting|work=Creative Screenwriting|publisher=CS Publications|first=Christopher|last=McKittrick|date=May 15, 2017|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809083159/https://creativescreenwriting.com/james-ivory/|archive-date=August 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="on his legacy">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-ivory-adapting-call-me-by-your-name-his-film-legacy-1075848|title=James Ivory on His Film Legacy and Adapting 'Call Me by Your Name'|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Scott|last=Roxborough|date=January 19, 2018|access-date=January 19, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119210145/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-ivory-adapting-call-me-by-your-name-his-film-legacy-1075848|archive-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref> Ivory stepped down from a directorial role in 2016, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone.<ref name="irishtimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/why-do-people-want-to-see-other-people-s-penises-1.3259528|title='Why do people want to see other people's penises?'|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Tara|last=Brady|date=October 19, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193627/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/why-do-people-want-to-see-other-people-s-penises-1.3259528|archive-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="deepchords" /> According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors involved with the project because they "thought it would be awkward&nbsp;... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on."<ref name="screenwriting"/><ref name="on his legacy"/> Guadagnino said Ivory's version would have likely been "a much more costly [and] different film" that would have been too expensive to make.<ref name="PlaylistGuadagnino">{{cite news|url=https://theplaylist.net/call-me-by-your-name-luca-guadagnino-20171005/|title='Call Me By Your Name': Luca Guadagnino Discusses Avoiding Cliches, Costumes & Narration [NYFF]|work=The Playlist|first=Joe|last=Blessing|date=January 24, 2017|access-date=October 17, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031114221/https://theplaylist.net/call-me-by-your-name-luca-guadagnino-20171005/|archive-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Indiewireivory">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/10/call-me-by-your-name-full-frontal-nudity-armie-hammer-1201884646/|title='Call Me By Your Name' Screenwriter is Disappointed There's No Male Full Frontal Nudity|first=Jack|last=Sharf|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=October 17, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018052628/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/10/call-me-by-your-name-full-frontal-nudity-armie-hammer-1201884646/|archive-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> Ivory retained the sole credit as screenwriter.<ref name="loves too much">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/11/call-me-by-your-name-screenwriter-james-ivory-sequels-1201899594/|title='Call Me by Your Name' Screenwriter James Ivory Loves the Story Too Much to Think About Sequels|last=Erbland|first=Kate|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=November 23, 2017|access-date=November 23, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123205517/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/11/call-me-by-your-name-screenwriter-james-ivory-sequels-1201899594/|archive-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> The film was the only narrative feature he has written but not directed.<ref name="loves too much"/> Despite stepping aside as director, he continued to remain involved with other aspects of the production.<ref name="loves too much"/>

The film premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and garnered huge critical success. Ivory's screenplay brought him [[List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name|numerous awards and nominations]]. Ivory won awards for Best Adapted Screenplay from the [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Academy Awards]], [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|British Academy Film Awards]], [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Writers Guild of America]], the [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Screenplay|Critics' Choice Awards]], and the [[USC Scripter Award|Scripter Awards]], among others. Upon winning the Oscar and BAFTA at the age of 89, Ivory became [[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees|the oldest-ever winner]] in any category for both awards.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/mar/05/james-ivory-is-oldest-oscar-winner-ever-with-adapted-screenplay-award-for-call-me-by-your-name |title=James Ivory is oldest Oscar winner ever with screenplay award for Call Me by Your Name |last=Nevins |first=Jake |newspaper=The Guardian |date=March 5, 2018 |access-date= March 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/2018-baftas-james-ivory-interview-best-adapted-screenplay-winner/ |work=Goldderby |title=2018 BAFTA Awards backstage: James Ivory ('Call Me By Your Name') on his way to making Oscar history |date=February 18, 2018 }}</ref> 

In 2018, Ivory took part in the film ''Dance Again with Me Heywood! ''directed by Michele Diomà.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Ariston|date=May 27, 2018|title=James Ivory Joins Italian Drama 'Dance Again With Me Heywood!'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/james-ivory-joins-italian-drama-dance-again-me-heywood-1115235/|access-date=January 4, 2022|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> At 94 he directed the documentary film, ''A Cooler Climate'' (2022), about boxes of film footage he shot during a life-changing trip to [[Afghanistan]] in 1960, which had its world premiere at the [[New York Film Festival]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2022/films/a-cooler-climate/|title= A Cooler Climate|website= Film at Lincoln Center|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref> Raymond Ang of ''[[GQ]]'' wrote that the project "might be the most personal" film of his career.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gq.com/story/james-ivory-a-cooler-climate-profile|title= James Ivory Has Been Making Films for 70 Years. His Latest Might Be His Most Personal|website= GQ|date= November 3, 2022|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref> In May 2023, an upcoming biographical documentary portrait titled, ''James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty'', directed by Christopher Manning was announced. The film chronicles the life and work of Ivory and features [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Emma Thompson]], [[Hugh Grant]], [[Wes Anderson]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Christopher Manning Directing 'James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty,' Documentary About 'Howards End' Filmmaker (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/markets-festivals/christopher-manning-directing-james-ivory-in-search-of-love-and-beauty-documentary-howards-end-remains-of-the-day-1235617344/ |access-date=June 2, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ivory is gay. His memoir, ''Solid Ivory'', gives details of his relationships with his business partner, [[Ismail Merchant]]; their composer, [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]]; and others such as [[Bruce Chatwin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/12/merchant-ivory-oscar-shocking-truth-emma-thompson-anthony-hopkins-howards-end?utm_term=65f132d2ad0c3ab84ad7c7ec72861a17&utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUK&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&CMP=GTUK_email |title= I got you an Oscar. Why do I need to pay you? |first= Ryan |last=Gilbey |date=12 March 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Merchant was Ivory's long-term life partner.<ref name="latimesobituary">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |title=Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas |access-date=July 4, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 26, 2005 |first=John |last=Horn |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725011950/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Larson2017/> Their professional and romantic partnership lasted 44 years, from 1961 until Merchant's death in 2005.<ref name="latimesobituary"/> 

Ivory has owned several homes, including the [[Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex]] in [[Claverack, New York]].<ref name="Giovannini1986">{{cite news |last1=Giovannini |first1=Joseph |title=MERCHANT AND IVORY'S COUNTRY RETREAT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/03/garden/merchant-and-ivory-s-country-retreat.html |access-date=September 15, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 3, 1986}}</ref><ref name="Hass2015">{{cite news |last1=Hass |first1=Nancy |title=James Ivory's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/t-magazine/james-ivory-house.html |access-date=September 15, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Larson2017">{{cite magazine |last1=Larson |first1=Sarah |title=James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/james-ivory-and-the-making-of-a-historic-gay-love-story |access-date=September 15, 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=May 19, 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Notes
|-
| 1953 
|''Four in the Morning''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Short film
|-
| 1957
|''Venice: Theme and Variations''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Short film
|-
| 1959
|''The Sword and the Flute''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Short film
|-
| 1963
|''[[The Householder]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Feature directorial debut <br> Co-screenwriter (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 1964
|''[[The Delhi Way]]'' 
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Documentary <br> Also cinematographer and editor
|-
| 1965
|''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-writer (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 1969
|''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-writer (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 1970
|''[[Bombay Talkie]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-writer (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 1972
|''[[Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|[[BBC]] TV documentary
|-
| 1972
|''[[Savages (1972 film)|Savages]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Idea}}
|{{no}}
|Screenplay based on an original idea by Ivory
|-
| 1973
|''Helen, Queen of the Nautch Girls''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Short film
|-
| 1975
|''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1975
|''[[The Wild Party (1975 film)|The Wild Party]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1977
|''[[Roseland (film)|Roseland]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1978
|''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|- 
| 1979
|''[[The Europeans (1979 film)|The Europeans]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1979
|''[[The Five Forty-Eight]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|TV film
|-
| 1980
|''[[Jane Austen in Manhattan]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1981
|''[[Quartet (1981 film)|Quartet]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Uncredited}}
|{{no}}
|Co-screenwriter (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]) <small> (uncredited) </small>
|-
| 1983
|''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1984
|''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|1985
|''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|1985
|''[[American Playhouse]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|Episode: "Noon Wine" <br> Co-executive producer (with [[Ismail Merchant]])
|-
| 1987
|''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-screenwriter (with [[Kit Hesketh-Harvey]])
|-
| 1989
|''[[Slaves of New York]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1990
|''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|- 
| 1992
|''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1993
|''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' 
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1995
|''[[Jefferson in Paris]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1995
|''[[Lumière and Company]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Anthology film (in directorial collaboration with [[Merzak Allouache]], [[Gabriel Axel]], [[Vicente Aranda]], [[Theo Angelopoulos]], [[Bigas Luna]], [[John Boorman]], [[Youssef Chahine]], [[Alain Corneau]], [[Costa-Gavras]], [[Raymond Depardon]], [[Francis Girod]], [[Peter Greenaway]], [[Lasse Hallström]], [[Michael Haneke]], [[Hugh Hudson]], [[Gaston Kaboré]], [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[Cédric Klapisch]], [[Andrei Konchalovsky]], [[Patrice Leconte]], [[Spike Lee]], [[Claude Lelouch]], [[David Lynch]], [[Ismail Merchant]], [[Claude Miller]], [[Sarah Moon]], [[Idrissa Ouédraogo]], [[Arthur Penn]], [[Lucian Pintilie]], [[Jacques Rivette]], [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], [[Jerry Schatzberg]], [[Nadine Trintignant]], [[Fernando Trueba]], [[Liv Ullmann]], [[Jaco Van Dormael]], [[Régis Wargnier]], [[Wim Wenders]], [[Yoshishige Yoshida]] and [[Zhang Yimou]]) <br> Co-director of Segment #31: ''Merchant Ivory/Paris'' (with [[Ismail Merchant]])
|-
| 1996
|''[[Surviving Picasso]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 1998
|''[[A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film)|A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-screenwriter (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 2000
|''[[The Golden Bowl (film)|The Golden Bowl]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 2003
|''[[Le Divorce]]'' 
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Co-screenwriter (with [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]])
|-
| 2005
|''[[The White Countess]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 2005
|''[[Heights (2005 film)|Heights]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Uncredited}}
|Co-producer (with [[Ismail Merchant]] and Richard Hawley) <small> (uncredited) </small>
|-
| 2009
|''[[The City of Your Final Destination]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
| 2010
|''[[Arcadia Lost]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Call Me by Your Name (film)|Call Me by Your Name]]'' 
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Co-producer (with [[Émilie Georges]], [[Luca Guadagnino]], [[Marco Morabito]], [[Howard Rosenman]], [[Peter Spears]] and Rodrigo Teixeira)
|-
| 2019
|''American Marriage''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Collaboration}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|Short film <br> Written in collaboration with Giorgio Arcelli Fontana
|-
| 2022
|''A Cooler Climate''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Documentary <br> Co-director (with Giles Gardner) <br> Co-writer (with Giles Gardner)
|-
| 2022
|''Chinese Laundry''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Short film
|-
| 2023
|''The Way It Was: Paris Restaurants in the 1970s''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
| 2024
|''[[Merchant Ivory (2023 film)|Merchant Ivory]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|Documentary <br> Also appears in the film as a subject as well as an interviewee
|-
|}

==Awards and honours==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by James Ivory}}
In 1985 ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' was nominated for eight [[Academy Awards]], including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Jhabvala's adaptation of Forster's novel as well as for Best Costume and Best Production Design. ''A Room With a View'' was also voted Best Film of the year by the Critic's Circle Film Section of Great Britain, the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]], the [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review]] in the United States and in Italy, where the film won the [[Donatello Prize]] for Best Foreign Language Picture and Best Director. In 1987, ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' received a Silver Lion Award for Best Director at the [[Venice Film Festival]] as well as Best Film Score for [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]] and Best Actor Awards for co-stars [[James Wilby]] and [[Hugh Grant]]. 1990's ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Bridge]]'' would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Actress ([[Joanne Woodward]]), as well as Best Actress and Best Screenplay from the [[New York Film Critics Circle]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 1992 Ivory directed another film adapted from Forster, ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Actress ([[Emma Thompson]]), Best Screenplay – Adaptation ([[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]), and Best Art Direction/Set Decoration (Luciana Arrighi/Ian Whittaker). The film also won Best Picture at the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] (BAFTA) Awards, as well as awards for Best Picture, Best Actress for Emma Thompson and Best Director for Ivory from the [[National Board of Review]]. The [[Directors Guild of America]] awarded the [[D.W. Griffith]] award, its highest honor, to Ivory for his work. At the [[1992 Cannes Film Festival]] the film won the 45th Anniversary Prize.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/6/year/1992.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Howards End |access-date=August 14, 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> ''Howards End'' was immediately followed by ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'', which was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

For his work in ''[[Call Me by Your Name (film)|Call Me by Your Name]]'' (2017), Ivory received an [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]], a [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Screenplay|Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criticschoice.com/critics-choice-awards/|title='The Shape Of Water' Named Best Picture, Takes Four Awards At 23rd Annual Critics' Choice Awards|publisher=Broadcast Film Critics Association/Broadcast Television Journalists Association|date=January 11, 2018|access-date=January 11, 2018|location=Los Angeles, CA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109001448/http://www.criticschoice.com/critics-choice-awards/|archive-date=January 9, 2018|type=Press release|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]], [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]], and [[USC Scripter Award]] for Best Screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/02/call-me-by-your-name-wins-usc-scripter-award-adapted-screenplay-the-handmaids-tale-tv-honor-1202284613/|title='Call Me By Your Name' Wins USC Scripter Award For Adapted Screenplay; 'The Handmaid's Tale' Nabs TV Honor|work=Deadline|date=February 10, 2018|access-date=February 10, 2018|first=David|last=Robb}}</ref> He was also nominated for the [[AACTA International Award for Best Screenplay]], and the [[Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/aacta-org/PDFs/2017/Media-Releases/7th-AACTA-International-Awards-Winners-Announced-Web.pdf|title=Australian Academy announces winners for the 7th AACTA International Awards|type=Press release|publisher=[[Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts]]|date=January 6, 2018|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110131112/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/aacta-org/PDFs/2017/Media-Releases/7th-AACTA-International-Awards-Winners-Announced-Web.pdf|archive-date=January 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gettell|first1=Oliver|title=''Call Me By Your Name'' takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2018/film|access-date=January 14, 2018|work=BAFTA|date=January 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Gettell|first1=Oliver|title=''Call Me By Your Name'' takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/27/gotham-awards-2017-winners-list/|access-date=November 27, 2017|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> At 89, Ivory is the oldest person to ever win an [[Academy Award]] in competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/mar/05/james-ivory-is-oldest-oscar-winner-ever-with-adapted-screenplay-award-for-call-me-by-your-name|title=James Ivory is oldest Oscar winner ever with screenplay award for Call Me by Your Name|last=Nevins|first=Jake|date=March 5, 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 2022, Ivory was honored with Lifetime Achievement Award at the [[17th Rome Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romacinemafest.it/it/premio-alla-carriera-james-ivory/|title=Premio alla carriera a James Ivory |trans-title= James Ivory to receive Lifetime Achievement Award |website= Cinema Foundation for Rome|date= 30 September 2022 |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=it}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{expand section|date=October 2022}}
* Ivory, James. ''Solid Ivory: Memoirs''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. {{ISBN|978-0374601591}}<ref name = Jacobs/>
*--do.-- ''Autobiography of a Princess: also being the adventures of an American film director in the land of the maharajahs''; screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. London: John Murray, 1975 ISBN 0-7195-3289-2

==See also==
*[[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees]]
*[[List of LGBTQ Academy Award winners and nominees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|0412465|James Ivory}}
* [http://www.impawards.com/directors/james_ivory.html IMP Poster Gallery]
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/ James Ivory] at [http://www.screenonline.org.uk Screen Online]
* [https://www.merchantivory.com/about/james-ivory Biography] from [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]
* [https://scua.uoregon.edu/repositories/2/resources/2190 James Ivory papers at the University of Oregon]

{{James Ivory}}
{{Merchant Ivory Productions}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by James Ivory|Awards for James Ivory]]
|list =
{{Academy Award Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{BAFTA Best Film recipients}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm}}
{{Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Director of the Year}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Director}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
{{USC Scripter Awards — Film}}
{{Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivory, James}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
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