Editing James Ruse

{{for|the New South Wales Selective school named after James Ruse|James Ruse Agricultural High School}} 
{{for|the drive motorway/highway after him|James Ruse Drive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2013}}

{{Short description|Cornish-Australian convict and agriculturalist (1759–1837)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = 
| image              = 
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Portrait of
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1759|08|09|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Launceston, Cornwall]], England
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1837|09|05|1759|08|09|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
| education          = 
| occupation         = Farmer
| years active       = 1789−1836
| title              = 
| spouse             = Susannah Norcott, Elizabeth Perry
| parents            = Richard Ruse, Elizabeth Curne
| children           = Elizabeth (1779−1779), Richard (1780−1840), Rebecca (1791−1792), James (1793−1866), Elizabeth (1794−1875), Susannah (1796−1872), Mary (1798−1871).
| nationality        = Cornish, English
}}

'''James Ruse''' (9 August 1759{{spaced ndash}}5 September 1837) was a [[Cornish Australian|Cornish]] farmer who, at age 23, was convicted of [[burglary]] and was sentenced to seven years' transportation. He arrived at [[Sydney Cove]], [[New South Wales]], on the [[First Fleet]] with 18 months of his sentence remaining. Ruse applied to Colony Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] for a land grant, stating that he had been bred for farming. Governor Phillip, desperate to make the colony self-sufficient, allocated Ruse an allotment at Rose Hill (now [[Rosehill, New South Wales|Rosehill]], near [[Parramatta]]), where he proved himself industrious and showed that it was possible for a family to survive in New South Wales through farming. Ruse received a land grant, from which he grew and sold 600 bushels of wheat {{convert|30|acre|m2}}.<ref name="NTA">{{cite web |title=The Thief, The Farmer & The Surgeon (PDF) |url=http://www.nationaltrust.com.au/schoolsprogram/educationkits/TFS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322220253/http://www.nationaltrust.com.au/schoolsprogram/educationkits/TFS.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=14 October 2011 |publisher=National Trust of Australia (NSW)}}</ref> Ruse was the recipient of the first land grant in New South Wales. Ruse would later exchange the Rose Hill grant for more fertile land on the [[Hawkesbury River]]<ref name="BODNSW">{{cite web|title=Background Sheet 1 – Brief Profiles of Significant People (PDF)|url=http://k6.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/files/hsie/back01.pdf|work=K-6 Educational Resources – Board of Studies, NSW, Australia|publisher=Board of Studies|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151617/http://k6.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/files/hsie/back01.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> later in his life, after almost losing his farm and thus going bankrupt because of flooding, Ruse found work as a seaman, and later, a farm 
overseer.

==Early life==

James Ruse was born at [[Launceston, Cornwall|Launceston]], [[Cornwall]], England on 9 August 1759.<ref name="ADB">{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=B.H. |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |work= |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |chapter=James Ruse (1759–1837) |access-date=14 October 2011 |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ruse-james-2616}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Symonds |first=Trish |date=19 February 2011 |title=JAMES RUSE |url=https://www.opc-cornwall.org/Resc/emigrant_pdfs/ruse_james_1787.pdf |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> He was baptised on 26 August at [[Lawhitton]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1782, he was tried at the Cornwall [[Assize Court|Assizes]] and sentenced to death<ref name="ADB" /> for "seriously breaking and entering the dwelling house of Thomas Olive and stealing thereout 2 silver watches and other goods".{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} He was reprieved<ref name="ADB" /> and sentenced to [[Penal transportation|transportation]] for seven years.<ref name="BODNSW" /><ref name="DAB">{{cite web |last=Serlte |first=Percival |title=Dictionary of Australian Biography R |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogR.html#ruse1 |access-date=14 October 2011 |work=Dictionary of Australian Biography (1949 Edition) |publisher=Angus and Robertson, 1949}}</ref> He was sent on the ''[[Scarborough (1782 ship)|Scarborough]]'',<ref name="ADB" /> one of the [[First Fleet]], and arrived in Australia on 22 January 1788.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Pioneering farmer ==
In 1789, Ruse produced the first successful corn harvest in New South Wales. That harvest failed to yield sufficient corn to make flour for the colony, but Ruse produced enough seeds for the next year's crop, which was successful. Such was the colony's need for a food supply that Governor Phillip rewarded Ruse for his success with the first land grant made in New South Wales, along with a gift of pigs and chickens.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Farms|url=https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/archive/discover_collections/history_nation/agriculture/life/farms/index.html|work=Discover Collections|publisher=State Library of NSW|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> In February 1791, Ruse declared to the authorities that he was self-sufficient, and two months later, in March, he was granted a further 30 acres.<ref name="NTA"/>
Ruse expected to reap about eight [[bushel]]s (290 litres) to the acre. After Ruse's sentence expired in 1792, the title of his land was deeded to him, the first land grant in the colony. In 1793, he sold his land to [[John Harris (Australian settler)|Dr. John Harris]] of the [[New South Wales Corps]] for 40 pounds. The property is now the [[Experiment Farm Cottage]] Museum of the [[National Trust of Australia]].

In 1794, Ruse moved further out, to the junction of the Hawkesbury River with [[South Creek (New South Wales)|South Creek]], where he operated a less successful farm. Later, his source of income was wiped out by flooding, which was always a risk involved with farming in the Hawkesbury. Ruse seems to have been away from his family for some time and it has been assumed that he went to sea at the same time that he had his son James the younger indentured to Kable and Underwood. This left his wife, Elizabeth to take care of the family on her own. During this period, she had two children with convict James Kiss. These children were Ann Ruse Kiss (b. 1801) and William James Ruse Kiss (1806−1853). James Ruse was heavily in debt and it is suggested that the hard work of his wife Elizabeth saved him from bankruptcy. Elizabeth is shown in the records as supplying crops to the stores in her own right.

From 1828, James was employed as an overseer of Denham Court. In 1836, James Ruse and James Kiss were received into the Catholic church together. Ruse died at [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]] on 5 September 1837 and is buried with wife Elizabeth and daughter Mary. 

Ruse's gravestone, parts of which he carved himself, reads:
<blockquote>"Gloria in Axcelsis

SACRED TO THE MEMEREY OF JAMES RUSE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE SEPT. 5TH IN THE YEAR OF HOURE LORD 1837 NATEF OF CORNWELL AND ARIVED IN THIS COLENEY BY THE FIRST FLEET AGED 78

MY MOTHER REREAD ME TENDERELY WITH ME SHE TOCK MUCH PAINES AND WHEN I ARIVED IN THIS COELNEY I SOWD THE FORST GRAIN AND NOW WITH MY HEVENLY FATHER I HOPE

FOR EVER TO REMAIN"</blockquote>

== Family life ==
James Ruse married Susannah Norcott in [[South Petherwin]], Cornwall, in 1779. They had one daughter, Elizabeth (1779<ref name=":0" />−1779){{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} and one son, Richard (1781<ref name=":0" />−1842).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

After being transported for his crime and creating a new life in New South Wales, Ruse married fellow convict Elizabeth Parry (1769 – 27 May 1836)<ref name="TCA">{{cite web|last=Partridge |first=Amanda |title=James Ruse and Elizabeth Parry PDF) |url=http://www.turnbullclan.com/tca_genealogy/tca_all2-o/exhibits/j_ruse__e_pa_e_rry_family.pdf |work=Turnbull Clan Genealogy Collection |publisher=compiled by Brian P Turnbull |access-date=14 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403093236/http://www.turnbullclan.com/tca_genealogy/tca_all2-o/exhibits/j_ruse__e_pa_e_rry_family.pdf |archive-date= 3 April 2012 }}</ref> on 5 September 1790.<ref name="NTA"/><ref name="ADB"/> They had five children together – Rebecah (1791−1792), James (1793−1866), Elizabeth (1794−1875),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/armfield-elizabeth-25236/text33705|title=Biography - Elizabeth Ruse|website=People Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Susannah (1796 – 1872), and Mary (1798−1871).<ref name="TCA"/>

Although the family history of James Ruse is well-documented, historical records never identified the parents of Ann Ruse Kiss (b. 1801) and William James Ruse Kiss (1806−1853), who were believed to have been adopted by the Ruse family. In 2019, [[genetic testing]] of their descendants indicated that they were in fact the children of Elizabeth Ruse and James Kiss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=708372276289807&id=519919595135077|title=Ruse-Kiss Family DNA Project|author=Amanda Gabb|via=[[Facebook]] |date=24 August 2019|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> It is unknown whether James Ruse was aware of Kiss' involvement with Elizabeth.

== Legacy ==
The memory of James Ruse is perpetuated in the naming of key locations in Sydney, including [[James Ruse Agricultural High School]] in [[Carlingford, New South Wales|Carlingford]]; [[James Ruse Drive]], running from [[Granville, New South Wales|Granville]] to [[Northmead, New South Wales|Northmead]], near Parramatta; and [[Ruse, New South Wales|Ruse]], a suburb in southwest Sydney.

A replica of his tombstone stands in the front garden of Barrengarry House, the administration block at James Ruse Agricultural High School. The original headstone, carved by Ruse himself, was moved by his descendants to a secure location after vandals damaged some headstones in the Old St Johns cemetery at [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]].  The headstone is now in the care of the Campbelltown and Airds Historical Society at Glenalvon House in Lithgow Street, Campbelltown.<ref>Grist Mills Vol. 15 No. 3 CAHS Journal 2002</ref>

In 1980, the noted Cornish folk singer [[Brenda Wootton]] wrote and recorded the song "James Ruse" which uses as a chorus the last four lines of the headstone's inscription.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
*[[List of convicts transported to Australia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Convicts in Australia}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruse, James}}
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Launceston, Cornwall]]
[[Category:Convicts transported to Australia on the First Fleet]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian farmers]]
[[Category:Farmers from Cornwall]]
[[Category:18th-century English farmers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Cornish descent]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Australia]]