Editing Jason

{{Short description|Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts}}
{{About|the hero from Greek mythology|the given name "Jason"|Jason (given name)|other uses|Jason (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
[[File:Douris cup Jason Vatican 16545.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Jason, between the jaws of the dragon which guards the [[Golden Fleece]], is saved by [[Athena]]. The fleece hangs from a tree behind them. Attic [[kylix]], {{circa||lk=yes}}480&ndash;470 BC, attributed to [[Douris (vase painter)|Douris]].<ref>[[Vatican Museums]], [https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-gregoriano-etrusco/sala-xix--emiciclo-inferiore--collezione-dei-vasi--ceramica-atti/kylix-attica-attribuita-a-douris--giasone.html 16545].</ref>]]
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'''Jason''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|eɪ|s|ən}} {{respell|JAY|sən}}; {{Langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἰάσων|Ἰάσων]]|Iásōn}} {{IPA|grc|i.ǎːsɔːn|}}) was an [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[Greek mythology|mythological]] hero and leader of the [[Argonauts]], whose quest for the [[Golden Fleece]] is featured in Greek literature. He was the son of [[Aeson]], the rightful king of [[Iolcos]]. He was married to the sorceress [[Medea]], the granddaughter of the sungod [[Helios]]. 

Jason appeared in various literary works in the [[classical world]] of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], including the epic poem ''[[Argonautica]]'' and the tragedy ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]''. In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' and the 2000 TV miniseries of the [[Jason and the Argonauts (TV miniseries)|same name]].

== Persecution by Pelias ==
[[File:Pelias meets Jason MAN Napoli Inv111436.jpg|thumb|[[Pelias]], king of [[Iolcos]], stops on the steps of a temple as he recognises young Jason by his missing sandal; Roman [[fresco]] from [[Pompeii]], 20-25 AD.]]

[[Pelias]] (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of [[Ancient Thessaly|Thessaly]]. Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, [[Tyro]] ("high born Tyro"), the daughter of [[Salmoneus]], and the sea god [[Poseidon]]. In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons.<ref name="pbs"/>

Aeson's wife [[Alcimede|Alcimede I]] had a newborn son named Jason, whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were [[Stillbirth|stillborn]]. Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by the [[centaur]] [[Chiron]].<ref name="pbs">{{Cite book |last=Hyginus |title=The Orphic Argonautica |publisher=Jason Colavito |year=2011 |isbn=9781105198946 |location=Albany, New York |pages=58-59, 12th and 13th Fabulae |language=en |trans-title=The Fabulae of Hyginus}}</ref> She claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an [[oracle]], who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal.

Many years later, Pelias was holding [[Olympic Games|games]] in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost one of his sandals in the river [[Anauros]] ("wintry Anauros") while helping an old woman (actually the goddess [[Hera]] in disguise) to cross.<ref name="pbs" /> She blessed him, for she knew what Pelias had planned. When Jason entered Iolcus (the present-day city of [[Volos]]), he was announced as a man wearing only one sandal. Jason, aware that he was the rightful king, so informed Pelias. Pelias replied, "To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece." Jason readily accepted this condition.

== The Argonauts and the Quest for the Golden Fleece ==
Jason assembled for his crew, a number of heroes, known as the [[Argonauts]] after their ship, [[Argo|the ''Argo'']].<ref name="pbs" /> The group of heroes included:<ref>Powell, Barry B. (2015). ''Classical Myth''. with translations by Herbert M. Howe (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0-321-96704-6}}.</ref>{{Rp|485}}

*[[Acastus]];
*[[Admetus]];
*[[Argus (Argonaut)|Argus]], the eponymous builder of the Argo;
*[[Atalanta]];
*[[Augeas]];
* the winged [[Boreads]], Zetes & Calaïs;
*[[Castor and Pollux|the Dioscuri]], Castor & Polydeuces;
*[[Euphemus]];
*[[Heracles]];
*[[Idas]];
*[[Idmon]], the [[Prophet|seer]];
*[[Lynceus of Argos|Lynceus]];
*[[Meleager]];
*[[Orpheus]];
*[[Peleus]];
*[[Philoctetes]];
*[[Telamon]]; and
*[[Tiphys]], the helmsman

===The Isle of Lemnos===
The isle of [[Lemnos]] is situated in the north [[Aegean Sea]], near the Western coast of [[Asia Minor]] (modern day [[Turkey]]).

The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands. The women had neglected their worship of [[Aphrodite]], and as a punishment the goddess made the women so foul in stench that their husbands could not bear to be near them. The men then took [[concubine]]s from the [[Thrace|Thracian]] mainland opposite, and the spurned women, angry at Aphrodite, killed all the male inhabitants while they slept. The king, [[Thoas (king of Lemnos)|Thoas]], was saved by [[Hypsipyle]], his daughter, who put him out to sea sealed in a chest from which he was later rescued. The women of Lemnos lived for a while without men, with [[Hypsipyle]] as their queen.
 
During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new "race" called [[Minyae]]. Jason fathered twins with the queen. Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts. He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women.<ref group="note">In ''Hercules, My Shipmate'' [[Robert Graves]] claims that Heracles fathered more children than anyone else of the crew.</ref>

===Cyzicus===
After Lemnos the Argonauts landed among the [[Doliones]], whose king [[Cyzicus (mythology)|Cyzicus]] treated them graciously. He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there. What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the [[Gegeines]], which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms who wore leather loincloths.

While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding the ship and raided it. [[Heracles]] was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most of them before Jason and the others returned. Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail.

The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night. In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other. The Argonauts killed many of the Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus. Cyzicus' wife killed herself. The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him.

===Phineus and the harpies===
Soon, Jason reached the court of [[Phineus]] of [[Kiyikoy|Salmydessus]] in [[Thrace]]. [[Zeus]] had sent the [[harpy|harpies]] to steal the food put out for Phineus each day. Jason took pity on the emaciated king and killed the Harpies when they returned; in other versions, [[Boreads|Calais and Zetes]] chase the harpies away. In return for this favor, Phineus revealed to Jason the location of Colchis and how to pass the [[Symplegades]], or The Clashing Rocks, and then they parted.[[File:Jason Pelias Louvre K127.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Jason bringing [[Pelias]] the [[Golden Fleece]], [[Apulia]]n red-figure [[calyx krater]], {{circa|340 BC}}–330 BC, [[Louvre]]]]

===The Symplegades===
The only way to reach Colchis was to sail through the [[Symplegades]] (Clashing Rocks), huge rock cliffs that came together and crushed anything that traveled between them. Phineus told Jason to release a dove when they approached these islands, and if the dove made it through, to row with all their might. If the dove was crushed, he was doomed to fail. Jason released the dove as advised, which made it through, losing only a few tail feathers. Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship. From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass.

===The arrival in Colchis===
Jason arrived in [[Colchis]] (modern [[Black Sea]] coast of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) to claim the fleece as his own. It was owned by King [[Aeetes]] of Colchis. The fleece was given to him by [[Phrixus]]. Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks. Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression. However, [[Hera]] had persuaded [[Aphrodite]] to convince her son [[Eros (mythology)|Eros]] to make Aeetes' daughter, [[Medea]], fall in love with Jason. As a result, Medea aided Jason in his tasks.<ref name="Ovid, Metamorphoses vii.100"/>

First, Jason had to plow a field with fire-breathing oxen, the [[Khalkotauroi]], that he had to yoke himself. Medea provided an ointment that protected him from the oxen's flames. Then, Jason sowed the [[Dragon's teeth (mythology)|teeth of a dragon]] into a field. The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors ([[spartoi]]). Medea had previously warned Jason of this and told him how to defeat this foe.<ref name="Ovid, Metamorphoses vii.100"/>

Before they attacked him, he threw a rock into the crowd. Unable to discover where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another. His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the [[Golden Fleece]]. Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs. The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece.<ref name="Ovid, Metamorphoses vii.100">{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Ov.+Met.+7.1.100&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028|title=Metamorphoses}}</ref>

He then sailed away with Medea. Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother [[Apsyrtus]] and throwing pieces of his body into the sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them. In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a trap. Jason killed him, chopped off his fingers and toes, and buried the corpse. In any case, Jason and Medea escaped.

== The return journey ==
[[File:Jason and Medea - John William Waterhouse.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Jason and Medea - as depicted by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1907.]]
On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to [[Euphemus]], the Argo's helmsman, that one day he would rule [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]. This came true through [[Battus I of Cyrene|Battus]], a descendant of Euphemus. [[Zeus]], as punishment for the slaughter of Medea's own brother, sent a series of storms at the ''Argo'' and blew it off course. The ''Argo'' then spoke and said that they should seek purification with [[Circe]], a [[nymph]] living on the island of Aeaea. After being cleansed, they continued their journey home.

===Sirens===
Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of [[Orpheus]], the Argonauts would never be able to pass the [[Siren (mythology)|Sirens]]—the same Sirens encountered by [[Odysseus]] in [[Homer]]'s [[epic poem]] the ''[[Odyssey]]''. The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called [[Sirenum scopuli]] and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which would result in the wrecking of their ship on the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his [[lyre]] and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs.

===Talos===
The ''Argo'' then came to the island of [[Crete]], guarded by the bronze man, [[Talos]]. As the ship approached, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay. Talos had one [[ichor]] vessel which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail (as in metal casting by the lost wax method). [[Medea]] cast a spell on Talos to calm him; she removed the bronze nail and Talos bled to death. The ''Argo'' was then able to sail on.

===Jason returns===
[[File:Jason fresque romaine.jpg|thumb|Jason on a fresco from [[Pompeii]]]]
[[Thomas Bulfinch]] has an antecedent to the interaction of Medea and the daughters of Pelias. Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations. He had seen and been served by Medea's magical powers. He asked Medea to take some years from his life and add them to the life of his father. She did so, but at no such cost to Jason's life. Medea withdrew the blood from Aeson's body and infused it with certain herbs; putting it back into his veins, returning vigor to him.<ref name="William Godwin 1876 41">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog|title=Lives of the Necromancers|last=Godwin|first=William|year=1876|page=41}}</ref> Pelias' daughters saw this and wanted the same service for their father.

Medea, using her sorcery, claimed to Pelias' daughters that she could make their father smooth and vigorous as a child by chopping him up into pieces and boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water and magical herbs. She demonstrated this remarkable feat with the oldest ram in the flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb. The girls, rather naively, sliced and diced their father and put him in the cauldron. Medea did not add the magical herbs, and Pelias was dead.{{sfn|Godwin|1876|p=42}} Pelias' son, [[Acastus]], drove Jason and Medea into exile for the murder, and the couple settled in Corinth.

===Treachery of Jason===
In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry [[Creusa (daughter of Creon)|Creusa]] (sometimes referred to as [[Glauce]]), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties. When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all the help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him. Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on.{{sfn|Godwin|1876|p=42}}

Creusa's father, [[Creon (king of Corinth)|Creon]], burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her. Then Medea killed the two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions. When Jason learned of this, Medea was already gone. She fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god [[Helios]].{{sfn|Godwin|1876|p=42}}

Although Jason calls Medea most hateful to gods and men, the fact that the chariot is given to her by Helios indicates that she still has the gods on her side. As [[Bernard Knox]] points out, Medea's last scene with concluding appearances parallels that of a number of indisputably divine beings in other plays by Euripides. Just like these gods, Medea "interrupts and puts a stop to the violent action of the human being on the lower level, ... justifies her savage revenge on the grounds that she has been treated with disrespect and mockery, ... takes measures and gives orders for the burial of the dead, prophesies the future", and "announces the foundation of a cult".<ref>B.M.W. Knox. ''Word and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theatre.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 303.</ref>

Later Jason and [[Peleus]], father of the hero [[Achilles]], attacked and defeated Acastus, reclaiming the throne of Iolcus for himself once more. Jason's son, [[Thessalus]], then became king.

As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea forever, Jason lost his favor with [[Hera]] and died lonely and unhappy. He was asleep under the [[stem (ship)|stem]] of the rotting ''[[Argo]]'' when it fell on him, killing him instantly.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/medeatranslatedi00euriuoft|title=The Medea. Translated into English rhyming verse with explanatory notes by Gilbert Murray|last=Euripides|last2=Murray|first2=Gilbert|date=1912|publisher=New York Oxford University Press|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=77–78, 96}}</ref>

==Family==
===Parentage===
[[File:Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg|thumb|''[[Jason with the Golden Fleece (Thorvaldsen)|Jason with the Golden Fleece]]'' by [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]]]]
Jason's father is invariably Aeson, but there is great variation as to his mother's name. According to various authors, she could be:

*[[Alcimede]], daughter of [[Phylacus]]<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], [https://topostext.org/work/126#1.45 1.47], 233 & 251 ff.; [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], 1.297; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 3, 13</ref> and [[Clymene (mythology)|Clymene]]<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14 14]</ref>
* [[Polymede]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], 1.9.16; [[Tzetzes]] as [[Lycophron]], 175 & 872</ref> or [[Polymele]],<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women|Ehoiai]]'' fr. 38; Tzetzes, ''Chiliades'' 6.979; [[Scholia]] ad [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 12.69</ref> or [[Polypheme (mythology)|Polypheme]],<ref name="Sch. Ap. Rh. 1. 45">Scholia ad Apollonius Rhodius, 1.45</ref> a daughter of [[Autolycus]]
*[[Amphinome]]<ref name="Diodorus">[[Diodorus Siculus]], 4.50.2</ref>
* [[Theognete]], daughter of [[Laodicus]]<ref name="Sch. Ap. Rh. 1. 45" />
*[[Rhoeo (mythology)|Rhoeo]]<ref name="Tzetz. Chil.">Tzetzes, ''Chiliades'' 6.979</ref>
* [[Arne (Greek myth)|Arne]] or [[Scarphe (mythology)|Scarphe]]<ref>Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 872</ref>

Jason was also said to have had a younger brother, [[Promachus]].<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.50.2; Apollodorus, 1.9.27</ref>

=== Children ===
Children by [[Medea]]:

*[[Alcimenes]], murdered by Medea.
*[[Thessalus]], twin of Alcimenes and king of Iolcus.
*[[Tisander]], murdered by Medea
*[[Mermeros and Pheres|Mermeros]] killed either by the [[Corinth]]ians or by Medea
*[[Mermeros and Pheres|Pheres]], as above
*[[Eriopis]], their only daughter
*[[Medus]] or [[Polyxenus]], otherwise son of Aegeus
*[[Argus (Greek myth)|Argus]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=William|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0002.001/1014?page=root;size=100;view=image|title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology: Vol 2|date=1870|page=1004|chapter=Medeia|quote=Her children are, according to some accounts, Mermerus, Pheres or Thessalus, Alcimenes and Tisander, and, according to others, she had seven sons and seven daughters, while others mention only two children, Medus (some call him Polyxemus) and Eriopis, or one son Argos.|author-link1=William Smith (lexicographer)|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
*seven sons and seven daughters<ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptolemy Hephaestion]], 2</ref>

Children by [[Hypsipyle]]:<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Heroides]]'' 6.119</ref>

*[[Euneus]], King of Lemnos and his twin
*[[Nebrophonus]]<ref>Apollodorus, 1.9.17</ref> or
*[[Deipylus]]<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#15 15]</ref> or
*[[Thoas (son of Jason and Hypsipyle)|Thoas]]<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Hypsipyle'' (fragments)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+<big>Comparative table of Jason's family</big>
! rowspan="2" |Relation
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="13" |Source
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|''(Sch. on) Homer''
| colspan="2" |''(Sch. on) Euripides''
|''(Sch. on) Apollonius''
|''Diodorus''
|''Valerius''
| colspan="2" |''Apollodorus''
|''Ptolemy''
|''Pausanias''
| colspan="2" |''Hyginus''
|''Tzetzes''
|''Smith''
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| rowspan="9" |''Parentage''
|Aeson and Polymele or
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|Aeson and Polymede
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|Aeson and Alcimede
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|Aeson and Arne
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|Aeson and Scarphe
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|''Sibling''
|Promachus
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| rowspan="2" |''Consort''
|Medea
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|Hypsipyle
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| rowspan="13" |''Children''
|Mermeros
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|Pheres
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|7 sons & 7 daughters
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|Eriopis
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|Medus or Polyxemus
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|Argus
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|Euneus
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|Nebrophonus
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==In literature==
{{box quote|width=20em|bgcolor=cornsilk|fontsize=100%|salign=center|quote= 
''Finding is the first act''<br>
''The second, loss,''<br>
''Third, Expedition for''<br>
''The “Golden Fleece”''<br>

''Fourth, no discovery—''<br>
''Fifth, no crew—''<br>
''Finally, no Gold Fleece—''<br> 
''Jason—sham—too.''<br>
—Poet [[Emily Dickinson]]<ref>Franklin, 1998, [Fr910]</ref><ref>Charyn, 2016 p. 36: Poem quoted in full</ref>}}
[[File:Jason and the Argonauts (1963) Todd Armstrong 2.png|thumb|Jason portrayed by [[Todd Armstrong]] in ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963).]]

Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] in his [[epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Argonautica]]'', written in [[Alexandria]] in the late 3rd century BC.

Another ''Argonautica'' was written by [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus]] in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length. The poem ends abruptly with the request of [[Medea]] to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage. It is unclear if part of the [[epic poem]] has been lost, or if it was never finished. A third version is the ''[[Argonautica Orphica]]'', which emphasizes the role of [[Orpheus]] in the story.

Jason is briefly mentioned in [[Dante Alighieri|Dante's]] ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' in the poem ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''. He appears in the Canto XVIII. In it, he is seen by Dante and his guide [[Virgil]] being punished in Hell's Eighth Circle (Bolgia 1) by being driven to march through the circle for all eternity while being whipped by [[devil]]s. He is included among the panderers and seducers (possibly for his seduction and subsequent abandoning of Medea).

The story of [[Medea]]'s revenge on Jason is told with devastating effect by [[Euripides]] in his tragedy ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]''.

[[William Morris]] wrote an English epic poem, ''The Life and Death of Jason'', published in 1867.

In the 1898 short novel ''[[The Story of Perseus and the Gorgon's Head]]'' the mythical story of Jason is described.

[[Padraic Colum]] wrote an adaptation for children, ''[[The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles]]'', illustrated by [[Willy Pogany]] and published in 1921.

The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by [[Livio Catullo Stecchini|Livio Stecchini]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210025100/http://www.metrum.org/mapping/argo.htm The Voyage of the Argo]</ref> but his theories have not been widely adopted.

==See also==
* [[Cape Jason]]
* [[Mermeros and Pheres]]
* [[Jason in popular culture]]

== Explanatory notes ==
<references group="note"/>

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
*[[Jerome Charyn|   Charyn, Jerome]]. 2016. ''A Loaded Gun: Emily Dickinson for the 21st Century.'' [[Bellevue Literary Press]], New York. {{ISBN |  978-1934137987}}
*Franklin, R. W. 1998. ''The Poems of Emily Dickinson, Variorum Edition.'' [[Harvard University Press  |Belknap Press]]. {{ISBN  |978-0674018242}}
===Bibliography===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065134/http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/cercam/article.php3?id_article=405 Alain Moreau], ''Le Mythe de Jason et Médée. Le Va-nu-pied et la Sorcière''. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, collection «Vérité des mythes», 2006 ({{ISBN|2-251-32440-2}}).
*[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''Argonautica'' translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. [https://topostext.org/work/126 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica''. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0227 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*Bulfinch's Mythology, Medea and Aeson.
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''The Library of History'' translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site]
*Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Gaius Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus1.html Online version at theio.com.]
*Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonauticon.'' Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0058 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*[[Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'' from ''Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica'' translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html Online version at theio.com]
*King, David. ''Finding Atlantis: A True Story of Genius, Madness, and an Extraordinary Quest for a Lost World''. Harmony Books, New York, 1970. (Based on works of Olof Rudbeck 1630–1702.)
*Powell, B. The Voyage of the ''Argo''. In Classical Myth. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall. 2001. pp.&nbsp;477–489.
*[[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''The Epistles of Ovid.'' London. J. Nunn, Great-Queen-Street; R. Priestly, 143, High-Holborn; R. Lea, Greek-Street, Soho; and J. Rodwell, New-Bond-Street. 1813. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0085%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{gutenberg|name=Argonautica|no=830}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}
{{Medea}}
{{Argonautica}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jason| ]]
[[Category:Argonauts]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Greek mythological heroes]]
[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:Mythological Iolcians]]
[[Category:Corinthian mythology]]
[[Category:Medea]]
[[Category:Deeds of Hera]]
[[Category:Princes in Greek mythology]]