Editing Jasus edwardsii

{{Short description|Species of crustacean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2011}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Jasus edwardsii.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=MacDiarmid, A. |author2=Butler, M. |author3=Cockcroft, A. |author4=Wahle, R. |date=2011 |title=''Jasus edwardsii'' |volume=2011 |page=e.T170025A6711779 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170025A6711779.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Jasus edwardsii
| authority = ([[Frederick Hutton (scientist)|Hutton]], 1875)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS">{{cite WoRMS |author=Tin-Yam Chan |year=2010 |title=''Jasus edwardsii'' (Hutton, 1875) |id=382879 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>
| synonyms = 
*''Jasus novaehollandiae'' <small>Holthuis, 1963</small>
*''Palinurus edwardsii'' <small>Hutton, 1875</small>
}}

'''''Jasus edwardsii''''', the '''southern rock lobster''', '''red rock lobster''', or '''spiny rock lobster''', is a [[species]] of [[spiny lobster]] found throughout coastal waters of southern [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] including the [[Chatham Islands]]. It is commonly called '''''crayfish''''' in Australia and New Zealand and ''{{lang|mi|kōura}}'' in [[Māori language|Māori]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maoridictionary.co.nz/index.cfm?dictionaryKeywords=koura&search.x=14&search.y=11&n=1&idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan= |title=kōura |work=Māori Dictionary Online |author=John C. Moorfield |access-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930064537/http://www.maoridictionary.co.nz/index.cfm?dictionaryKeywords=koura&search.x=14&search.y=11&n=1&idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan= |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> They resemble [[lobster]]s, but lack the large characteristic pincers on the first pair of walking legs.

Spiny rock lobsters are [[carnivorous]], leaving their rock cover to venture out to feed during the night. They live in and around reefs at depths ranging from {{convert|5|-|200|m|sigfig=2}} deep at the [[continental shelf]].<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=89 |chapter=''Jasus (Jasus) edwardsii'' |page=97 |work=FAO Species Catalogue| volume=13 |title=Marine Lobsters of the World |author=Lipke B. Holthuis |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-92-5-103027-1 |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 |author-link=Lipke Holthuis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910101108/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten |archive-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> They can be dark red and orange above with paler yellowish abdomens or grey-green brown with the paler underside. The more tropical animals tend to have the brighter colours. Adult [[carapace]]s can grow up to {{convert|230|mm}} in length and can often exceed {{convert|8|kg}} in underfished areas.

==Distribution==
''Jasus edwardsii'' is found around most of the coast of [[New Zealand]], including the three main islands, the [[Three Kings Islands]], the [[Chatham Islands]], the [[Snares Islands]], the [[Bounty Islands]], the [[Antipodes Islands]] and the [[Auckland Islands]]. This last locality is the southernmost place where spiny lobsters occur in the world. In Australia, ''J.&nbsp;edwardsii'' is found around the southern coast, from central [[New South Wales]] to southern [[Western Australia]], including [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=John C. Yaldwyn |author2=W. Richard Webber |year=2011 |title=Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea) |journal=[[Tuhinga]] |volume=22 |pages=171–272}}</ref>

==Life cycle==
Adults are sexually mature at between 7 and 11 years, mating occurs during late summer and autumn. Eggs develop on females, which carry between 100,000 and 500,000 eggs which are fertilised and held below the tail on hairs on the female's [[abdomen]]. The eggs develop here for 3 to 5 months. Eggs then metamorphose into [[naupliosoma]] larva which leave the female and are free swimming plankton which migrate towards the surface where they moult into a [[phyllosoma]] larva.<ref name="Annala">{{cite journal |author1=J. H. Annala |author2=J. L. McKoy |author3=J. D. Booth |author4=R. B. Pike |year=1980 |title=Size at the onset of sexual maturity in female ''Jasus edwardsii'' (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in New Zealand |journal=[[New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/journals/nzjm/1980/029/ |doi=10.1080/00288330.1980.9515864 |doi-access= |bibcode=1980NZJMF..14..217A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The rock lobster has among the longest larval development known for any marine creature. The ''phyllosoma'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "leaf-like") larvae spend between 9 months to 2 years in oceanic waters before metamorphosing to the post larval stage, known as the [[puerulus]], which then swims towards the coast to settle.

==Size==
Maximum total body length is 58&nbsp;cm (males), and 43&nbsp;cm (females); maximum carapace lengths 23.5&nbsp;cm (males), 18&nbsp;cm (females); minimum legal carapace lengths vary depending on location.<ref name="MLW"/> In some areas, ''Jasus edwardsii'' are frequently harvested weighing over 4.5kg.

==As food==
[[File:Southern rock lobster sashimi.jpg|thumb|''Jasus edwardsii'' served raw Japanese-style as ''[[sashimi]]'']]

''Jasus edwardsii'' is prized by consumers in Oceania, China and South-East Asia for its sweet, succulent flesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lobster.co.nz/southern-rock-lobster/ | title=Southern Rock Lobster }}</ref> Like true lobster, it can be served boiled, steamed, grilled or raw.  [[Australian dollar|A$]]250 million worth are harvested every year in Australia alone.<ref>https://www.southernrocklobster.com/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Aquaculture==
The potential for ''Jasus edwardsii'' to become an [[aquaculture]] species in New Zealand is high.<ref name="Jeffs 2003">{{cite web|author=Andrew Jeffs |year=2003 |title=The potential for crayfish aquaculture in Northland |publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] |work=Client Report AKL2002-053 |url=http://www.enterprisenorthland.co.nz/downloads/aqua_cray.PDF |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602014134/http://www.enterprisenorthland.co.nz/downloads/aqua_cray.PDF |archive-date= 2 June 2010 }}</ref> Although not commercially farmed yet, this species of lobster has a wild seed stock available and already some commercial companies are harvesting and on growing this seed stock.<ref name="Hooker">{{cite journal |author1=Simon H. Hooker |author2=Andrew G. Jeffs |author3=Robert G. Creese |author4=Kala Sivaguru |year=1997 |title=Growth of captive ''Jasus edwardsii'' (Hutton) (Crustacea:Palinuridae) in north–eastern New Zealand |journal=[[Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=903–909 |doi=10.1071/MF97156}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] (NIWA) has reared individuals from egg to adult, showing that it is possible to grow this species in captivity, although it takes between 200 and 400 days to reach maturity.<ref name="Jeffs 2003"/>

This species is also a potential aquaculture species in Australia. There is already a well established export of wild rock lobster from Australia, especially Southern Australia which currently lands just over 3000 tonnes a year. An aquaculture of this species would serve to bulk up the wild catch and add value with high quality grown lobsters.

South Australia currently does have limited aquaculture of ''Jasus edwardsii'', keeping legal sized individuals from the fishery in cages in Kangaroo Island to make them available in the off season, ensuring a year-round supply to market,<ref name="website">{{cite web|title=Southern Rock Lobster Aquaculture in South Australia |year=2003 |access-date=2 September 2010 |url=http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/33986/rocklbaq.pdf |publisher=[[Primary Industry and Resources South Australia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108103712/http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/33986/rocklbaq.pdf |archive-date= 8 January 2011 }}</ref> although no aquaculture from juveniles or eggs is done yet.

===Food===
NIWA used primarily [[brine shrimp]] to feed the juvenile lobsters, but little is known about a preferred food source.<ref name="Bryars">{{cite journal |author1=Simon R. Bryars |author2=Michael C. Geddes |year=2005 |title=Effects of diet on the growth, survival, and condition of sea-caged adult southern rock lobster, ''Jasus edwardsii'' |journal=[[New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=251–262 |doi=10.1080/00288330.2005.9517305 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/journals/nzjm/2005/016/|doi-access= |bibcode=2005NZJMF..39..251B |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Simon">{{cite journal |author=Cedric J. Simon |year=2009 |title=The effect of carbohydrate source, inclusion level of gelatinised starch, feed binder and fishmeal particle size on the apparent digestibility of formulated diets for spiny lobster juveniles, ''Jasus edwardsii'' |journal=[[Aquaculture (journal)|Aquaculture]] |volume=296 |issue=3–4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.032|bibcode=2009Aquac.296..329S }}</ref> Chopped up mussel flesh has been used previously in Japan.<ref name="Jeffs 2003"/> Both these techniques carry some potential disadvantages – brine shrimp can introduce disease, and mussels deteriorate once introduced to the water, giving bacteria an environment to grow on. A study has shown that mussels provide the best food along with a carbohydrate source in the form of agar, allowing faster grow rates in the lobster.<ref name="radford">{{cite journal |author1=C. A. Radford |author2=I. D. Marsden |author3=W. Davison |author4=A.G. Jeffs |year=2007 |title=Effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth of juvenile New Zealand rock lobsters, ''Jasus edwardsii'' |journal=[[Aquaculture (journal)|Aquaculture]] |volume=273 |issue=1 |pages=151–157 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.09.021|bibcode=2007Aquac.273..151R }}</ref>

===Techniques===
The most promising technique for aquaculture in New Zealand is sea cages. These have been successfully used internationally to grow similar species. In Vietnam sea cages are used to grow large amounts of ''[[Panulirus ornatus]]'' (ornate spiny lobster) in excess of 1,500 t valued at US$90 million.<ref name="tuan">{{cite web|author1=Le Anh Tuan |author2=Nguyen Dinh Mao |year=2004 |title=Present status of lobster cage culture in Vietnam |editor=K. C. Williams |work=Spiny lobster ecology and exploitation in the South China Sea region: proceedings of a workshop held at the Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, July 2004 |url=http://www.ntu.edu.vn/bomon/ddthucants/privateres/bomon/ddthucants/file/leanhtuan/lobster-status-aciar.pdf.aspx  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726112449/http://www.ntu.edu.vn/bomon/ddthucants/privateres/bomon/ddthucants/file/leanhtuan/lobster-status-aciar.pdf.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> This species is also commercially cultured in Indonesia and the Philippines.

There are three main types of sea cage – floating, wooden fixed, and submerged.
*Floating cages as the name suggests are floating, nets are supported by floating buoys which are connected using a frame. They are often far above the seabed in waters {{convert|10|-|20|m|abbr=on}} deep in calm bays. This type of cage is used in Nga Trang Bay in Vietnam. Wooden fixed cages are near the bottom, or on the bottom of the sea and each net is attached to salt resistant wooden stakes driven into the ground in squares with nets between them. These may be on the seabed with sand covering the bottom of the cage. These cages are used in Van Phong Bay in Vietnam.
*Submerged cages are sealed cubic cages with feeding holes in one end that are attached to the seabed. Similar to crab and crayfish pots used to catch adults. These cages are used in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Often the materials used to make these cages are sourced locally, in the form of nets from fishing, wood and other framing materials and floats.
*There has been experimental work done in New Zealand with suspended cages which resulted in good grow rates and survivability as long as suitable sites are picked.<ref name="james">{{cite journal |author1=Andrew G. Jeffs |author2=Phil James |year=2001 |title=Sea-cage culture of the spiny lobster ''Jasus edwardsii'' in New Zealand |journal=[[Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=1419–1424 |doi=10.1071/MF01064}}</ref>

===Sites===
The sites for lobster farms should be in shallow water (not exceeding 20&nbsp;m) and sheltered from currents and swell as well as potential strong winds. Often behind islands and in sheltered bays are the best sites as the sea cages are easily damaged by swell and high winds. Also the type of sea cage affects the site, floating and submerged cages can be in deeper water, and wooden fixed cages have to be in water only a few metres deep.

===Seed stock===
Due to the time it takes larva to develop (up to two years) the most cost-effective method of lobster aquaculture is to harvest wild pueruli. This has been done in Vietnam and has been done previously in New Zealand. This would allow a faster grow time to adults as the caught juvenile will have already had months of growth before being put in cages for aquaculture. There is a good source of pueruli in New Zealand (in places like [[Gisborne Region|Gisborne]]) and research into effective catching of pueruli is currently being done.<ref name="booth">{{cite journal |author=J. D. Booth S. C. |author2=Tarring |name-list-style=amp |year=1986 |title=Settlement of the red rock lobster, ''Jasus edwardsii'', near Gisborne, New Zealand |journal=[[New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=291–297 |doi=10.1080/00288330.1986.9516150|doi-access=free |bibcode=1986NZJMF..20..291B }}</ref> Research suggests a 'bottle brush' collector as the most effective way, a mesh material attached to a PVC core resembling a bottle brush.<ref name="mills">{{cite journal |author1=David Mills |author2=Bradley Crear |year=2004 |title=Developing a cost-effective puerulus collector for the southern rock lobster (''Jasus edwardsii'') aquaculture industry |journal=[[Aquacultural Engineering]] |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaeng.2003.12.001|bibcode=2004AqEng..31....1M }}</ref>

The maximum [[sustainable yield]] of this seed stock is unknown and research will have to be carried out to determine this before an industry can be founded.

===Market===
This species provides New Zealand with a high price point aquaculture species in an industry dominated by low price species. New Zealand baited pot wild lobsters earn approximately $180 million per annum which is limited by the [[Quota Management System]] to a total allowable commercial catch (TACC) of 2,981 metric tonnes.<ref name="breen">{{cite journal |author1=Paul A. Breen |author2=Terese H. Kendrick |year=1997 |title=A fisheries management success story: The Gisborne, New Zealand, fishery for red rock lobsters (''Jasus edwardsii'') |journal=[[Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=1103–1110 |doi=10.1071/MF97141}}</ref><ref name="NRMLG">{{cite web|author=National Rock Lobster Management Group |year=2006 |title=2006 Annual Report to The Minister of Fisheries The Hon. Jim Anderton |url=http://www.nzrocklobster.co.nz/f1267,55918/55918_17544_NRLMG_Annual_Report_2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702112058/http://www.nzrocklobster.co.nz/f1267%2C55918/55918_17544_NRLMG_Annual_Report_2006.pdf |archive-date= 2 July 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
*[[Western rock lobster]]
*[[Kaikōura]]
*[[Sagmariasus]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3163042}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Achelata]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Commercial crustaceans]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1875]]
[[Category:Marine crustaceans of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederick Hutton (scientist)]]
[[Category:New Zealand seafood]]
[[Category:Māori cuisine]]