Editing Jenin

{{Short description|Palestinian city, northern West Bank}}
{{about|the city in Palestine}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Jenin
| translit_lang1     = Arabic
| translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ar|جنين}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = Jinin {{small|(official)}}<br />Janin {{small|(unofficial)}}
| translit_lang2     = Hebrew
| translit_lang2_type = [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
| translit_lang2_info = {{lang|he|ג׳נין}}
| type               = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|Municipality type A (City)]]
| image_skyline      = Jenin-new.jpg
| image_caption      = Jenin skyline
| pushpin_map        = Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jenin within [[Palestine]]
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|32|27|40|N|35|18|00|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name          = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position      = 178/207
| subdivision_type   = State
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|State of Palestine}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Governorates of the State of Palestine|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Jenin Governorate|Jenin]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|West Bank area]] ([[Oslo II Accord|Oslo&nbsp;II Accord]])
| subdivision_name3  = Area A ([[Palestinian enclaves]])
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 
| parts_type         = <!-- Type of smaller subdivisions -->
| parts_style        = <!-- coll -->
| parts              = <!-- Smaller subdivisions -->
| p1                 = <!-- Smaller subdivision 1 -->
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| government_type    = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|City]]
| unit_pref          = dunam
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 37.3
| area_total_dunam   = 37342
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_max_m    = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total   = 49,908
| population_as_of   = 2017
| population_note    = (plus 10,371 in [[Jenin Camp|Jenin refugee camp]])
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1    = <!-- Blank name section 1 -->
| blank_info_sec1    = <!-- Blank info section 1 -->
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Jenin''' ({{IPAc-en|ʒ|ɪ|'|n|iː|n}} {{respell|zhin|EEN}}; {{langx|ar|جنين|Jinīn}}, {{IPA|apc-PS|ʒɪˈniːn||LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-AdrianAbdulBaha-جنين.wav|label=[[Palestinian Arabic|locally]] pronounced}}) is a city in the [[West Bank]], [[Palestine]], and is the capital of the [[Jenin Governorate]]. It is a hub for the surrounding towns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenin City |url=https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/jenin/jenin-city/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Welcome To Palestine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jenin came under [[Israeli occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] in 1967, and was put under the administration of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] as [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|Area A of the West Bank]], a [[Palestinian enclave]], in 1995.<ref name="Beinin" />

The city had a population of approximately 50,000 people in 2017, whilst the [[Jenin Camp|Jenin refugee camp]] had a population of about 10,000, housing families of Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes during the [[1948 Palestine war|1948 Palestine War]].<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /><ref name="PCBS Jenin">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 Locality Population Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081942/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf |date=2010-12-10 }}. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]</ref> The camp has since become a stronghold of [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian militants]], being the location of several incidents relating to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].

==Etymology==
Jenin has been identified as the place "[[Gina (Canaan)|Gina]]" or "Ginah" mentioned in the [[Amarna letters]] from the 14th century BCE, as a town in [[Canaan]].<ref name=":4" /> Jenin is commonly identified with the later biblical city of [[List of minor biblical places#En-gannim|Ein-Ganim]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Tasneem Ghalib Khader Atatrah|date=2010|title=Assessment of Traditional Home Practices Carried by Palestinian Mothers During the Neonatal Period in Jenin District|url=https://dspace.alquds.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a84681e4-ca5f-49d3-b09c-a7f2474298a7/content|journal=Deanship of Graduated Studies, Al-Quds University|quote=Etymology: Jenin was known in ancient times as the Canaanite village of “Ein-Ganim” or Tel Jenin. Tel Jenin, its name in Arabic, is located at the center of what is today Jenin’s business center. The city of Ein-Ganim is mentioned in the Hebrew bible as the city of the Levites of the Tribe of Issachar. After some years, the city’s name was changed to "Giant". In the book of Judith, the settlement is mentioned as “Gini”. The Jewish historian Josephus also mentioned Ganim as a city in northern Samaria. The Arabic name “Jenin” ultimately derives from this ancient name.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The Economic and Social life in Jenin city From (1281 Hijre-1864 AD/1337 Hijre-1918 AD)|url=https://repository.najah.edu/handle/20.500.11888/6432|date=2009|degree=Thesis|language=en|first=Dawlat Ahmad Mustafa|last=Shaban}}"The name of Jenin city is repeated in several sources, including the Bible, and was called by Ein Ganim"</ref><ref>[[Ishtori Haparchi]], ''Kaftor wa-Ferach'', vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 65 (note 168) (Hebrew)</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last=Tzori |first=Nehemia |date=1972-07-01 |title=New Light on En-Gannim |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=134–138 |doi=10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134 |issn=0031-0328|url-access=subscription }}</ref> from {{langx|he|עֵין גַּנִּים}}, meaning "the spring of gardens"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Conder|first=C. R.|date=1881|editor-last=Palmer|editor-first=E. H.|title=Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/147/mode/1up?view=theater|journal=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=|issue=|pages=147|doi=|issn=|quote=Heb. עֵין גַּנִּים, en Ganim, 'the spring of gardens'}}</ref> or "the spring of Ganim",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kmail, A., Jubran, J., Sabbah, W., & Jenin, P.|date=2017|title=Coupling GIS-based MCA and AHP techniques for Hospital Site Selection|url=https://www.aaup.edu/sites/default/files/Publications/Coupling%20GIS-based%20MCA%20and%20AHP%20techniques%20for%20Hospital%20Site%20Selection.pdf|journal=International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security |volume=15|issue=12 |quote=The name of Jenin was derived from Ein Ganim meaning “the spring of Ganim” and referring to the region’s plentiful spring.}}</ref> probably referring to the many springs located nearby. The present-day Arabic name is believed to preserve the city's ancient name.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
===Ancient period===
{{further|Gina (Canaan)}}Jenin is identified with a number of important towns mentioned in ancient sources. Throughout history, it was referred to as "Ein Ganim", "Beth Hagan", "Ginah", and "Ginae", along other names.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Zertal |first=Adam |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54694679 |title=The Manasseh Hill Country Survey: From Nahal 'Iron to Nahal Shechem |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-90-04-13756-1 |volume=3 |location=Leiden |oclc=54694679 |quote=Jenin is well identified with a number of important sites: in the el-Amarna letters “The Land of Ginah” is mentioned (EA 250), which is probably the E7 of the ‘Execration Texts’ (Posener’s group); in the Bible there is ‘Ein Ganim' (see Kallai’s opinion in EB VI: 207–208) and Beth Hagan (I Kgs 9: 27); in the Book of Judith, it appears as Ginei (Jdt 3: 11) and Ginae of the Roman period appears in Josephus (Ant. XX, vi, 1; War III, iii, 4); in the Moslem and the Crusader sources it appears under many names: Geninum, Le Grand Gerin, Major Gallina, Gerinum Magnum. These identifications refer to the tell and/or the settlement of Jenin |author-link=Adam Zertal}}</ref><ref name=":34" />

Tell Jenin, believed to constitute the original settlement core of the city, is located at the center of what is today Jenin's business district.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Kohlp339">Kohl et al., 2007, p. 339.</ref> The tell is also known as ''Tell el-Nawar'', a term derived from the Arabic word for "[[Romani people|gypsies]]," due to former nomadic encampments in this site. The earliest settlement at the tell dates to the late [[Neolithic]] and the early [[Chalcolithic]]. In the early 20th century, the tell was occupied by a modern cemetery and a threshing floor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ezzughayyar |first1=Ademar |last2=Al-Zawahra |first2=Muhammad |last3=Salem |first3=Hamed |title=Molluscan Fauna from Site 4 of Tell Jenin (Northern West Bank—Palestine) |url=https://fada.birzeit.edu/bitstream/20.500.11889/8290/1/Molluscan%20fauna%20from%20site%204%20of%20Tell%20Jenin%20%28Northern%20West%20Bank%20-%20Palestine%29.pdf |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=1996 |volume=23 |issue=1–6|page=1 |doi=10.1006/jasc.1996.0001 |bibcode=1996JArSc..23....1E }}</ref>

==== Bronze Age ====
Jenin has been identified as the place [[Gina (Canaan)|''Gina'']] or ''Ginah'' mentioned in the [[Amarna letters]] from the 14th century BCE. At the time, it was a vassal state of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book | page = 103 | author = Shmuel Aḥituv | title = Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents | publisher = The Magnes Press | year = 1984}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The people of Gina managed to kill the warlord [[Labaya]] during the reign of [[Pharaoh]] [[Akhenaten]].{{sfnp|Dodson|2016|p=81}}

==== Iron Age ====
Jenin is identical to ''Ein-Ganim'', which the [[Hebrew Bible]] describes as a [[Tribe of Levi|Levite]] city belonging to the [[Israelites|Israelite]] [[Tribe of Issachar]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":34"/><ref name=":2">{{Bibleverse|Joshua|19:21}} {{Bibleverse|Joshua|21:27-29}}</ref> It has also been associated with ''Beth-Haggan'', mentioned in [[2 Kings]] in connection with [[Ahaziah of Judah|Ahaziah]]'s flight from [[Jehu]], before he is wounded at [[Ibleam]] and later dies in [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":34"/><ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Kings|9:27}}</ref> The [[Book of Judith]] renders its name as ''Gini''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

===Roman and Byzantine periods===
[[Josephus]], a [[Roman Jews|Roman-Jewish]] historian of the 1st-century CE, mentions ''Ginae'' as being in the great plain, on the northern border of [[Samaria]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="War">{{cite web|author=Josephus Flavius|title=''Jewish War'', Book 3, Chapter 3:4-5|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/josephus-wara.html|access-date=2012-12-31|publisher=Fordham.edu|via=Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century CE|quote=Now as to the country of Samaria, it lies between Judea and Galilee; it begins at a village that is in the great plain called Ginea, and ends at the Acrabbene toparchy, and is entirely of the same nature with Judea|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429124644/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/josephus-wara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Safrai|first=Zeev|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1022977764|title=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel traditions in ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan literature (200 BCE-400 CE)|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-33482-3|location=Leiden|oclc=1022977764}}</ref> During the Roman period, ''Ginae'' was settled exclusively by [[Samaritans]]. The [[Galilean|people of Galilee]] were disposed to pass through their city during the [[Three Pilgrimage Festivals|annual pilgrimages]] to Jerusalem.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' XX.VI.1</ref> In 51 CE, a Galilean Jew was killed in Ginae by hostile Samaritans while en route to Jerusalem to celebrate [[Sukkot]]. With [[Roman administration of Judaea (AD 6–135)|Roman procurator]] [[Ventidius Cumanus|Cumanus]] failing to respond, [[Zealots|Jewish Zealots]] led by Elazar the Son of Deinaeus (Ben Dinai) sought vengeance, and several Samaritan villages in [[Aqraba, Nablus|Aqrabatene]] were destroyed.<ref>Josephus, ''the Jewish War,'' II.232-236; ''Antiquities'' XX:118-122</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=אילן |first=טל |title=בין יוספוס לחז"ל: כרך א' - האגדות האבודות של ימי הבית השני |publisher=יד יצחק בן-צבי |year=2017 |isbn=978-965-217-403-1 |editor-last=נעם |editor-first=ורד |location=Jerusalem |pages=521–525 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=Josephus and the Rabbis - Volume I: The Lost Tales of the Second Temple Period |editor-last2=אילן |editor-first2=טל}}</ref>

Biblical commentator [[F. W. Farrar]] raised the possibility that this Samaritan village, "the first village at which [a traveler taking the road from Galilee to [[Judea]] over [[Mount Tabor]]] would arrive", was the one which rejected the disciples of Jesus in [[Luke's Gospel]] at the point where Jesus and his followers begin his journey towards [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Farrar, F. W., [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/luke/9.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Luke 9, accessed 11 June 2018</ref>

Ceramics dating from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era have been found here.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 750</ref> There is no mention of Jenin in the reports of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] from the Byzantines, which, according to the historian Moshe Sharon, "is not surprising, since it was a small place of minor importance".<ref name="Sharon172">Sharon 2017, p. 172.</ref>

===Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods===
Jenin came under [[Crusaders|Crusader]] rule in 1103.<ref name="Khalidi"/> The Crusaders called it ''Le Grand Guerin'' (Latin: ''Garinum'' or ''Gallina Major''),<ref name="Sharon172"/> to distinguish it from the town of [[Zir'in]], which they called ''Petit Grin''.<ref name="Khalidi">{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}</ref> Under the Crusaders it was a small [[seigniory]], forming part of the [[Principality of Galilee]] or the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Sharon172"/>

Shortly before the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187, Jenin was captured by the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultan [[Saladin]],<ref name="Sharon172"/> who destroyed the nearby fort, Castellum Beleismum.<ref name="Boas">{{cite book|title=Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120-1291) |first=Adrian|last=Boas|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-42284-5}}</ref> In the 1220s, the geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] described Jenin as "a small and beautiful town, lying between [[Nabulus]] and [[Beisan]], in the Jordan Province. There is much water, and many springs are found here, and often have I visited it."<ref>Cited in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/464/mode/1up 464]</ref> In 1229, a peace was concluded between [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and Sultan [[al-Kamil]], during the [[Sixth Crusade]], whereby the city was given to the Crusaders, but Sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]] was able to control it permanently in 1244 after the [[Battle of La Forbie]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In 1255, it was agreed between the Ayyubid sultan in Syria, [[an-Nasir Yusuf]], and the first [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] sultan in Egypt, [[Izz al-Din Aybak]], to give the latter all of the lands lying west of the [[Jordan River]], and thus Jenin entered into the possession of the Mamluks.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} It was one of eleven subdistricts of Mamlakat Safad (Province of [[Safed]]).<ref name="Sharon174"/> In the late 13th century, Mamluk [[emir]]s (commanders) stationed at Jenin were ordered by Sultan [[Qalawun]] ({{reign|1279|1290}}) "to ride every day with their troops before the fortress of '[[Acre, Israel|Akka]], so as to protect the coast and the merchants."<ref name=Ayalonp168>Ayalon and Sharon, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PehCQz9Rt8oC&dq=jenin+mamluk&pg=PA168 p. 168].</ref> As one of the stations of the Mamluk ''[[barid]]'' (postal route) between the Mamluk capital [[Cairo]] and [[Damascus]], it was one of the towns where fires were lit to warn of a [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] attack.<ref name="Sharon174">Sharon 2017, p. 174.</ref> The geographer [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|al-Dimashqi]] mentioned Jenin around 1300.<ref>Cited in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/41/mode/1up 41]</ref> From the time of Qalawun's son, Sultan [[an-Nasir Muhammad]] ({{reign|1299|1309|1310|1341}}), it was a station on the route where ice was transported to Cairo for the sultans' drink houses.<ref name="Sharon174"/> The Mamluk historian [[al-Qalqashandi]] (d. 1418) described Jenin as "an ancient spacious town which is riding on a shoulder of a nice valley in which there is a river of flowing water" north of [[Qaqun]] "on the top end of Marj Bani Amer [Jezreel Valley]".<ref name="Sharon174"/> He also noted that it contained the mausoleum of [[Dihyah al-Kalbi]], a [[companions of Muhammad|companion]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Sharon174"/>

===Ottoman era===
[[File:Palm trees at Jenin, possibly the site of ancient Jezreel. C Wellcome V0049488.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of Jenin by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], 1839, in ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]'']]
[[File:General view, Jenin, Holy Land, (i.e., West Bank)-LCCN2002724992.tif|thumb|right|A general view of Jenin, between 1890 and 1900]]
[[File:Jenin bazaar scene, 1917.jpg|thumb|right|Street scene in Jenin, 1917. An Ottoman Army soldier (center left) with a local Arab (center right)]]

The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s conquered Mamluk Syria in 1516. Jenin became the administrative center of a ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of the [[Lajjun|Lajjun Sanjak]] (Lajjun District).<ref name="Sharon174"/> The sanjak was officially called the Iqta (Fief) of Turabay until 1559 when it became officially known as the Lajjun Sanjak.<ref>Rhode 1979, p. 24.</ref> The [[Turabay dynasty]] was the ruling house of the [[Bedouin]] Banu Haritha tribe, whose members held the governorship of Lajjun from the start of Ottoman rule through 1677.<ref>Sharon 2017, pp. 176–177.</ref>

The [[daftar|tax register]]s from 1548 to 1549 report that Jenin had a population of eight households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 2,000 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a ''[[waqf]]'' (religious endowment) in the name of the Mamluk sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri|Qansuh al-Ghuri]] ({{reign|1501|1516}}).<ref name="HA160" /> Turabay rule was occasionally interrupted, including in 1564, when a certain Kemal Bey was appointed ''[[sanjak-bey]]'' (district governor) by the Ottomans.<ref>Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 188.</ref> On 15 October 1564 Kemal Bey requested from the ''[[beylerbey]]'' (provincial governor) of [[Damascus Eyalet|Damascus]] that the stone [[caravanserai]] of Jenin be repaired, garrisoned and serve as the chief headquarters of the Lajjun ''sanjak-bey'' in order for Lajjun to prosper and for the road connecting Damascus to [[Jerusalem]] and [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] to become secure. The official response was that the caravanserai be turned into a fortress; the fortress became ruined at some later point and 19th-century residents of Jenin used to claim that certain large rocks strewn in the village were the remnants of the 16th-century fortress.<ref>Sharon 2017, p. 173.</ref>

The Turabays, who remained nomads in the plain between [[Mount Carmel]] and [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], made Jenin the administrative headquarters of Lajjun and used the town's Izz al-Din Cemetery to bury their dead.<ref>Sharon 2017, p. 177.</ref> A large, domed mausoleum was built for the grave of one of the chiefs and ''sanjak-beys'' of the family, Turabay ibn Ali (d. 1601). Known as Qubbat al-Amir Turabay (Dome of the Emir Turabay), it was described in a 1941 report as a ruined structure, and Sharon, writing in 2017, notes that it "does not exist anymore".<ref name="Sharon178">Sharon 2017, p. 178.</ref> No other graves of the Turabays in Jenin had survived into the 20th century.<ref name="Sharon178"/> During the conflict between [[Fakhr al-Din II|Fakhr al-Din]] of the [[Ma'n dynasty]], who governed the sanjaks of [[Sidon-Beirut Sanjak|Sidon-Beirut]] and [[Safad Sanjak|Safed]], and the Turabays, in 1623, Fakhr al-Din captured Jenin and stationed his men there. In 1624 the most prominent Turabay chief and ''sanjak-bey'' of Lajjun, Ahmad ibn Turabay, drove out the Ma'nid troops from Jenin and established his personal residence in the town.<ref>Abu-Husayn 1985, pp. 195–196.</ref>

In the mid-18th century, Jenin was designated the administrative capital of the combined districts of Lajjun and [[Ajlun]].<ref name=Doumanip39>Doumani, 1995, p. 39.</ref> There are indications that the area comprising Jenin and Nablus remained functionally autonomous under Ottoman rule and that the empire struggled to collect taxes there. During the [[Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt]] which extended into Syria and Palestine in 1799, a local official from Jenin wrote a poem enumerating and calling upon local Arab leaders to resist Bonaparte, without mentioning the Sultan or the need to protect the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=Quataertp107>Quataert 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsOrXJGcC&pg=PA107 p. 107].</ref>

In the late 19th century, some members of the [[Jarrar family]], who formed part of the ''mallakin'' (elite land-owning families) in Jenin, cooperated with merchants in [[Haifa]] to set up an export enterprise there.<ref name=Yazbakp150>Yazbak 1998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&dq=jenin+ottoman&pg=RA1-PA150 p. 150].</ref> During the Ottoman era, Jenin was plagued by local warfare between members of the same clan.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://birzeit.academia.edu/Hamedsalem/Papers/1202529/The_Archaeology_of_Warfare_Local_Chiefdoms_and_Settlement_Systems_in_the_Jenin_Region_during_the_Ottoman_Period_of_Palestine|title=The Archaeology of Warfare: Local Chiefdoms and Settlement Systems in the Jenin Region during the Ottoman Period of Palestine|author=Hamed Salem|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology|date=January 2008 |volume=71|issue=4|page=214|doi=10.1086/NEA20697191 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> The French explorer [[Victor Guérin|Guérin]] visited in 1870.<ref>Guérin, 1874, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/327/mode/1up 327]–[https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/332/mode/1up 332]</ref> In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' described Jenin as "The capital of the district, the seat of a [[Caimacam]], a town of about 3,000 inhabitants, with a small bazaar. The houses are well built of stone. There are two families of Roman Catholics; the remainder are Moslems. A spring rises east of the town and is conducted to a large masonry reservoir, near the west side, of good squared stonework, with a long stone trough. This reservoir was built by 'And el Hady, Mudir of Acre, in the first half of the century  [..], north of the town is the little mosque of 'Ezz ed Din, with a good- sized dome and a minaret."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II,  pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/44/mode/1up 44] -45</ref>

===British Mandate period===
[[File:British bombing of Jenin, 1938.jpg|thumb|right|View of the rubble in Jenin after a quarter of the town was dynamited by British forces in 1938, as a retaliatory attack after a British official was assassinated]]

According to a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Jenin had a population of 2,637 (2,307 Muslims, 212 Hindus, 108 Christians, seven Jews, and three Sikhs).<ref name=census1922/> A following [[1931 census of Palestine|census in 1931]] showed a slight increase to 2,706 (2,610 Muslims, 103 Christians, two Jews, and one [[Druze]]) with another 68 in nearby suburbs (all Muslims).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/palestine-census-1931 |title=Palestine Census 1931}}</ref> From 1936, Jenin became a center of rebellion against the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandatory]] authorities. By the summer of 1938, residents of the city embarked on "an intensified campaign of murder, intimidation and sabotage" that caused the British administration "grave concern", according to a British report to the [[League of Nations]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/gordon-corera/british-jenin|title=The British in Jenin|first=Gordon  |last=Corera |author-link=Gordon Corera|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> the population had further increased to 3,100.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=28}}</ref> The city played an important role in the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]], prompted by the death of [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] in a fire-fight with British colonial police at the nearby town of [[Ya'bad]] months prior to the start of the revolt. On 25 August 1938, the day after the British Assistant District Commissioner was assassinated in his Jenin office, a large British force with explosives entered the town. Despite having captured and killed the assassin, British forces ordered the inhabitants to leave, and blew up one quarter of the town as a form of punishment.<ref>"The British in Jenin", ''History Today'', July 2002, [[Gordon Corera]], pp. 2-4.</ref>

Jenin was used by [[Fawzi al-Qawuqji]]'s [[Arab Liberation Army]] as a base.

The [[Village Statistics, 1945|village statistics of 1945]] list the population as 3,990 (3,840 Muslims and 150 Christians).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1945 |pages=16}}</ref>

===1948 War===
{{further|Battle of Jenin (1948)}}
In the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the city was defended by the [[Iraqi Army]], then captured briefly by the forces from Israel's [[Carmeli Brigade]] during the "Ten Days' fighting" following the cancellation of the first cease-fire. Prior to the battle, the city's residents fled temporarily.<ref>[[Yoav Gelber|Gelber, Yoav]] (2004) "''Independence Versus Nakba''"; [[Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir]] Publishing, {{ISBN|965-517-190-6}}, p.220</ref> The offensive was actually a feint designed to draw Arab forces away from the critical [[Battle for Jerusalem]], and gains in that sector were quickly abandoned when Arab reinforcements arrived.

===Jordanian control===
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Jenin came under [[Jordan]]ian rule. It was [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed by Jordan]] in 1950.

The Jenin refugee camp was founded in 1953 by Jordan to house displaced Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 War. In 2014 the camp had a population of 16,000. For 19 years, the city was under Jordanian control. A war cemetery for Iraqi soldiers and local combatants is located on the outskirts of Jenin.

The [[Jordan]]ian census of 1961 found 14,402 inhabitants in Jenin.<ref name=Jordan1961/>

=== Israeli occupation 1967 to 2020 ===
[[File:2018 OCHA OpT map Jenin.jpg|thumb|2018 [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|United Nations]] map of the area, showing the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] arrangements.]]
[[File:West Bank-13.jpg|thumb|right|A street in Jenin, 2011]]
[[File:Jenin RC - panoramio (10).jpg|thumb|In Jenin]]
{{further|Battle of Jenin (2002)}}

Jenin has been under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] since the [[Six-Day War]], in 1967.{{Citation needed| reason = common knowledge to some, but still needs a citation please.|date=December 2024}}

On 14 May 1989, during the early months of the [[First Intifada]]. Mohammad Jibrin, aged 45, died in [[Ramallah]] Hospital after being beaten by [[Israeli army|Israeli soldiers]] in Jenin. Three months later, in response to a question from a member of [[Knesset]] Defence Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] wrote that there was no investigation by the Military Police Investigator.<ref>Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) ''The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories.'' [[B'Tselem]]. [https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc download] pp.76,78</ref>

According to [[Joel Beinin]], Jenin was classified as under the administration of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] as [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|Area A of the West Bank]], a [[Palestinian enclave]], in 1995.<ref name="Beinin">{{cite web |last1=Beinin |first1=Joel |author1-link = Joel Beinin |title=The Demise of the Oslo Process |url=http://www.merip.org/pins/pin1.html |website=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]] |date=March 26, 1999|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000816222849/http://www.merip.org/pins/pin1.html | archive-date=16 August 2000 |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>{{verify source| reason= The source below says PA control began the following year. But 1995 might be the date the agreement or decision was made? |date=December 2024}} In 1996, [[Israel]] handed over control of the city to the [[Palestinian National Authority]] in keeping with the [[Oslo Accords]].{{verify source| reason= new source said it has been Area A since 1995, possibly that was the decision and 1996 was the handover? |date=December 2024}}

According to the [[BBC]], the city is "Known among Palestinians" as "the [[Martyr (shahid)|Martyrs]]' capital", but the reason they gave was Israeli statistics about [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]], the BBC did not identify any non-Israeli source for the name.<ref name="Known among Palestinians" >{{Cite news| last = Lee | first = Ken | title = Jenin rises from the dirt | work = BBC | access-date = September 21, 2008 | date = June 24, 2003| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3015814.stm | quote= Known among Palestinians as the "Martyrs' Capital," at least 28 suicide bombers, by Israel's count, have been dispatched from the camp's squalid alleyways since the outbreak of the current intifada. }}</ref> During the Second [[Palestinian uprising]] (also known as the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]]) the camp's militants, some 200 armed men, included members of [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]], [[Tanzim]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) and [[Hamas]].<ref name="BBCmartyrs"/><ref name=Bernanp434>{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book|title=United Nations Yearbook 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yp2sSGFOXAgC&q=curfew%20Jenin%202002&pg=PA434|publisher=Bernan Press|year=2002|access-date=September 9, 2009|isbn=978-92-1-100904-0}}</ref> By Israel's count, at least 28 [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombers]] were dispatched from the Jenin camp from 2000 to 2003 during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name="BBCmartyrs">{{Cite news| last = Lee | first = Ken | title = Jenin rises from the dirt | work = BBC | access-date = September 21, 2008| date = June 24, 2003| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3015814.stm}}</ref> Israeli army weekly ''[[Bamahane]]'' attributes at least 31 militant attacks, totaling 124 victims, to Jenin during the same period, more than any other city in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Bamahane]]|issue= 3003|pages=31–32|title=BeGeder Hatzlaha (Hebrew title)|author1=Kiron, Omri |author2=Al-Peleg, Daniel |date=September 4, 2009|language=he}}</ref>

During the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]], Israel launched [[Operation Defensive Shield]] with the stated aim of dismantling militant infrastructure so as to curb suicide bombings and other militant activities. The army encircled and entered six major Palestinian population centers in the West Bank, among them Jenin. During the [[Battle of Jenin (2002)]] in April 2002, 23 Israeli soldiers and 52 Palestinians, including civilians,<ref name=AFPJTimesJul2011>{{cite web|last=Krauss|first=Joseph|title=Weary West Bank fighters watch Gaza assault from afar|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=13544|publisher=AFP / The Jordan Times}} - "Fifty-four Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the mêlée".</ref><ref name=JPostJul2010>{{cite news|last=Katz|first=Yaakov|title=IDF mulls entry to West Bank cities by Jewish Israelis|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181364|newspaper=JPost|date=2010-07-14}}</ref> <!-- Needs an Israeli response to the massacre allegations here as well as a note to the mixed 'still massacre'/'great victory' Palestinian perspectives --> were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2165272.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Middle East - UN says no massacre in Jenin|date=August 2002|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the refugee camp, which was the major battleground, suffered extensive damage. Witnesses stated unarmed people were shot and denied medical treatment, and as a result died. Human Rights Watch have regarded many killings to be unlawful such as the death of a 57-year-old wheelchair bound man who was shot and run over by a tank despite having attached a white flag on his wheelchair. A 37-year-old man who was paralysed was crushed under the rubble of his house, his family was not allowed to remove his body. A 14-year-old boy was killed as he travelled to purchase groceries during the temporary relief of the curfew that was imposed by the army. Medical staff were shot at (one nurse killed) while trying to reach the wounded even after clearly being in uniform displaying the red crescent symbol.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-05.htm#P234_38516 | title= CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND UNLAWFUL KILLINGS IN JENIN | publisher= HRW | website= www.hrw.org }}</ref> There have also been reports of Israeli soldiers using Palestinians as human shields, one father described how a soldier rested his rifle on his 14-year-old son's shoulder as he shot.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm#P49_1774 SUMMARY], HRW</ref> Israel denied the entry of rescue teams and journalists into Jenin even after they withdrew. Over the following years, Jenin was subject to extended [[curfew]]s and [[targeted killing]]s.

During a gun-battle with [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] militants whom Israel says were firing at troops from inside the UN compound, an [[Israel]]i military [[sniper]] shot and killed a [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UN Relief and Works Agency]] (UNRWA) employee, [[Iain Hook]] (54) on November 22, 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2507105.stm Israel admits killing British UN worker] ''[[BBC News]]'' November 23, 2002</ref> The sniper reportedly mistook a cellphone in Hook's hands for a gun or grenade.<ref name=nyt>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Ian |title=Israel admits one of its soldiers killed U.N. officer in Jenin |journal=[[The New York Times]] |issue=November 24 |quote=An Israeli soldier then fired at Mr. Hook inside the compound when he saw ''"an object which resembles a pistol" in his hand, the statement read.''|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E1D61039F937A15752C1A9649C8B63&scp=2&sq=%22Iain%20Hook%22&st=cse |access-date=June 7, 2012 |date=2002-11-24}}</ref>
[[File:Jenin RC - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|Downtown Jenin]]
In the framework of the [[Valley of Peace initiative]], a joint Arab-Israeli project is under way to promote tourism in the Jenin region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalaffairs.es/en/peacebuilding-from-the-bottom-up-the-mysterious-power-of-intercultural-organizations/|title=globalaffairs.es|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> In 2010, 600 new businesses opened in Jenin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/50434209/Israeli-Arabs-and-West-Bank-Economy |title=The Economic Impact of Israeli-Arab Visitors to the West Bank |access-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505054552/https://www.scribd.com/doc/50434209/Israeli-Arabs-and-West-Bank-Economy |archive-date=2016-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Canaan Fair Trade]] is headquartered in Jenin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canaanfairtrade.com/|title=Canaan Fair Trade|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213223805/http://www.canaanfairtrade.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Director of [[The Freedom Theatre]] in Jenin, [[Juliano Mer-Khamis]], was killed by masked gunmen in the city in April 2011. Mer-Khamis co-founded the theatre with [[Zakaria Zubeidi]], former military chief of the al-Aqsa Brigades who had renounced violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18557289?story_id=18557289|title=Juliano Mer-Khamis|newspaper=The Economist|date=14 April 2011|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Israeli occupation in the 2020s ===
On 6 February 2020, a Palestinian policeman, Tarek Badwan, was shot dead by an Israeli sniper as he stood at the entrance to the Jenin police station and chatted with a colleague. No explanation has been forthcoming. The incident was recorded on video.<ref>[[Gideon Levy]], Alex Levac, [http://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-what-the-israeli-army-does-to-soldiers-who-shoot-palestinians-1.10398852 'What the Israeli army does to soldiers who shoot Palestinians,'] [[Haaretz]] 19 November 2021</ref>

On 17 June 2022, Israeli forces conducted a raid in the al-Marah area of the city. During the raid, Israeli forces opened fire on a car, killing three Palestinians and seriously injuring another.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/17/palestinians-killed-by-israeli-forces-in-jenin-raid|title=Three Palestinians killed by Israeli forces in Jenin raid|work=Al Jazeera|date=17 June 2022|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Jenin - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A street in Jenin]]
On 26 January 2023, Israeli forces killed nine in a clash with Islamic Jihad militants during [[January 2023 Jenin incursion|a raid]] in the city and refugee camp of Jenin.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=26 January 2023 |title=Israeli forces kill nine in Jenin clash with Palestinian gunmen, marking West Bank's deadliest day in over a year |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/26/middleeast/israel-raid-jenin-west-bank-intl/index.html |work=CNN |location= |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nine Palestinians killed in Jenin, Israeli forces thwart terror attack |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-729685 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=26 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 3 July 2023, shortly after 1 a.m., Israeli forces [[July 2023 Jenin incursion|attacked]] the city's refugee camp using drone-fired missiles and ground troops. Eight Palestinians died from injuries sustained during the attack and a further eighty were injured, nine of them critically.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |date=2023-07-03 |title=Israel Launches Biggest Air Attack on West Bank in Nearly Two Decades |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/world/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jenin.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-02 |title=Jenin: Israeli military launches major operation in West Bank city |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66083295 |access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref> Fifty Palestinians, whom Israeli forces labeled "militants", were arrested. Israeli forces cut off [[telecommunications]] and electricity in the area and medical professionals struggled to reach the injured. Israel claimed that while they were targeting suspected members of the [[Jenin Brigades]], an armed group, they acknowledged that innocent people may have been injured or killed in the raid. [[Yoav Gallant]], the [[Israeli Minister of Defense]], said "The operation is progressing as planned," and [[Eli Cohen (politician born 1972)|Eli Cohen]], the [[Israeli Foreign Minister]], said claimed the refugee camp had become a "center for terrorist activity" thanks to funding from Iranian sources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Palestinians in occupied West Bank say Israel bombing "innocent people" in raid on Jenin refugee camp - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-palestinians-occupied-west-bank-jenin-refugee-camp-raid-deaths/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The refugee camp has a population of roughly 17,000 inhabitants and is about a quarter a square mile in size.

On 19 September 2023, four Palestinians were killed during another Israeli military invasion of the city – among them a 15-year-old Palestinian boy, chased and killed for having noticed the Israeli undercover soldiers sneaking into the Jenin refugee camp.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Palestinian boy discovers undercover Israeli forces, they kill him: DCIP |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/palestinian-boy-discovers-undercover-israeli-forces-they-kill-him-dcip |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Gaza war ====
During the [[Gaza war]], Israeli forces carried out [[October-November 2023 Jenin incursion|multiple operations in Jenin]]. On October 22, 2023, the IDF conducted [[Al-Ansar Mosque airstrike|an airstrike]] targeting an underground compound beneath the [[Al-Ansar Mosque (Jenin)|Al-Ansar Mosque]] in the city. It was reported to be the first airstrike in the West Bank since the Second Intifada. The IDF stated that the strike aimed at operatives from Hamas and PIJ who were planning a terror attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Israel strikes militant compound under West Bank mosque, military says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-jets-strike-west-banks-jenin-two-killed-palestinian-medics-2023-10-21/ |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref>

Jenin was severely damaged during the [[Gaza war]]. By June 2024 repeated bombing attacks and incursions with bulldozers by Israeli forces razed every street and reduced every public square to rubble. In one incident on 21 May, according to journalist [[Gideon Levy]], an Israeli sniper shot dead bystanders, including surgeon Oussaid Jabareen, who was shot while on his way to work at the Jenin Government Hospital.<ref>[[Gideon Levy]], Alex Levac,   [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2024-06-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/in-a-single-hour-israeli-snipers-killed-seven-bystanders-at-the-jenin-refugee-camp/00000190-16fe-d231-a1b2-f6ff7d4e0000 'In a Single Hour, Israeli Snipers Killed Seven Bystanders at the Jenin Refugee Camp,'] [[Haaretz]] 14 June 2024.</ref><ref>David Gritten, [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0wwp2d0gd4o 'Seven Palestinians killed in Israeli West Bank raid,'] [[BBC News]] 21 May 2024</ref>
[[File:Aftermath of Israel raid on Jenin, August 2024.webm|thumb|Aftermath of Israel raid on Jenin, August 2024]]
In late August 2024 Israel launched a large-scale, multi-day raid on Jenin as part of [[2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank|Operation Summer Camps]], with one resident saying that "The water is cut off. The electricity is cut off, the sewage system is no longer working. All the infrastructure is destroyed, we no longer have any services that work." The governor of Jenin said that "The Israelis are besieging the hospitals and cutting off the city from the refugee camp, which has become a military zone with no access...neither the civil defence, nor the ambulances, nor the journalists can go and see what is happening there." The IDF, on the other hand, says that this is operation is "not extremely different from regular activity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=West Bank city 'cut off from the world' as Israel raid drags on |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-west-bank-city-cut-off-from-the-world-as-israel-raid-drags-on |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901084737/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-west-bank-city-cut-off-from-the-world-as-israel-raid-drags-on |archive-date=2024-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-08-31 |title=<nowiki>Soldier killed in fierce clashes in Jenin as IDF presses major West Bank operation | The Times of Israel</nowiki> |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce-clashes-in-jenin-as-idf-continues-major-west-bank-operation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831155521/https://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce-clashes-in-jenin-as-idf-continues-major-west-bank-operation/ |archive-date=2024-08-31 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Times of Israel}}</ref> At least 20 Palestinians were killed by the IDF in this attack,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Aftermath of Israeli assault as military withdraws from Jenin |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/9/6/aftermath-of-israeli-military-withdrawal-from-jenin-in-occupied-west-bank |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Shezaf |first=Hagar |date=30 August 2024 |title=Palestinian Red Crescent: Israeli Forces Shot Dead Elderly Palestinian in West Bank City of Jenin |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-08-30/ty-article/.premium/palestinian-red-crescent-israeli-forces-shot-dead-elderly-palestinian-in-west-bank/00000191-a47d-dd37-adb5-afff8e000000 |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[Haaretz]] |quote=The Palestinian Health Ministry in Ramallah said that a Palestinian man in his 80s was shot to death by the Israeli army outside his home in the West Bank city of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Red Crescent, the man, Tawfiq Ahmad Younes Qandil, was shot in Jenin's eastern neighborhood. Additionally, it said that IDF forces fired at ambulances carrying a dead and a wounded person.}}</ref> including a Palestinian man in his 80s.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the Israeli forces fired at ambulances carrying "a dead and a wounded person",<ref name=":3" /> leading to the injury of 2 EMTs and a volunteer doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=PRCS Condemns Occupation's Dismantling of Humanitarian Space During Jenin Incursion |url=https://www.palestinercs.org/en/Article/11931/PRCS-Condemns-Occupation's-Dismantling-of-Humanitarian-Space-During-Jenin-Incursion |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Palestine Red Crescent Society}}</ref>

Also in August, Israeli bulldozers destroyed miles of the city, including homes, businesses and infrastructure; Israeli soldiers blocked emergency responders from assisting residents. News reports include videos of this attack, as well as assertions by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] that it is rooting out terrorism; and that it "undertakes all feasible precautions to avoid damaging essential infrastructure”, while acknowledging that these “operations in the area have caused unavoidable harm to certain civilian structures".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Erika |last2=Leatherby |first2 = Lauren | last3 = Toler | first3 = Aric |title=Israeli Bulldozers Flatten Mile After Mile in the West Bank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/25/world/middleeast/west-bank-raids.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2024}}</ref>

In December 2024, the Palestinian Authority launched an anti-militant operation in Jenin, the largest in three decades, called "[[December 2024 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin|Protect the Homeland]]". The operation aims to regain control of the Jenin refugee camp, targeting militants and those fueling instability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Kareem Khadder, Tim Lister, Nadeen |date=2024-12-23 |title=A new front in the Middle East: Militants battle Palestinian Authority in sprawling refugee camp |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/23/middleeast/west-bank-jenin-palestinian-authority-security-operation-militants-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=Palestinian Authority, seeking Gaza role, takes on West Bank militants |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/22/palestinian-authority-jenin-camp-militants-crackdown/ |work=The Washington Post}}</ref>

On January 21, 2025, the IDF launched its own operation in Jenin, dubbed [[2025 Israeli raid on Jenin|Iron Wall]], aimed at clearing Jenin of militants and putting a stop to light arms being smuggled into the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ben Kimon |first1=Elisha |last2=Ḥalabi |first2=Einav |last3=Zeitoun |first3=Yoav |last4=Eichner|first4=Itamar |title=Operation "Iron Wall" begins in Jenin: Ground forces and special units enter the city |language=he|publisher=[[Ynet News]] |date=January 21, 2025 |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rkis00etdjx |accessdate=January 31, 2025 }}</ref><ref>TV7 Israel News, {{YouTube|_SunpIA98qE|POTUS Trump casts doubt on Gaza ceasefire; Israel launches Counter-Terror Ops.}},  January 21, 2025, minutes 07:56–09:10.</ref> Operations in Jenin are ongoing. Around 100 homes have been demolished, residents are being prevented from returning to the area by military checkpoints, and Israeli tanks have been deployed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Tens of thousands of Palestinians seek shelter after Israeli assaults across the West Bank |url=https://apnews.com/article/west-bank-displacement-israel-raid-unrwa-689db0e777c8c32aee83a23de5555f52 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Israeli tanks enter Jenin in occupied West Bank as military operation displaces more than 40,000 Palestinians - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-palestinians-west-bank-displaced-annexation-concern/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jenin is situated at the foot of the rugged northernmost hills ([[Jabal Nablus]]) of the [[West Bank]], and along the southern edge of the [[Jezreel Valley]] (Marj Ibn Amer),<ref name="Zeitoun">{{cite book|last1=Zeitoun|first1=Mark|title=Power and Water in the Middle East: The Hidden Politics of the Palestinian-Israeli Water Conflict|date=2008|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=88|isbn=978-0-85771-585-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afUBAwAAQBAJ&q=Jenin+situated&pg=PA88}}</ref> which the city overlooks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=von Tischendorf|first1=Constantin|author-link1= Constantin von Tischendorf |title=Travels in the East|date=1853|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYZTAAAAYAAJ&q=Jenin+vegetation&pg=PA226}}</ref> Its highest elevation is about 250 meters above sea level and its lowest areas are 90 meters above sea level.<ref>{{cite book|title=Environmental Profile for the West Bank: Jenin District|date=1996|publisher=Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_EoAQAAIAAJ&q=Jenin+situated}}</ref> Immediately southwest of Jenin is the [[Sahl Arraba]] plain (Dothan Valley), while further south is the [[Marj Sanur]] valley.<ref name="NID">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain: Naval Intelligence Division|title=Palestine & Transjordan|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Md7WAQAAQBAJ&q=Sahl+Arraba&pg=PA17|page=17|isbn=978-1-136-20939-0}}</ref> About 1.5 kilometers to Jenin's east is [[Mount Gilboa]] (Jabal Faqqua).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammel|first1=Eric|title=Six Days in June: How Israel Won the 1967 Arab-Israeli War|date=2001|publisher=Pacifica Military History|page=373|isbn=978-1-890988-26-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPObGpbNBtIC&q=Jenin+kilometers+Nablus&pg=PA373}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Jenin is 42 kilometers north of [[Nablus]], 18 kilometers to the south of [[Afula]], and 51 kilometers southeast of [[Haifa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewensohn|first1=Avraham|title=Israel Tourguide|date=1979|publisher=Tourguide : Bet A. Lewensohn|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGcKAQAAIAAJ&q=Jenin+kilometers+north+of+Nablus}}</ref> The nearest localities are [[Umm at-Tut]] and [[Jalqamus]] to the southeast, [[Qabatiya]] and [[Zababdeh]] to the south, [[Burqin, Palestine|Burqin]] to the southwest, [[Kafr Dan]] to the west, [[Arranah]], [[Jalamah]] and the Arab Israeli village of [[Muqeible]] to the north, [[Deir Ghazaleh]] to the northeast, and [[Beit Qad]] and [[Deir Abu Da'if]] to the east.

==Government==
Jenin municipality was established in 1886 under the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule with no more than 80 voters and elections were made every 4 years until 1982 when the Israeli government took control over the municipality until 1995. {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

List of Jenin mayors:<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007010210/http://www.jenincity.com/man/man.htm List of Mayors of Jenin]}} Jenin Municipality.</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Andulmajeed Mansour
*Abdulrahman al-Haj Hassan
*Ragheb Al-Souki
*Al-Haj Hassan Fazaa
*Tawfeek Mansour
*Bishara Atallah
*Hussein al-Abboushi
*Aref Abdulrahman
*[[Fahmi al-Abboushi]]
{{col-2}}
*Tahseen Abdulhadi
*Abdulraheem Jarrar
*Saleh Arif Azzouqa
*Hussni al-Souki
*Ahmed Kamal allSa'adi
*Ahmed Shawki al-Mahmoud
*Shehab al-Sanouri
*Abdullah Lahlouh
*Waleed Abu Mwais (appointed)
*Hatim Jarrar
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

Municipal elections were held in Jenin on 15 December 2005. Six seats each were won by [[Hamas]] and the local coalition of [[Fatah]] and the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. Jenin was one of several Palestinian cities where Hamas showed a dramatic growth in electoral support.
<ref>[http://alternatives-international.net/article85.html Palestinian Municipal Elections, the Left is advancing, while Hamas capitalizes on the decline of Fatah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322183413/http://alternatives-international.net/article85.html |date=2006-03-22 }} Nasser Ibrahim, December 22, 2005</ref> [[Hadem Rida]] was then elected as Mayor of the city, until he was arrested by the Israel Forces and spent 3 years in jail. After his release, he resigned from the position and went back to practice in his clinic in Jenin city.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Palestinian children in Jenin.jpg|thumb|Palestinian children in Jenin]]
According to the 2017 census by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], Jenin had a population of 49,908,<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> the Jenin Refugee Camp of 10,417<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> on 373 [[dunam]]s (92&nbsp;[[acre]]s). Some 42.3% of the population of the camp was under the age of 15.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-left:15px;"
|-
! Year
! Population Jenin City 
|-
| 1596 || align="center" |8 households<ref name=HA160>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 160</ref>
|-
| 1821 || align="center" |~1,500–2,000<ref name=Scholz266>Scholz, 1822,   p. [https://archive.org/stream/reiseindiegegen00schogoog#page/n285/mode/1up   266], cited in Robinson and Smith,  1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n172/mode/1up 155]</ref>
|-
| 1838 || align="center" |~2,000<ref name=Robinson155>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n172/mode/1up 155]</ref>
|-
| 1870 || align="center" |~2,000<ref>Guérin, 1874, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/328/mode/1up 328]</ref>
|-
| 1882 || align="center" |~3,000<ref name=SWP44>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/44/mode/1up 44]</ref>
|-
| 1922 || align="center" |2,637<ref name=census1922>Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Jenin, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n31/mode/1up 29]</ref>
|-
| 1931 || align="center" | 2,706 + 68<ref name=Census1931>Mills, 1932, p.   [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas  68]</ref>
|-
| 1945 || align="center" |3,990<ref name=Hadawi54>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jinin/Page-054.jpg 54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202532/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jinin/Page-054.jpg |date=2012-02-29 }}</ref><ref name=1945p26>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p16.jpg  16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905203337/http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p16.jpg |date=2018-09-05 }}</ref>
|-
| 1961 || align="center" | 14,402<ref name=Jordan1961>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p08.pdf  8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070450/http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p08.pdf |date=2018-01-20 }}</ref>
|-
| 1997 || align="center" |26,681<ref name="PCBSCensus1997 Jenin">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book562.pdf |title=Palestinian Population by Locality, Subspace and Age Groups in Years [Jenin Governorate] |access-date=December 25, 2010 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |year=1997 |page=21}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || align="center" |39,004<ref name="PCBS Jenin"/>
|-
| 2017 || align="center" |49,908<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" />
|}
{{Clear}}

==Public institutions and landmarks==
[[File:Jenin Horse.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The Jenin Horse]]

Jenin is home to many institutions, landmarks, and works of art. The [[Khalil Suleiman]] Hospital is located in the city. [[The Freedom Theatre]] is a theatre and cinema in the [[Jenin refugee camp]]. [[The Jenin Horse]] is a famous work of art made of scrap metal from cars destroyed by Israeli forces, built in 2003 by German artist Thomas Kilpper and young people from the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gani |first=Aisha |date=2014-03-03 |title=Jenin's Freedom theatre: from death and destruction, a message of hope |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/03/freedom-theatre-palestinian-refugee-camp-jenin-uk-tour |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The horse was destroyed by the IDF in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Four Palestinian terrorists killed in overnight IDF raid in Jenin |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-770760 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=2023-10-30 |title=Israeli raid in Jenin camp kills four, leaves mass destruction |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/world/israeli-raid-in-jenin-camp-kills-four-leaves-mass-destruction/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

There is a monument honoring German pilots shot down in Jenin during the [[World War I|First World War]], which incorporates an original wooden propeller.<ref>Palestinians and Their Society, 1880-1946Author:Sarah Graham-Brown</ref> An old British Mandate landing strip, [[Muqeible Airfield]], is located in the city.
{{clear}}

=== Holy sites ===
[[File:Great Mosque of Jenin6.jpg|thumb|[[Fatima Khatun Mosque]]]]
The main and largest [[mosque]] of Jenin is the [[Fatima Khatun Mosque]], built in 1566.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irving |first=Sarah |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Khatun_Mosque#:~:text=Irving%2C%20Sarah%20(2012).-,Palestine,-.%20Bradt%20Travel%20Guides |title=Palestine |date=2011 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841623672 |pages=243 |language=English |quote=On the edge of the Old City, on Al-Nasira Street, is Jenin's main mosque, known as the Fatima Khatoun Mosque or Jamaa Al-Kebir, named after the wife of a Bosnian governor of Damascus under the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificant. Fatima Khatoun is said to have taken a liking to Jenin when she passed through on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1566 and to have established, or possibly renovated, this mosque on the site of an earlier one dating back to the first Islamic conquests of Palestine in the 7th century.}}</ref> Another mosque in Jenin is the Al-Ansar Mosque.<ref name="idc20231022">{{cite news |title=Israel Carries Out Air Strike On 'Hamas And Islamic Jihad Terrorist Compound' In Al-Ansar Mosque |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/israel-carries-out-air-strike-on-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-terrorist-compound-in-al-ansar-mosque/ar-AA1iDI2p |date=22 October 2023 |work=india.com |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>


The ancient cemetery in Jenin houses the tomb of Sheikh Izz al-Din, a [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint of the [[Rifaʽi|Rifa'i order]]. According to local traditions, he was a descendant of [[Ali Zayn al-Abidin]], the grandson of [[Muhammad]] and the sixth [[Shia Imam|Sh'ia Imam]]. According to a local tradition, Sheikh Izz al-Din fought alongside [[Saladin]] against the [[Crusaders]]. The tomb possibly predates the cemetery, which served as a burial site for the people of Jenin and the Turabay dynasty. Another tomb in the same cemetery is al-Sheikh Tarabiya, where the Turabay emir Ahmad ibn Turabay ibn Ali al-Harithi is buried.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Tal |first=Uri |title=Muslim Shrines in Eretz Israel: History, Religion, Traditions, Folklore |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=2023 |isbn=978-965-217-452-9 |location=Jerusalem |pages=112–113}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and culture==
[[File:الجامعة العربية الأمريكية - فلسطين.jpg|thumb|right|Arab American University in Jenin]]

The [[Arab American University]] is located in Jenin's vicinity.

[[Cinema Jenin]] is the largest movie theater in the area. The cinema, which reopened in 2010 after a 23-year intermission, has indoor and outdoor screens, a film library and educational facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/israel-news/36631/jenin-cinema-reopens-film-hope|title=Jenin cinema reopens with film of hope|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060742/http://www.thejc.com/news/israel-news/36631/jenin-cinema-reopens-film-hope|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Strings of Freedom]] is an orchestra in Jenin founded by an [[Arab citizen of Israel]], Wafaa Younis, who travels form her home in central Israel to teach music to the local youth.<ref name="Concert">{{cite news | first = Isabel | last = Kershner | author-link = Isabel Kershner | title = Concert for Holocaust Survivors Is Condemned | date = 2009-03-29 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/30/world/middleeast/30mideast.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = June 1, 2010}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Jinin_524/index.html Welcome To Jinin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215071333/https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Jinin_524/index.html |date=2025-02-15 }}
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015091439/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8389 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.08.jpg Wikimedia commons] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081023065922/http://www.cinemajenin.com/ A project aimed at reopening a movie theater for the residents of Jenin and the refugee camp.]
*[https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/528/index.html ''Peace and Prosperity in the West Bank'' in-depth report on NOW on PBS]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/heart-of-jenin/introduction/4991/ ''Heart of Jenin'' documentary on PBS wide angle]

{{Cities in the West Bank}}
{{Jenin Governorate}}
{{Palestinian refugee camps}}
{{Portal bar|Cities|Palestine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jenin| ]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Palestine]]
[[Category:Cities in the West Bank]]
[[Category:Jenin Governorate]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Palestine]]
[[Category:Palestinian Christian communities]]