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{{short description|Chinese political figure and wife of Mao Zedong (1914–1991)}} {{Other uses}} {{Family name hatnote|[[Jiāng (surname 江)|Jiang]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use British English|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Jiang Qing | native_name = {{nobold|江青}} | native_name_lang = zh | image = Jiang Qing 1976.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Jiang in 1976 | order = Spouse of the [[paramount leader]] of [[China]] | term_start = 1 October 1949 | term_end = 9 September 1976 | leader = [[Mao Zedong]] ([[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|party chairman]]) | successor = [[Han Zhijun]] | order1 = [[Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China|Spouse of the President of China]] | term_start1 = 27 September 1954 | term_end1 = 27 April 1959 | president1 = [[Mao Zedong]] | successor1 = [[Wang Guangmei]] | party = [[Chinese Communist Party]] | blank1 = Criminal penalty | data1 = [[Death sentence with reprieve]], later commuted to [[life imprisonment]] | birth_date = {{birth date text|March 1914}} | birth_place = [[Zhucheng]], [[Shandong]], [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|5|14|1914|3|19}} | death_place = [[Beijing]], China | death_cause = [[Suicide by hanging]] | resting_place = Beijing Futian Cemetery | birthname = Li Shumeng or Li Jinhai | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Pei Minglun|1931|1931}}|{{marriage|[[Tang Na]]|1936|1937}}|{{marriage|[[Mao Zedong]]|20 November 1938|9 September 1976|end=[[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|died]]}}}} | children = [[Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)|Li Na]] | signature = Signature of Jiang Qing, October 10, 1966.jpg }} {{Infobox Chinese | c = 江青 | p = Jiāng Qīng | w = Chiang<sup>1</sup> Ch'ing<sup>1</sup> | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|iang|1|-|q|ing|1}} }} '''Jiang Qing'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=江青|p=Jiāng Qīng|w=chiang ch'ing}}}}{{Notetag|Jiang Qing is a common name of this topic, but she had various names in her life. Please read [[#Names|Names]] section for details.}} (March 1914{{spaced ndash}}14 May 1991), also known as '''Madame Mao''', was a Chinese [[communist]] [[revolutionary]], actress, and political figure. She was the fourth wife of [[Mao Zedong]], the [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman of the Communist Party]] and [[Paramount leader]] of [[China]]. Jiang was best known for playing a major role in the [[Cultural Revolution]] as the leader of the radical [[Gang of Four]]. Born into a declining family with an [[Domestic violence|abusive]] father and a mother who worked as a [[Domestic worker|domestic servant]] and sometimes a [[Prostitution|prostitute]], Jiang Qing became a renowned [[Actor|actress]] in [[Shanghai]], and later the wife of Mao Zedong in [[Yan'an]], in the 1930s. In the 1940s, she worked as Mao Zedong's [[Personal assistant|personal secretary]], and during the 1950s, she headed the Film Section of the [[Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party|Publicity Department]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). Appointed deputy director of the [[Central Cultural Revolution Group]] in 1966, Jiang played a pivotal role as Mao's emissary during the early stages of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Collaborating with [[Lin Biao]], she advanced Mao's ideology and promoted [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality|his cult of personality]]. Jiang wielded considerable influence over state affairs, particularly in culture and the arts. Propaganda posters [[Idolatry|idolised]] her as the "Great Flagbearer of the [[Proletarian revolution|Proletarian Revolution]]." In 1969, she secured a seat on the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]], cementing her power. Following Mao's death, she was soon [[Smashing the Gang of Four|arrested]] by [[Hua Guofeng]] and his allies in 1976. [[State media]] portrayed her as the "[[Baigujing|White-Boned Demon]]," and she was widely blamed for instigating the Cultural Revolution, a period of upheaval that caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people. Initially sentenced to [[Death sentence with reprieve|death with a two-year reprieve]] in a [[televised trial]], Jiang's sentence was [[Death sentence with reprieve|commuted]] to [[life imprisonment]] in 1983. [[Medical parole|Released for medical treatment]] in the early 1990s, she committed [[suicide]] in May 1991. == Names == === Chinese names === Jiang Qing was known by various names throughout her life. Before her birth, her father named the baby Li Jinnan,{{Efn|{{lang-zh|s=李进男|t=李進男|p=Lǐ Jìnnán|w=li3 chin4 nan2}}}} where Jinnan means the "coming boy." When she was born, her father changed the name to Li Jinhai,{{Efn|{{lang-zh|s=李进孩|t=李進孩|p=Lǐ Jìnhái|w=li3 chin4 hai2}}}} meaning the "coming child."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Yonglie |date=2014-10-14 |title=The rise and fall of the gang of four |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=1966 |website=Shanghai Observer |publisher=[[Jiefang Daily]] |language=zh-hans |publication-place=Shanghai}}</ref> Therefore, Jiang Qing also called herself Li Jin.{{Efn|{{lang-zh|s=李进|t=李進|p=Lǐ Jìn|w=li3 chin4}}}}<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2006-02-21 |title=Yu Guangyuan: The Jiang Qing I remember |url=http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/22226/4126166.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930041713/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/22226/4126166.html |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=[[People's Daily Online]] |language=zh}}</ref> Several other sources indicate her birth name Li Shumeng,{{Efn|{{lang-zh|s=李淑蒙|p=Lǐ Shúméng|w=li3 shu2 mêng2}}}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Lin |first=Jenny |title=Introduction: Locating global contemporary art in global China |date=2018-11-30 |work=Above sea: Contemporary art, urban culture, and the fashioning of global Shanghai |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7765/9781526132611.00009/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOoouGVsIdGufKIDS5sg26e0GQjwsG95X7bfquuH9fGGZiF-JKUCT |access-date=2024-11-27 |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en |doi=10.7765/9781526132611.00009 |isbn=978-1-5261-3261-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Trebach |first=Bradford |date=1991-06-16 |title=Remember Those Who Almost Changed China; 'Pure and Simple' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/16/opinion/l-remember-those-who-almost-changed-china-pure-and-simple-408091.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525230106/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/16/opinion/l-remember-those-who-almost-changed-china-pure-and-simple-408091.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which means "pure and simple."<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=15}} She adopted the name Li Yunhe{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李雲鶴|s=李云鹤|p=Lǐ Yúnhè|w=li3 yün2 hê4}}}} during primary school.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=33}}<ref name=":3" /> She told her [[biographer]] [[Roxane Witke]] that she liked the name because "Yunhe," meaning "[[Crane (bird)|crane]] in the cloud," sounded beautiful.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=33}} In July 1933, during her first visit to Shanghai, she assumed the name Li He{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李鶴|s=李鹤|p=Lǐ Hè|w=li3 hê4}}}} and worked as a teacher for local workers. On her second visit to Shanghai in June 1934, she used the alias Zhang Shuzhen.{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=張淑貞|s=张淑贞|p=Zhāng Shúzhēn|w=chang shu2 chên}}}} Later, when detained by the [[Nationalist government]] in October 1934, she identified herself as Li Yungu.{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李雲古|s=李云古|p=Lǐ Yúngǔ|w=li3 yün2 ku3}}}}<ref name=":3" /> In 1935, when she entered the entertainment industry, she took on the [[stage name]] Lan Ping,{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=藍蘋|s=蓝苹|p=Lán Píng|w=lan2 ping2}}}} which means "blue apple".{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=52}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Mong-Ping |date=1967 |title=Chiang Ching: Mao's Wife and Deputy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45368207 |journal=Communist Affairs |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1016/0588-8174(67)90051-4 |jstor=45368207 |issn=0588-8174|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although the name had no particular meaning, its bluntness made it unique. However, Jiang Qing did not favour this name due to its association with her scandals in Shanghai.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=48}} She became known as Jiang Qing upon arriving in [[Yan'an Soviet|Yan'an]], where "Jiang" means "river" and "Qing" means "[[Azure (color)|azure]]" or "better than blue".{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=56}} In 1991, when she was hospitalised in Beijing, she used the name Li Runqing.{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李潤青|s=李润青|p=Lǐ Rùnqīng|w=li3 jun4 ch'ing}}}} When she died in Beijing, her body was labelled with the [[pseudonym]] Li Zi.{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李梓|p=Lǐ Zǐ|w=li3 tzu3}}}} In March 2002, she was buried in Beijing by her [[school name]] Li Yunhe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shu |first=Yun |date=2020-05-16 |title=江青骨灰11年後方才入土 死後究竟葬於何處？ |url=https://www.waou.com.mo/2020/05/16/%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E9%AA%A8%E7%81%B011%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%89%8D%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%9F%20%E6%AD%BB%E5%BE%8C%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%91%AC%E6%96%BC%E4%BD%95%E8%99%95%EF%BC%9F/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Jornal San Wa Ou |place=Macau |language=zh}}</ref><ref name="Duowei: Jiang Qing's gravesite">{{cite web |last=Shu |first=Yun |date=12 January 2009 |title=毛泽东夫人江青的墓地 |trans-title=Jiang Qing's gravesite |url=http://www.dwnews.com/gb/MainNews/Forums/BackStage/2009_1_12_9_10_47_557.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831152742/http://www.dwnews.com/gb/MainNews/Forums/BackStage/2009_1_12_9_10_47_557.html |archive-date=31 August 2009 |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=DuoWei News |language=zh |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === English names === In English, many contemporary articles used the [[Wade–Giles]] romanisation system to spell Chinese names. For this reason, some sources – especially older ones – spell her name "Chiang Ch'ing", while newer sources use [[Pinyin]] and spell her name "Jiang Qing".<ref>{{cite web |last=Keyser |first=Catherine H. |title=Guide to Pronouncing Romanized Chinese (Wade-Giles and Pinyin) |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000bce_language.htm |accessdate=15 April 2021 |website=Columbia University |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193106/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000bce_language.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also known as Madame Mao, as the wife and widow of Mao Zedong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=James |date=2021-05-19 |title=The death of Jiang Qing, a.k.a., Madame Mao |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2021/05/19/the-death-of-jiang-qing-a-k-a-madame-mao/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The China Project |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413231203/https://thechinaproject.com/2021/05/19/the-death-of-jiang-qing-a-k-a-madame-mao/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet, the Chinese usually keep their [[maiden name]] after getting married, so her surname remains unchanged in Chinese.<ref name=":1" /> ==Early life== <!-- There is no official record of Jiang Qing's birth date. Far leftist researcher Zhang Hongliang mentioned on his blog in 2013 that this was due to the fact that the government wanted to avoid anyone from memorising her. Zhang claimed that she was born on 5 March 1914, but there is no reliable sources to confirm this so far. -->Jiang Qing was born in [[Zhucheng]], [[Shandong]], in March 1914. She deliberately kept her exact birth date private to avoid receiving any gifts.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=56}} Her father was Li Dewen,{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=李德文|p=Lǐ Déwén|w=li3 tê2 wên2}}}} a carpenter, and her mother, whose name is unknown,{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=16}} was Li's subsidiary wife, or [[concubine]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&q=jiang+qing+mother&pg=PA259|title=中國婦女傳記詞典: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000|last=Lee|first=Lily Xiao Hong|date=1998|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765607980}}</ref>{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=16}} Her father had his own carpentry and cabinet making workshop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Terrill |first=Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyE7BAAAQBAJ&q=madame+mao+mother's+name+unknown&pg=PT15 |title=The Life of Madame Mao |publisher=New Word City |year=2014 |isbn=9781612306520}}</ref> Her parents were married after her father initially found his first wife unable to [[Fertilisation|conceive]].{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=31}} As a child, Jiang was deeply traumatised by the [[domestic violence]] inflicted by her father, who verbally and physically abused her mother almost every day. One [[Lantern Festival]], after her father broke her mother's finger during an attack, her mother fled with Jiang under the cover of darkness.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=31}}{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=17}} Her mother found work as a domestic servant that often blurred the lines with prostitution, and her husband separated from her.<ref name="Fox1">{{cite web |last=Butterfield |first=Fox |date=4 March 1984 |title=Butterfield, Fox. "Lust, Revenge, and Revolution". ''The New York Times''. 4 March 1984. Retrieved 10 June 2011. p. 1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/04/books/lust-revenge-and-revolution.html?pagewanted=1 |access-date=13 December 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903162300/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/04/books/lust-revenge-and-revolution.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=19}} Jiang eventually moved with her mother to her grandparents' home in Jinan. However, they soon returned to Zhucheng, as her mother continued to seek [[Inheritance|inheritance rights]], or financial support, from her husband's family, which proved extremely difficult. During this period, Jiang attended two primary schools with disruptions, where she was often mocked for wearing outdated, boyish clothing from her brothers. She became silent and not easy to open up.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=18}} Her mother, having fallen ill, eventually abandoned hope of obtaining further financial support from her husband. After selling some of her belongings, she purchased a train ticket, and together with Jiang, boarded a train from [[Jiaozhou City|Jiaoxian]] to [[Jinan]]. There, Jiang was welcomed by her grandparents and resumed her primary education.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=|pp=20-21}} In 1926–1927, her mother took her further north to Tianjin to stay with her half-sister. During this time, Jiang worked as a housekeeper in the household. She proposed taking a job rolling cigarettes, but the family disapproved. Later they returned to Jinan, where her mother died in 1928.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=22|pp=}} == Entertainment career == === Jinan === At 14, Jiang, now an orphan, joined a local underground theatre troupe, seeking independence. Her striking looks drew attention, but she remained sensitive about her poor upbringing. Alarmed by her undisclosed departure, her grandparents paid the troupe's boss to bring her back. She enrolled in the Experimental Arts Academy, which became less picky about the social class of new entrants due to the [[May Fourth Movement]]. Despite her strong Shandong accent initially hindering her performances, she excelled during her year of training, in some traditional opera roles. When the academy closed in 1930, Jiang, though only half-trained, was chosen to join theatrical companies in [[Beijing]].{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=23-29|pp=}} She returned to Jinan in May 1931 and married Pei Minglun,{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=裴明伦|t=裴明倫|p=Péi Mínglún|w=p'ei2 ming2 lun2}}; According to the ''Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary'' by the [[Taiwan]]ese [[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)|Ministry of Education]], the surname is pronounced Péi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)|Ministry of Education, R.O.C.]] |date=2021 |title=裴 : ㄆㄟˊ |url=https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=657&q=1&word=裴 |website=Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary}}</ref> However, [[Hong Kong]]'s Multi-function Chinese Character Database notes an additional pronunciation as Féi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] |date=2014 |title=裴 |url=https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A3%B4 |website=Multi-function Chinese Character Database |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818131952/https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A3%B4 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{harvnb|Terrill|1999}} (pp. 29–31) adopts the translation Fei.}} the wealthy son of a businessman, and soon divorced.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=23-29|pp=}}{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=|pp=30-31}}[[File:Younggirljiangqing.jpg|thumb|Jiang Qing in Qingdao in 1931]] === Qingdao === Following her divorce, Jiang reached out to [[Zhao Taimou]], the former director of the Arts Academy and dean of [[Shandong University|Qingdao University]].{{notetag|Some sources claim that Jiang Qing went to [[Shandong University]] while Zhao Taimou was its president, but this is not entirely true. Jiang Qing arrived at the Qingdao University in 1931, when Yang Zhensheng was the president. In early 1932, Yang resigned. The university was renamed Shandong University and Zhao was appointed president.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|pp=38-39}}}} With the assistance of Zhao's wife, [[Yu Shan (actress)|Yu Shan]], Jiang secured a position as a clerk in the university library.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=32|pp=}} Yu Shan later introduced Jiang to her brother, [[Yu Qiwei]],{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=33|pp=}} an upper-class youth who had embraced the Communist cause and was connected to underground Communist organisations as well as literary and performing arts circles.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=34|pp=}} The [[Mukden incident|Mukden Incident]] in September ignited her [[patriotism]], leading her to develop a dislike for the [[Kuomintang]] and its supporters.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=41}} By the end of 1932, Jiang and Yu Qiwei fell in love and began living together, enabling Jiang to gain entry into the Communist Cultural Front.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=34|pp=}} She became a member of the Seaside Drama Society, performing in plays such as ''[[Lay Down Your Whip]]'', harnessing the influence of theatre to resist Japanese aggression. In February 1933, she officially joined the CCP.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=35|pp=}} The Communist activities at Qingdao University attracted significant attention from the Kuomintang's secret police, who arrested Yu Qiwei in July, forcing Jiang to leave Qingdao.{{Sfn|Sisyphus|2015a|p=42}} === Shanghai === [[File:1934 Jiang Qing movie shot.jpg|thumb|Jiang in a 1935 [[film poster]]]]After the arrest of Yu Qiwei, Yu Shan arranged for Jiang to move to Shanghai. With a recommendation from [[Tian Han]]'s younger brother, Tian Luan, she enrolled as a visiting student at the [[Great China University]] in Shanghai. In July, with endorsements from Tian Han and his associates, Jiang became a teacher at the Chengeng Workers' School, an institution organised by [[Tao Xingzhi]]. During this time, Yu Qiwei was released and visited her in Shanghai. In October, Jiang re-joined the Chinese Communist Youth League, became a member of the League of Left-Wing Educators, and resumed her career as a drama actress.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Suping |title=她还没叫江青的时侯 |date=1993 |publisher=Beijing October Literature and Arts Press |isbn=978-7-5302-0290-6 |edition=1st |location=Beijing |language=zh |chapter=附录 江青前半生大事年表}}</ref> She performed in the Shanghai Work Study Troupe.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=Chronology}} Jiang was among the cast of a production of ''[[Roar, China!]]'' which British authorities banned from being performed in [[Shanghai International Settlement|Shanghai's International Settlement]].<ref name=":Gao2">{{Cite book |last=Gao |first=Yunxiang |title=Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century |date=2021 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=9781469664606 |location=Chapel Hill, NC |pages=239}}</ref> In September 1934, Jiang was arrested and jailed for her political activities in Shanghai.<ref name=":11" /> During her arrest in Shanghai, Jiang Qing was interrogated by a [[Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics|Zhongtong]] agent, Zhao Yaoshan. Jiang had once revealed to Zhao that Tan Xiaoqing was a CCP member, leading to Tan's arrest.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Fang |author-link=Wang Fang (politician) |date=2023-06-09 |title=原公安部長王芳回憶：揭發江青的「匿名信事件」——「18號案」 |url=https://www.waou.com.mo/2023/06/09/%E5%8E%9F%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%8E%8B%E8%8A%B3%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%EF%BC%9A%E6%8F%AD%E7%99%BC%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E3%80%8D/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Jornal San Wa Ou}}</ref> She was released three months later, in December.<ref name=":11" /> She then traveled to Beijing where she reunited with Yu Qiwei who had just been released following his prison sentence, and the two began living together again.<ref name=":11" /> [[File:3 Pairs at the foot of Liuhe Pagoda.jpg|thumb|Collective wedding in [[Hangzhou]] (Jiang is the third female from the left)|left]] She returned to Shanghai in March 1935, and entered [[Diantong|Diantong Film Company]]. She became famous when featuring in [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]]'s play ''[[A Doll's House]]'' as Nora.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Witke |first=Roxane |date=1977-03-21 |title=Special Section: Comrade Chiang Ch'ing Tells Her Story |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601770321,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050822/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601770321,00.html |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024 |magazine=Time | ref = none}}</ref> She later became an actress in ''[[Goddess of Freedom]]'' and ''[[Scenes of City Life]]'', during which she fell in love with [[Tang Na]], her colleague at Diantong. The two began living together in September 1935. However, Jiang lied to Tang, claiming her mother was ill, and returned to Tianjin to see Yu Qiwei. When Tang discovered the truth, he attempted suicide in Jinan but later reconciled with Jiang and returned with her to Shanghai in July 1935. Later they were married in a collective wedding ceremony at [[Liuhe Pagoda]] in [[Hangzhou]] in April 1936.<ref name=":11" />[[File:Jiang Qing 6.jpg|thumb|Jiang Qing on the cover of a film magazine]]In Shanghai, Jiang joined [[Lianhua Film Company]], where she acted in ''[[Blood on Wolf Mountain]]'' and ''[[Lianhua Symphony]]''. During this period, she began an affair with film director Zhang Min, appeared in his production ''The Storm''. She also became an actress in ''[[Wang Laowu]]''. However, during the second performance of ''[[The Storm (Ostrovsky)|The Storm]]'' in May 1937, Tang attempted suicide again. Following this incident, Jiang divorced Tang and started living with Zhang Min, but the relationship cost her career as she was dismissed by Lianhua Film Company.<ref name=":11" /> Jiang's widely publicised affair with Tang Na tarnished her reputation, making it difficult for her to continue her acting career in Shanghai.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Liang |first=Jiagui |date=2003-09-30 |title=Jiang Qing: late 1937-1949 |url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/online/0305040.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Twenty-first Century |language=zh |edition=Online |issue=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401105216/https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/online/0305040.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref> Like many youths of her time, she was drawn to the [[Progressivism|progressive ideals]] associated with [[Yan'an Soviet|Yan'an]]. The [[Marco Polo Bridge incident|Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] in July 1937, which marked the start of Japan's full-scale invasion of China, further galvanised young activists to advocate for a [[united front]]. Yan'an, promoted through [[Communist propaganda]], emerged as a symbol of democracy, freedom, and hope.<ref name=":6" /> She left Shanghai in July, after which the Japanese invasion in Shanghai started on 13 August.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=Chronology}} {| class="wikitable" |+Selected films featuring Jiang Qing in the 1930s !Year !English title !Original title !Role !Notes |- | rowspan="2" |1935 |''Goddess of Freedom'' |{{lang|zh-Hant|自由神}} |Yu Yueying | |- |''[[Scenes of City Life]]'' |{{lang|zh-Hant|都市风光}} |Wang Junsheng's girlfriend | |- |1936 |''[[Blood on Wolf Mountain]]'' |{{lang|zh-Hant|狼山喋血记}} |Liu Sansao | |- |1937 |''[[Lianhua Symphony]]'' |{{lang|zh-Hant|联华交响曲}} |Rickshaw puller's wife |Segment 1: "Twenty Cents" |- |1938 |''Wang Laowu'' |{{lang|zh-Hant|王老五}} |Young Girl Li |Filmed in 1937. Leading actress |} == Early political activities == [[Image:Young Jiang Qing and Mao6.jpg|thumb|[[Mao Zedong|Mao]] and Jiang writing together in [[Yan'an]], 1938]] === Yan'an === ==== Drama teacher ==== She went first to [[Xi'an]], then to [[Yan'an]]. In November, she enrolled in the [[Counter-Japanese Military and Political University]] for study. The [[Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts|Lu Xun Academy of Arts]] was newly founded in Yan'an on 10 April 1938, and Jiang became a drama department instructor, teaching and performing in college plays and [[Chinese opera|operas]].<ref name=":10">{{cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=5 June 1991 |title=Suicide of Jiang Qing, Mao's Widow, Is Reported |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/05/obituaries/suicide-of-jiang-qing-mao-s-widow-is-reported.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808141435/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/05/obituaries/suicide-of-jiang-qing-mao-s-widow-is-reported.html |archive-date=8 August 2013 |access-date=13 December 2012 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The conditions in Yan'an were harsh, but Jiang was able to make it there and persist. Jiang was striking in appearance and had several talents; she could sing opera, write well, and her calligraphy was particularly impressive, especially in [[regular script]]. On one hand, she was relatively quiet and reserved—she didn't enjoy shooting, but liked playing poker, knitting, and was skilled at creating various patterns. She was also adept at tailoring and made her own clothes beautifully. On the other hand, she had a lively and bold side—Jiang enjoyed horseback riding, especially taming wild horses; the more ferocious the horse, the more she liked to ride it. This combination of traits allowed her to excel as both a homemaker and adapt to the tough, military lifestyle, earning the admiration of revolutionary leaders.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Secret marriage ==== [[Image:Mao and Jiang Qing 1946.jpg|thumb|Mao and Jiang in 1946]]In the autumn of 1937, [[He Zizhen]], the wife of Mao Zedong, left Yan'an. When news of Jiang Qing's romance with Mao Zedong broke, it sparked significant opposition. The most vocal critic was [[Zhang Wentian]], who believed that He, as an outstanding CCP member, having endured the [[Long March]] and sustained multiple injuries, deserved respect. However, some felt that Mao Zedong's personal matters, including his choice of a wife, were his own business, and others should not interfere. Among those who supported Mao, the most vocal was [[Kang Sheng]].<ref name=":6" />[[File:Young Jiang Qing and Mao4.jpg|thumb|[[Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)|Li Na]], Jiang and Mao in Yan'an in 1943]]Figures like [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Liu Shaoqi]], however, were more cautious in their support of Jiang Qing. They sent telegrams to the Communist leadership in Shanghai, requesting them to clarify Jiang's conduct in Shanghai, where she was suspected of being a "secret agent" of the Kuomintang.<ref name=":6" /> {{Ill|Yang Fan (politician)|lt=Yang Fan|zh|揚帆 (政治人物)}}, a party leader in Shanghai, secretly written to Yan'an arguing that Jiang was unsuitable for marriage to Mao.<ref name=":5" /> Nevertheless, on 28 November 1938, Jiang Qing married Mao Zedong with the eventual approval of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]], but with three restrictions as follows:{{notetag|Various accounts suggest that her role came with certain restrictions, although the specifics varied across sources. When the Kuomintang forces captured Yan'an, they reportedly seized a diary belonging to [[Wang Ruofei]], which detailed the so-called "Three Conditions" imposed on Jiang. Although the original manuscript has not been publicly verified, the version released in [[Taiwan]] is considered among the most credible,<ref name=":6" /> and used in this article.}}<ref name=":6" /> # Since Mao and He Zizhen had not formally [[Divorce|dissolved their marriage]], Jiang Qing was prohibited from publicly assuming the title of Mao Zedong's wife.<ref name=":6" /> # Jiang Qing was tasked solely with caring for Mao Zedong's daily life and health, and no one else could make similar requests to the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Party Central Committee]].<ref name=":6" /> # Jiang Qing was restricted to managing Mao's private affairs. She was barred from holding any Party positions for 20 years and was prohibited from interfering in Party personnel matters or participating in political activities.<ref name=":6" /> [[File:Mao Jiang Qing and daughter Li Na.jpg|thumb|Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong and their daughter Li Na]] In the early years of their marriage, Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing shared a harmonious life. Jiang primarily took on the role of a homemaker, attending to Mao's daily needs. In 1940, she gave birth to their daughter, [[Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)|Li Na]]. After Li Na's birth, Jiang Qing largely withdrew from the public eye.<ref name=":6" /> === Beijing and Moscow === {{Blockquote|text=Sex is engaging in the first rounds; what sustains interest in the long run is power.|author=Jiang Qing<ref name="time quote"/>|title=|source=}} ==== First Lady ==== After the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949, Jiang Qing became the nation's first lady.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=226|pp=}} However, her role was concealed from the general public in China or beyond throughout the 1950s.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=|p=235}} During the 1950s, Jiang Qing left a generally favourable impression on those who interacted with her.<ref name=":6" /> In 1949, after [[Soong Ching-ling]] attended the founding ceremony in Beijing and returned to Shanghai, Mao Zedong sent Jiang Qing to see her off at the train station. It is said that Soong later remarked that Jiang was "polite and likeable." In 1956, Soong hosted [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Sukarno]] at a banquet in Shanghai, where Jiang and [[Liu Shaoqi]]’s wife, [[Wang Guangmei]], were also present. Soong reportedly praised Jiang for her refined manners and tasteful attire. During their conversation, Jiang even asked Soong to encourage Mao to wear a [[Suit and tie|tie and suits]], noting that [[Sun Yat-sen]] often did so and suggesting that foreigners found the simplicity of Chinese officials' clothing too monotonous.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Film bureaucracy ==== [[File:1967-11 1967年 午门前批评 清宫秘史.jpg|thumb|A demonstration against ''[[Sorrows of the Forbidden City]]'' at the [[Meridian Gate]] of the [[Forbidden City]] in 1967]] She served as the deputy director of the [[Film censorship in China|Film Guidance Committee]], overseeing the evaluation of film projects from 1949 to 1951.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=226|pp=}} In 1951, Jiang Qing was given a minor position of Film Bureau Chief. After her appointment, Jiang engaged in three attempts in establishing the standard for socialist art. Jiang's first attempt was her advice to ban the 1950 [[Hong Kong movie]] ''[[Sorrows of the Forbidden City]]'', of which Jiang believed to be unpatriotic. Her opinion was not taken seriously by the communist leadership due to the minor political influence of her office and the movie was distributed in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Mao intervened to support her.<ref name=":12">{{Cite thesis |last=Ludden |first=Yawen |title=China's Musical Revolution: From Beijing Opera to Yangbanxi |date=2013-01-23 |access-date=6 May 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=aa67e5d8700121f1733de6c83434ffd4d28a6816 |place=Lexington, KY |pages=114–202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506200649/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=aa67e5d8700121f1733de6c83434ffd4d28a6816 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, Jiang critiqued and objected to the distribution of the movie ''[[The Life of Wu Xun]]'' for glorifying the wealthy landed class while dismissing the peasantry. Again, Jiang's opinion was dismissed. Mao had to intervene to support her again.<ref name=":12" /> Jiang's third attempt involved the role of literary criticism in the development of socialist art. She asked the editor of ''[[People's Daily]]'' to republish the new literary interpretation of the classic novel ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber|Dream of Red Mansions]]'' by two young scholars at Shandong University. The editor refused Jiang's request on the grounds that the party newspaper was not a forum for free debate. Again, Mao spoke up on Jiang's behalf.<ref name=":12" /> Jiang was a member of the Ministry of Culture's steering committee for film production.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=155}} ==== Medical treatment ==== Jiang was in poor health for much of the 1950s, leading her to step back from her official duties.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=227}} As a result, she had to move back and forth between Beijing and [[Moscow]].{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=|p=235}} In 1949, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent four rounds of treatment in the Soviet Union.<ref name=":6" /> In March 1949, she travelled to Moscow and [[Yalta]], returning in the autumn.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=Chronology}} She visited Moscow again in 1952, staying until the autumn of 1953.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=Chronology}} Due to severe pain in her liver, while the Chinese doctors were unable to fulfil their duties due to the [[Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns|Three-Antis Movement]], the Soviet doctors explored her liver through surgery.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=|p=256}} Her life in the Soviet Union was rather reclusive, with only Russian doctors, nurses, bodyguards, and all reading materials only from the [[Sino-Soviet relations|Chinese diplomatic mission]].{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=|p=258}} In 1956, she made another trip to the Soviet Union for treatment and returned in 1957.{{Sfn|Witke|1977|loc=Chronology}} During this period, as a foreign dignitary, she gained access to a wide range of films banned in the [[Soviet Union]], including many [[Hollywood movie|Hollywood productions]]. This exposure allowed her to stay informed about Western art trends, which later influenced her transformation of the [[Peking opera|Peking Opera]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ludden |first=Yawen |date=2017-09-01 |title=The transformation of Beijing opera: Jiang Qing, Yu Huiyong and yangbanxi |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca.4.2-3.143_1 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1386/jcca.4.2-3.143_1 |issn=2051-7041|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1957, Jiang recovered from cervical cancer, though she believed she was still unwell, contrary to her doctors’ assessment of her good health.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=227}} Therefore, they recommended that she engage in therapeutic activities such as watching films, listening to music, and attending theatre and concerts.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=227}} ==== Cover-up ==== During the [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]], Zhao Yaoshan, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics|Zhongtong]] agent who interrogated Jiang during her arrest in the 1930s, was executed.<ref name=":5" /> In January 1953, {{Ill|Yang Fan (politician)|lt=Yang Fan|zh|揚帆 (政治人物)}}, who had secretly written to Yan'an about Jiang's experiences in Shanghai, was imprisoned. [[Pan Hannian]], the Communist intelligence chief who defended Yang, was also jailed.<ref name=":5" /> In December, Mao Zedong travelled to [[Hangzhou]] with Jiang Qing. After his departure on 14 March, Jiang received an anonymous letter from Shanghai later that month. Initially disturbed and then angered, she sought out Zhejiang party chief [[Tan Qilong]], asserting her revolutionary commitment and requesting an investigation. Despite extensive police efforts, the sender's identity remained unknown.<ref name=":5" /> In 1958, while Mao attended a meeting in [[Nanning]], he met [[Huang Jing|Yu Qiwei]],'''{{Notetag|He was known as [[Huang Jing]] at the time and had married the journalist Fan Jin in Yan'an.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=208|pp=}} Yu Qiwei and Jiang Qing had lived together but they did not have any [[Marriage certificate|certificate]] or [[wedding ceremony]].{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=34|pp=}} Their relationship could be deemed as a "modern marriage",{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=34|pp=}} or a form of [[cohabitation]] as per Chinese-language literature.<ref name=":6"/>}}''' who had a [[romantic relationship]] with Jiang. After being criticised by Mao, Yu suffered severe mental and physical distress. Upon arriving at [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former)|Guangzhou Airport]], he [[kowtow]]ed before [[Li Fuchun]], pleading to be "spared." Li then escorted him to a military hospital. There, Yu attempted suicide by jumping out of a window, resulting in a broken leg. Yu died a few months later, and Mao sent a [[wreath]] in his name alone as a gesture of condolence.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=208|pp=}} In 1961, Zhu Ming, the widow of [[Lin Boqu]], wrote to the Party Central Committee regarding her late husband. Her handwriting matched that of the anonymous letter. When confronted, Zhu admitted to writing the letter and subsequently committed suicide.<ref name=":5" /> == Cultural Revolution == {{Main|Cultural Revolution}} === Prelude === {{Maoism sidebar |expanded=people}} Before 1962, the Chinese media never mentioned who Mao Zedong's wife was in its international propaganda. People close to Mao Zedong claimed that after the 1950s, Jiang Qing was rarely seen by his side, and their emotional relationship had essentially ended, leaving her feeling frustrated for a time. However, as the 1960s progressed, Mao became increasingly distrustful of the surrounding leaders and his judgment of the domestic political situation grew more severe. Jiang Qing capitalised on this shift, becoming more outspoken, which led Mao to view her as "politically sensitive" and start to trust her. As a result, her power grew steadily.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=毛澤東晚年的重大失誤：「文革」時期倚重江青 |url=https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/4180846-%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%A4%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E3%80%8D%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%80%9A%E9%87%8D%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Bastille Post}}</ref> After Jiang's return to China in 1962, she frequently attended local opera performances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jiang Qing (1964): On the Revolution of Peking Opera |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/jiang-qing/1964/july/0001.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109164512/http://www.marxists.org//archive/jiang-qing/1964/july/0001.htm |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> In 1963, Jiang Qing enlisted A Jia to help modernise Beijing Opera with revolutionary socialist themes. She later instructed the [[Jingju Theater Company of Beijing|Beijing Municipal Opera Company]] to create ''[[Shajiabang (opera)|Shajiabang]]'', depicting the struggle between the Kuomintang and Communists during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and tasked the [[Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company|Shanghai Beijing Opera Company]] with producing ''[[Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy]]''.<ref name=":2" /> In her first public speech in June 1964 at a [[Peking opera|Peking Opera]] convention, Jiang criticised regional opera troupes for glorifying emperors, generals, scholars, and other [[Cow demons and snake spirits|ox-demons and snake-spirits]].{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=229}} Jiang's efforts to reform [[Peking opera|Peking Opera]] gained approval from the Communist leadership, especially during the 1964 Modern Beijing Opera Trial Performance Convention. She also formed a productive collaboration with [[Yu Huiyong]], to push the [[yangbanxi]] (model drama) projects. Their shared vision focused on creating operas that reflected modern Chinese society and the lives of the working class, starting with ''[[On the Docks]]'', which portrayed Communist-ruled Shanghai. Jiang's political influence helped ensure the success of these projects, which aimed to create revolutionary art that represented the reality of contemporary life.<ref name=":12" /> === Cultural reforms === [[Image:Jiang Qing arts poster.jpg|thumb|Poster showing Jiang promoting the fine arts during the [[Cultural Revolution]] while holding Mao's ''[[The Little Red Book|Little Red Book]]''. The slogan reads: "The invincible thoughts of Mao Zedong illuminate the stages of revolutionary art!"]] From 1962 onwards, Jiang Qing began appearing publicly as Mao's wife and later gave frequent speeches in the cultural and propaganda sectors, criticizing and condemning various figures.<ref name=":13" /> By late 1965, as Jiang Qing's influence grew, she rallied close allies such as [[Zhang Chunqiao]] and [[Yao Wenyuan]].<ref name=":13" /> She organised a campaign to criticise the play ''[[Hai Rui Dismissed from Office]]'', which marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":13" /> In February 1966, Jiang hosted a forum with [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] officers.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=230}} The group studied writings by Mao, watched films and plays, and met with the cast and crew of an in-progress film production.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=230}} The forum concluded that a "black line" of [[bourgeois]] thought dominated the arts since the PRC's founding.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=|pp=230-231}} A summary of Jiang's analysis at the forum was later distributed widely during the Cultural Revolution and became a significant document.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=231|pp=}} Over April through June 1966, Jiang presided over the All-Army Artistic Creation Conference in Beijing.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=231|pp=}} Conference attendees evaluated a total of 80 domestic and foreign films.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=231|pp=}} Jiang approved of 7 as consistent with [[Mao Zedong Thought]] and criticised the other films.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=231|pp=}} Backed by her husband, she was appointed deputy director of the [[Central Cultural Revolution Group]] (CCRG) in 1966 and emerged as a serious political figure in the summer of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landsberger |first=Stefan R. |date=2024 |title=Madame Mao |url=https://exhibitions.globalfundforwomen.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/appearance/madame-mao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815061222/https://exhibitions.globalfundforwomen.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/appearance/madame-mao |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=International Museum of Women}}</ref> ==== Revolutionary operas ==== {{Main|Revolutionary opera}} [[File:President Richard Nixon, Pat Nixon, Chou En-Lai, Jiang Qing (Madame Mao), William Rogers, Henry Kissinger, and Others Attend the Revolutionary Opera Performance of The Red Detachment of Women.tif|thumb|Jiang Qing (in the centre) watching ''[[Red Detachment of Women (ballet)|The Red Detachment of Women]]'' with [[Richard Nixon|President]] and [[Pat Nixon|Mrs Nixon]] and others]] In 1967, at the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]], Jiang declared eight works of performance art to be the new models for proletarian literature and art.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Rosemary |date=March 2008 |title=Performing Gender in Maoist Ballet: Mutual Subversions of Genre and Ideology in The Red Detachment of Women |journal=Intersections}}</ref> These "model operas", or "[[revolutionary opera]]s", were designed to glorify Mao Zedong, The People's Liberation Army, and the revolutionary struggles. The ballets [[The White Haired Girl|''White-Haired Girl'']],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Khoua |first1=Choui |title=The White-haired Girl |date=1950 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0483468/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208163739/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0483468/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |others=Qiang Chen, Baiwan Li, Hua Tian |last2=Wang |first2=Bin}}</ref> ''[[Red Detachment of Women (ballet)|Red Detachment of Women]]'', and ''[[Shajiabang (opera)|Shajiabang]]'' ("Revolutionary Symphonic Music") were included in the list of eight, and were closely associated with Jiang, because of their inclusion of elements from Chinese and Western opera, dance, and music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winzenburg |first=John |title=Musical-Dramatic Experimentation in the Yangbanxi: A Case for Precedence in The Great Wall |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |location=US |pages=189–212}}</ref> The Red Guards condemned [[Yu Huiyong]] to be a "bad element" for propagating feudalism through his utilisation of traditional Chinese music in operas. Yu was also tagged as "a democrat hiding under the banner of the Communist Party" due to his frequent absences in party meetings. In 1966, Yu was subsequently sent to a Cow Shed, a small room where the "bad elements" were confined. In October 1966, Yu was released after Jiang requested a meeting with Yu to stage the production of two operas in Beijing. Jiang seated Yu next to her, as a display of Yu's importance in the making of yangbanxi, during the showing of ''Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy''.<ref name=":12" /> During [[Richard Nixon]]'s famous [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|visit to China]] in February 1972, he watched ''Red Detachment of Women'', and was impressed by the opera. He famously asked Jiang who the writer, director, and composer were, to which she replied it was "created by the masses."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Kristine |date=30 August 2010 |title=Re-makes/Re-models: The Red Detachment of Women between Stage and Screen |journal=Opera Q |volume=26 |issue=2–3 |pages=316–342 |doi=10.1093/oq/kbq015 |s2cid=191566356}}</ref> ==== Fashion designs ==== {{External media|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230408083905/http://img.qdaily.com/uploads/20160909220543XmKsJC2USE7yaoA4.jpg-WebpWebW640 Jiang Qing's Robe]|width=220px}} In 1974, Jiang Qing directed the [[Ministry of Culture (China)|Ministry of Culture]] to design a new dress for Chinese women, inspired by elements of women's clothing from the [[Song dynasty]]. The dress was called the Jiang Qing Dress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finnane |first=Antonia |date=2005-03-01 |title=Looking for the Jiang Qing Dress: Some Preliminary Findings |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2752/136270405778051518 |journal=Fashion Theory |language=EN |doi=10.2752/136270405778051518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The dress featured a symmetrical V-neckline, differing slightly from the traditional Y-shaped neckline of [[Hanfu]]. Mockingly dubbed the "Nun's Robe," Jiang intended for female cadres to lead the way in wearing it, with the eventual goal of making it a nationwide standard.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cheng |first=Shigang |year=2005 |title=昙花一现"江青服" |url= |journal=Culture and History Vision |language=zh-hans |issue=19 |pages=48–49 |issn=1672-8653}}</ref> === Political activism === During this period, Mao galvanised students and young workers as his paramilitary organisation the [[Red Guards]] to attack what he termed as [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionists]] in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a [[Social privilege|privileged]] class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the [[Soviet Union]] under [[Khrushchev]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1= |first1= |last2= |last3= |title=Introduction to the Cultural Revolution |url=https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/introduction_to_the_cultural_revolution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008084646/https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/introduction_to_the_cultural_revolution |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education |language=en}}</ref> With time, Jiang began playing an increasingly active political role in the movement. She took part in most important Party and government activities.<ref name="Landsberger">{{cite book |author=Landsberger |first=Stefan R. |author-link=Stefan Landsberger |url=http://72.5.117.181/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=934 |title=Madame Mao: Sharing Power with the Chairman |publisher=International Museum of Women |year=2008 |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123092823/http://72.5.117.181/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=934 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jiang took advantage of the Cultural Revolution to wreak vengeance on her personal enemies, including people who had slighted her during her acting career in the 1930s. She was supported by a radical coterie, dubbed, by Mao himself, the Gang of Four. She became a prominent member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group and a major player in Chinese politics from 1966 to 1976.<ref name="Landsberger" /> ==== 1966–1969 ==== {{See also|January Storm}} From 1962, Chairman [[Liu Shaoqi]] and his wife [[Wang Guangmei]] frequently appeared at diplomatic events, earning Wang the title of "First Lady," which reportedly made Jiang Qing jealous. Before Wang's overseas trips, Jiang advised her not to wear jewellery, claiming it looked better. However, upon seeing Wang on television wearing a necklace, Jiang criticised her for displaying "bourgeois style" in a talk with [[Red Guards]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Yonglie |author-link=Ye Yonglie |date=2019-11-19 |title=王光美與江青 |url=https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/5445860-%E8%91%89%E6%B0%B8%E7%83%88%EF%BC%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Bastille Post |language=zh-hant}}</ref> [[File:年北京天安门，林彪与江青.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lin Biao]] with Jiang Qing in Tiananmen in 1966]] [[Image:1967-07 1967年4月20日北京市革命委员会成立 江青.jpg|thumb|Jiang during the [[Cultural Revolution]]]]On 13 December 1966, Liu Shaoqi voluntarily offered to resign from his positions as [[President of China|President]]. He proposed moving with his wife and children to Yan’an or his hometown in Hunan to take up farming, hoping to bring the Cultural Revolution to an early conclusion and minimise the damage to the country. On 18 December, [[Zhang Chunqiao]], deputy head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, summoned [[Kuai Dafu]], a leader of the Red Guards at [[Tsinghua University]], and instructed him to launch a campaign to overthrow Liu Shaoqi. On 25 December, Kuai Dafu led thousands of demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, where they publicly chanted the slogan “Down with Liu Shaoqi.”<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2006-07-15 |title=回首文革(6)：接班人之死─刘少奇 |url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-n2006-07-15-voa5-58446232/1087961.html |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=zh-hans |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211151956/https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-n2006-07-15-voa5-58446232/1087961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Central Cultural Revolution Group]] was initially a small body under the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Standing Committee of the Politburo]].<ref name=":13" /> With the backing of Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan initiated a coup in Shanghai in January 1967, consolidating power and gaining support from revolutionary factions like Wang Hongwen.<ref name=":13" /> On 6 January 1967, Red Guards at Tsinghua University, with Jiang Qing's backing, lured Wang to the campus under the pretext of her daughter being in a car accident. Once there, Wang was detained and prosecuted.<ref name=":22" /> Following the Red Guards' disruption of party structures in January 1967, this group replaced the Secretariat and became the central command for the party. Jiang Qing's role as the "First Deputy Head" of the group grew significantly, elevating her political power. [[Chen Boda]], the nominal leader of the group, was repeatedly humiliated by Jiang Qing during this period. Fearing her power, he endured her mistreatment in silence. In one notable incident, after a middle school student scaled his wall, Chen's wife reported the event, sparking a "footprint incident" that enraged Jiang Qing. She demanded Chen move out of Zhongnanhai, and this further strained his relationship with her. Seizing the opportunity, Lin Biao and his wife, Ye Qun, aligned with Chen, who quietly defected to their faction.<ref name=":13" /> [[File:1967-08 1967年 江青与红卫兵.jpg|thumb|Jiang Qing met [[Red Guards]] in 1967]] On 18 July 1967, a public [[struggle session]] against Liu Shaoqi was held in Zhongnanhai. On 5 August, the Central Cultural Revolution Group approved three separate struggle sessions targeting Liu Shaoqi and his wife, Deng Xiaoping and his wife, and Tao Zhu and his wife. From that point, Liu Shaoqi was completely stripped of his personal freedom. On 16 September 1968, under Jiang Qing's leadership, a special investigation team compiled three volumes of so-called evidence against Liu, largely extracted through torture and coercion. After being imprisoned in Zhongnanhai for over two years, Liu Shaoqi was transferred to Kaifeng, Henan Province, on 17 October 1969, where he subsequently died.<ref name=":14" /> Meanwhile, Jiang's stature continued to rise, though she was still not a member of the Central Committee during the 11th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee. At the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in April 1969, Jiang was admitted to the Politburo after Mao Zedong shifted his stance, likely to balance the power of the Lin Biao faction. Mao also approved the entry of Lin Biao's wife, Ye Qun, into the Politburo, further consolidating their influence.<ref name=":13" /> ==== 1969–1971 ==== At the [[9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|9th National Congress]] of the Communist Party, Jiang condemned quotation songs, which had been promoted since September 1966 as mnemonic devices for the study of [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong|''Quotations'' ''from Chairman Mao Zedong'']].<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Andrew F. |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Quotation Songs: Portable Media and the Maoist Pop Song}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}} Jiang had come to view the popular tunes as akin to [[yellow music]].<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=43}} Jiang's rivalry with, and personal dislike of, [[Zhou Enlai]] led Jiang to hurt Zhou where he was most vulnerable. In 1968, Jiang had Zhou's adopted son (Sun Yang) and daughter ([[Sun Weishi]]) tortured and murdered by Red Guards. Sun Yang was murdered in the basement of [[Renmin University]]. After Sun Weishi died following seven months of torture in a [[secret prison]] (at Jiang's direction), Jiang made sure that Sun's body was cremated and disposed of so that no autopsy could be performed and Sun's family could not have her ashes. In 1968, Jiang forced Zhou to sign an arrest warrant for his own brother. In 1973 and 1974, Jiang directed the "Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius" campaign against premier Zhou because Zhou was viewed as one of Jiang's primary political opponents. In 1975, Jiang initiated a campaign named "Criticizing Song Jiang, Evaluating the Water Margin", which encouraged the use of Zhou as an example of a political loser. After Zhou Enlai died in 1976, Jiang initiated the "Five Nos" campaign in order to discourage and prohibit any public mourning for Zhou.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Teiwes, Frederick C. |author2= Sun, Warren|title=The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=77|issue=2|year=2004|pages= 211–235 (213)|jstor=40022499}}</ref> When traditional landscape and bird-and-flower paintings re-emerged in the early 1970s, Jiang criticised these traditional forms as "[[Black Painting incident|black paintings]]",<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=166}}</ref> which in fact targeted Zhou Enlai.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=290|pp=}} ==== 1971–1973 ==== {{See also|Lin Biao incident|Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius|Snail Incident}} [[File:Lauen Banda.jpg|thumb|The [[Gang of Four]]]] Jiang first collaborated with then second-in-charge Lin Biao, but after Lin Biao's death in 1971, she turned against him publicly in the [[Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius|Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius]] Campaign.<ref name="the">{{cite book |last=Hsin |first=Chi |title=The Case of the Gang of Four: With First Translation of Teng Hsiao-Ping's Three Poisonous Weeds |publisher=Cosmos Books, Ltd. |year=1977 |page=19 |asin=B000OLUOE2}}</ref> After the [[Lin Biao incident|September 13 Incident]] in 1971, Jiang Qing saw the collapse of the Lin Biao faction and, with Mao Zedong's declining health, she became eager to seize the highest power in the country. In 1972, Jiang Qing enlisted American journalist Roxane Witke to write her autobiography. After 1972, Mao's health deteriorated. Though Mao was largely cut off from the outside world due to his illness, Zhu De sent Mao a letter informing him about Jiang Qing's biography. This revelation deeply angered Mao, who, in a fit of rage, even expressed his desire to expel Jiang Qing from the Politburo and sever their political ties.<ref name=":13" /> By 1973, although unreported due to it being a personal matter, Mao and his wife Jiang had separated.<ref name="the" /> ==== 1973–1976 ==== {{See also|Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend}} On 10 March 1973, Deng Xiaoping was reinstated as Vice Premier, serving as Zhou Enlai's deputy. During the 10th National Congress of the CCP, Deng remained a member of the Central Committee but he did not gain a seat on the Politburo. On 10 April 1974, Deng led the Chinese delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. Although Jiang Qing strongly opposed Deng's appointment, Mao Zedong cautioned her in a letter to cease opposing his decision.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Yonglie |date=2015-07-22 |title=邓小平成了江青的"眼中钉" |url=https://www.shobserver.com/wx/detail.do?id=5860 |website=Shanghai Observer}}</ref> After Zhou Enlai was hospitalised, Wang Hongwen managed the Politburo, Deng Xiaoping oversaw the State Council, and Ye Jianying led the Central Military Commission.<ref name=":17" /> On 4 October 1974, Mao Zedong proposed appointing Deng as First Vice Premier. Sensing that Deng might replace Zhou Enlai at the upcoming Fourth National People's Congress, Jiang Qing attempted to block Deng from taking charge of the State Council and the Party's central operations.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=鄧小平1975年大整頓 江青被迫寫書面檢查 |url=https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/9979609-%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B31975%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B4%E9%A0%93-%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%A2%AB%E8%BF%AB%E5%AF%AB%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Bastille Post}}</ref> On 12 December, Mao reaffirmed his support for Deng by proposing his appointment as a member of both the Military Commission and the Politburo—a suggestion that gained majority approval from Politburo members.<ref name=":17" /> On 23 December, despite his ill health, Zhou Enlai flew to Changsha to meet Mao and seek his endorsement of Deng Xiaoping, with Wang Hongwen also in attendance. Mao agreed and, while pointing at Wang, remarked that Deng's ''"politics'' is better than his.''"'' Mao spoke English for the word "politics." Wang was embarrassed as he did not understand.<ref name=":18" /> ==Downfall== === Protests === {{See also|1976 Tiananmen incident|Nanjing incident (1976)}} By the mid-1970s, Jiang spearheaded the campaign against [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Demick |first=Barbara |date=2020-12-18 |title=Uncovering the Cultural Revolution's Awful Truths |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/01/chinas-rebel-historians/617265/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118182300/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/01/chinas-rebel-historians/617265/ |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Yet, the Chinese public became intensely discontented at politics and chose to blame Jiang, a more accessible and easier target than Mao.<ref name=":19" /> In January 1976, official news announced the death of Zhou Enlai. Zhou was highly respected in Chinese society, second only to Mao Zedong in influence. However, no official commemorative activities were organised following his death. On 5 March and 25 March, ''[[Wenhui Daily]]'' published two reports criticising [[Deng Xiaoping]], indirectly accusing Zhou Enlai of being the "biggest capitalist roader" who had supported and protected Deng. Starting on 21 March, students at [[Nanjing University]] began questioning and condemning ''Wenhui Daily'' and the criticisms of Zhou in Shanghai. On 29 March, the students escalated their protests by writing large slogans on trains departing from Nanjing, spreading their message nationwide. On 30 March, members of the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], including Cao Zhijie, posted signed wall posters in Beijing. These posters transformed the veiled political dissent into open protest, marking the beginning of the Tiananmen protests in Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=文革無法消滅異議！四五民主運動直接衝擊毛澤東政權 |url=https://insidechina.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2147102 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Radio Taiwan International |language=zh-Hant |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629152920/https://insidechina.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2147102 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Chinese instinctively believe that it was Jiang Qing who ordered the removal of the wreaths dedicated to Zhou Enlai from Tiananmen Square. In response, slogans appeared, such as "Down with the [[Empress Dowager Cixi|Empress Dowager]], down with [[Indira Gandhi]]." Another individual placed a wreath in honour of Mao's revered second wife, [[Yang Kaihui]], who had been executed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1930. Jiang Qing was often referred to obliquely as "that woman" or "three drops of water," a reference to part of the Chinese character for her name.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Butterfield |first=Fox |date=1976-08-01 |title=The intriguing matter of Mao's successor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/01/archives/the-intriguing-matter-of-maos-successor-sometimes-the-struggle-in.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=29 November 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813145331/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/01/archives/the-intriguing-matter-of-maos-successor-sometimes-the-struggle-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The protests eventually evolved into a riot, with cars ignited by angry protesters and militia intervention.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-05-22 |orig-date=1976-04-06 |title=Militia Steps in at End of a Day of Demonstrations in Peking |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160522/c22beijingriots-1976/zh-hant/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=The New York Times |language=zh |agency=Reuters |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029024241/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160522/c22beijingriots-1976/zh-hant/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Coup d'état === {{see also|Smashing the Gang of Four}} On 5 September 1976, Jiang Qing was informed of the critical illness of Mao Zedong and soon returned to Beijing.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=323}} On the evening of 8 September, she drove to [[Xinhua News Agency]] trying to find supporters, and returned to Zhongnanhai late in night, where high-rank Chinese officials and Mao's family members were present. Jiang could not fall asleep.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=324}} She needed to confront two other factions within the party, Hua Guofeng who had received a note from Mao saying, "[[With you in charge, I'm at ease|With you in charge, I am at ease]]," and Deng Xiaoping who was being attacked by Jiang.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=323}} She approached Hua secretly, proposing to expel Deng in the Politburo meeting before Mao's death, but she did not succeed.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=326}} Mao died on 9 September. The funeral services were hosted by Wang Hongwen, with a million people assembled at Tiananmen Square to mourn his death. Jiang sent a large wreath of chrysanthemums and greenery, as his student and comrade, rather than his widow.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=325}} Hua was the designated successor of Mao and soon became the party chief and became embroiled in a power struggle with the Gang of Four.<ref name="zheng_2010">{{cite web |last1=Zheng |first1=Haiping |year=2010 |title=The Gang of Four Trial |url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/gangoffour/Gangof4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230122458/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/gangoffour/Gangof4.html |archive-date=2017-12-30 |access-date=2017-12-31 |website=University of Missouri-Kansas City}}</ref> Jiang went to Baoding to rally the [[38th Army (People's Republic of China)|38th Army]], preparing to replace Hua as a party chief.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=326}} In response, both Ye Jianying, one of Deng's allies, and Hua mobilised their military forces in Beijing and Guangzhou. [[Xu Shiyou]] warned a north expedition from Guangzhou, if Jiang had not been arrested in Beijing.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=327}} In 4–5 October, Hua continued to negotiate with Jiang's allies on the personnel arrangement and agreed to continue the talk the following day.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=327}} On 6 October, Zhang Chunqiao and Wang Hongwen were arrested when they arrived at Zhongnanhai.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=327}} Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan were arrested at their homes.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=328}} Hua – supported by the military and state security – had Jiang and the rest of the Gang arrested and removed from their party positions. According to Zhang Yaoci, who carried out the arrest, Jiang did not say much when she was arrested. It was reported that one of her servants spat at her as she was being taken away under a flurry of blows by onlookers and police.<ref name=":15">{{cite web |title=Communist Party History: Memoirs of Jiang Qing on 6 October 1976 |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4671507.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226062508/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/64915/4671507.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=Cpc.people.com.cn}}</ref> In May 1975, Mao Zedong once criticised the Gang of Four for leaning too heavily on [[empiricism]]. However, he downplayed the severity of their issue, stating that it was not a significant problem but needed to be addressed. Mao remarked,<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Lifan |author-link=Zhang Lifan |date=2014-08-25 |title=逮捕"四人帮"是毛泽东的生前部署吗？ |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140825/cc25zhanglifan/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=The New York Times |language=zh |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026001137/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140825/cc25zhanglifan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=If it cannot be resolved in the first half of the year, then address it in the second half; if it cannot be resolved this year, then next year; and if not next year, then the year after.{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=我看问题不大，不要小题大作，但有问题要讲明白，上半年解决不了，下半年解决；今年解决不了，明年解决；明年解决不了，后年解决。}}}}}} The remark served as a justification for Hua Guofeng to arrest the Gang of Four.<ref name=":16" /> ===Televised trial=== [[Image:Jiang Qing at trial.jpg|thumb|Jiang at her trial in 1980]] Hua was later replaced by [[Deng Xiaoping]], who proceeded with prosecuting Jiang.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Alexander C. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cultural-revolution-on-trial/F1E731E8061754208A2D3EA1115FEE26 |title=The Cultural Revolution on Trial: Mao and the Gang of Four |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76111-6 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9780511980411 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602054839/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cultural-revolution-on-trial/F1E731E8061754208A2D3EA1115FEE26 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of her arrest, the country lacked the proper institutions for a legal trial.<ref name=":8" /> As a result, she and the other members of the Gang of Four were held in a state of limbo for the first six months of their capture.<ref name=":8" /> Following prompt legal modernisation, an indictment was brought forward, formally titled "Indictment of the Special Procuratorate under the [[Supreme People's Procuratorate]] of the People’s Republic of China." The indictment contained 48 separate counts.<ref name=":8" /> In November 1980, the government announced that Jiang and nine others would stand trial.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=1980-11-19 |title=Gang of Four trial starts Thursday |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/11/19/Gang-of-Four-trial-starts-Thursday/7394343458000/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> She was tried with the other three members of the Gang of Four and six associates.<ref name=":8" /> She was accused of persecuting artists during the Cultural Revolution, and authorising the [[Burglary|burgling]] of the homes of writers and performers in Shanghai to destroy material related to Jiang's early career that could [[Kompromat|harm her reputation]].<ref name=":8" /> Xinhua News Agency reported that Jiang initially sought to recruit her own lawyers but rejected those recommended by the special team after interviews. Meanwhile, five of the ten defendants agreed to be represented by government-appointed lawyers who would act as their defence counsel.<ref name=":24" /> {{External media|image1=|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czl-MrXe6QM&t Trial of Jiang Qing I] <small>(footage edited by [[TVB]], [[Cantonese]] and Mandarin)</small>|width=220px|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAOr8eLvB0Q Trial of Jiang Qing II] <small>(footage edited by TVB, Cantonese and Mandarin)</small>|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNFVTiYgdo8&pp=ygUUIOaxn-mdkiDoj6_oppbmlrDogZ4%3D Jiang Qing sentenced to death] <small>(footage edited by [[Chinese Television System|CTS]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])</small>}} Jiang was defiant in the court.<ref name=":8" /> She argued to the special prosecution teams that Mao should also be held accountable for her actions.<ref name=":24" /> Whenever a witness took the stand, there was a chance the court proceedings would devolve into a shouting match.<ref name=":8" /> She did not deny the accusations,<ref name="zheng_2010" /> and insisted that she had been protecting Mao and following his instructions. Jiang remarked:<ref name="modern">{{cite book |last=Hutchings |first=Graham |title=Modern China |year=2001 |publisher=MA: Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-674-01240-2}}</ref> {{Cquote | quote = I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite.{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=我是毛主席的一条狗，毛主席叫我咬谁我就咬谁。}}}} }} Her defence strategy was marked by attempts to transcend the court room and appeal to history and the logic of revolution.<ref name=":8" /> Jiang sought to challenge Hua Guofeng's authority within the Party, with an appalling yet unverifiable claim,{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=343}} {{Blockquote|text=[A]bout that night Mao Zedong wrote the words, "With you in charge, I'm at ease" for Hua Guofeng. [...] That was not all Chairman Mao wrote to Hua. He wrote six more characters: "If you have questions, ask Jiang Qing."{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=那天晚上毛主席给华国锋写“你办事，我放心”的话，这不是毛主席给华国锋写的全部内容，至少还写了六个字：“有问题，找江青”。}}}}}} The court announced its verdict after six weeks of testimony and debate and four weeks of deliberations. In early 1981, she was convicted and [[Death sentence with reprieve|sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve]]. She was assigned the highest level of criminal liability among the defendants as a "ringleader" of a [[Counter-revolutionary|counterrevolutionary]] group. [[Wu Xiuquan]] recounted in his memoir that the court room erupted into applause as the verdict was read and Jiang Qing was dragged out of the court room by two female guards while shouting revolutionary slogans.<ref name=":8" /> == Death and burial == === Internment and illness === Following her arrest, Jiang Qing was held at [[Qincheng Prison]], where she occupied herself with activities such as reading newspapers, listening to radio broadcasts, watching television, knitting, studying books, and writing. Her daughter, Li Na, visited her [[fortnight]]ly.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-02-21 |title=江青自殺前最後20字留言 透露一生最愛 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20160221002691-260409?chdtv |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=China Times |language=zh-Hant}}</ref> She was treated well, unlike how she treated her enemies during the Cultural Revolution.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=348}} The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983.<ref name="zheng_2010" /> The [[Supreme People's Court]] determined that both Jiang and her chief associate, Zhang, had demonstrated "sufficient repentance" during their two-year [[Reprieve (death sentence)|reprieve]], leading to their death sentences being commuted. However, senior Chinese officials stated that Jiang has not shown genuine remorse and remains as defiant as the day she was removed from a crowded courtroom, shouting, "Long Live the Revolution."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1983-01-25 |title=Mao's widow spared |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/01/25/Maos-widow-spared/6435412318800/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> In 1984, Jiang was granted medical parole and relocated to a discreet residence arranged by the authorities. In December 1988, on the occasion of Mao Zedong's 95th birth anniversary, Jiang requested approval to hold a family gathering, but her petition was denied. Distressed, she attempted suicide by ingesting 50 [[sleeping pills]] she had secretly saved. The attempt failed. She was later sent back to Qincheng Prison in 1989 when her [[medical parole]] concluded.<ref name=":20" /> Jiang Qing believed that [[Deng Xiaoping]] should be held responsible for the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|student movement]] (better known as the Tiananmen Square protests), as he tolerated Western ideologies. She also condemned the subsequent massacre that followed the protests, emphasising that Mao Zedong had never ordered the army to massacre crowds.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=351}} While in custody, Jiang was diagnosed with [[throat cancer]], and doctors advised surgery. She refused, asserting that losing her voice was unacceptable.<ref name=":20" /> === Suicide === On 15 March 1991, Jiang Qing was transferred to the [[Beijing Police Hospital]] from her residence at Jiuxianqiao due to a high fever. By 18 March, her fever had subsided. She was then moved to a ward within the hospital compound, which included a bedroom, bathroom, and living room.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=352|pp=}} On 10 May 1991, she tore apart her memoir manuscript in front of others and expressed a wish to return to her home. Two days later, on 12 May, her daughter and son-in-law came to visit her in the hospital after learning about her condition, but Jiang declined to meet them. On 14 May 1991, Jiang Qing committed suicide. At 3:30 a.m., a nurse entered her room and found her hanging above the bathtub, having died.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=353|pp=}} The [[suicide note]] read,{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=353}} {{Blockquote|text=Today the revolution has been stolen by the revisionist clique of [[Deng Xiaoping|Deng]], [[Peng Zhen]], and [[Yang Shangkun]]. Chairman Mao exterminated [[Liu Shaoqi]], but not Deng, and the result of this omission is that unending evils have been unleashed on the Chinese people and nation. Chairman, your student and fighter is coming to see you!{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=现在被邓小平、彭真、杨尚昆一伙反革命修正主义吞并了领导权。主席除刘未除邓，后患无穷，国祸民殃。主席，你的学生和战友来见你了！}}}}}} That afternoon, Li Na, went to the hospital to sign the death certificate and agreed that no funeral or memorial service would be held. On 18 May, Jiang Qing's remains were cremated. Neither Li Na nor any of Jiang Qing's other relatives attended the cremation. Jiang Qing's ashes were entrusted to Li Na, who kept them at her home.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=354|pp=}} The Chinese government confirmed that she had hanged herself on 4 June, withholding the announcement for two weeks to avoid its impact before the second anniversary of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|1989 Tiananmen protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-06-04 |title=China confirms suicide of Mao's widow |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/04/China-confirms-suicide-of-Maos-widow/4868676008000/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-06-03 |title=Madame Mao reported a suicide in Beijing |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/03/Madame-Mao-reported-a-suicide-in-Beijing/6439675921600/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=[[United Press International|UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> However, He Diankui, a former staff of Qincheng Prison, later claimed that "Jiang Qing never left Qincheng Prison until her death." He suggested that she died in the prison from taking sleeping pills, which refuted the official report regarding her death.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-05-14 |title=【江青忌日】木匠女兒變第一夫人 文革任毛打手 25年前自殺亡 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20955/%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%BF%8C%E6%97%A5-%E6%9C%A8%E5%8C%A0%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E8%AE%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA-%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E4%BB%BB%E6%AF%9B%E6%89%93%E6%89%8B-25%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%A1#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[HK01]] |language=zh-hant |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028031323/https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20955/%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%BF%8C%E6%97%A5-%E6%9C%A8%E5%8C%A0%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E8%AE%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA-%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E4%BB%BB%E6%AF%9B%E6%89%93%E6%89%8B-25%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%A1#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> === Burial === While imprisoned, Jiang Qing expressed in her will a desire to be buried in her hometown of [[Zhucheng]], Shandong. In 1996, Yan Changgui, Jiang Qing's former secretary, visited Zhucheng, where the city's Party Secretary asked him to convey to Li Na that Jiang Qing could be buried there, pending her consent. However, after the [[16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|16th National Congress of the CCP]], [[Jiang Zemin]] suggested to Li Na that Zhucheng might not be a secure burial site. Instead, Li Na inquired about the possibility of burial in Beijing, which Jiang Zemin approved. Li Na arranged the burial at her own expense. In March 2002, Jiang Qing's ashes were interred at the [[Beijing Futian Cemetery|Futian Cemetery]] in Beijing's [[Western Hills]] scenic area. The tombstone reads: "The Grave of Mother Li Yunhe, 1914–1991, respectfully erected by [[Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)|her daughter]], son-in-law, and grandson."<ref name="duowei">{{cite web |date=12 January 2009 |title=Duowei: Jiang Qing's gravesite |url=http://history.dwnews.com/news/2013-01-31/59108437.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205134851/http://history.dwnews.com/news/2013-01-31/59108437.html |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=Dwnews.com |language=zh}}</ref> == Legacy == === Public image === Jiang Qing was never a widely admired figure throughout her life. Her marriage to Mao in the 1930s scandalised many of the more puritanical comrades in Yan'an. During the Cultural Revolution, she did little to win the favour of other Chinese leaders.<ref name=":21" /> Jiang Qing is often viewed as a figure of naked ambition, with many perceiving her as a typical power-hungry wife of an emperor, seeking to secure power for herself through questionable means. Her public image is largely shaped by her self-serving narrative, which portrays her as a central figure in the turbulent and cutthroat environment of Chinese leadership. She is seen as embodying the ruthless, unpredictable, and dangerous nature of life at the top. Her long-standing vendetta against former cultural-political rivals from her acting days in Shanghai has fueled her reputation for vindictiveness. Though she framed her conflicts with these men as ideological battles, it is widely believed that personal grudges and animosities were the true driving forces behind her actions.<ref name="time quote">{{Cite magazine |date=1977-03-21 |title=The Rise and Fall of Mao's Empress |url=https://time.com/archive/6879872/the-rise-and-fall-of-maos-empress/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713091409/https://time.com/archive/6879872/the-rise-and-fall-of-maos-empress/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |magazine=Time}}</ref> According to Roxane Witke, Jiang's early life was marked by poverty, hunger, and violence, and later, as a woman in a male-dominated world, she faced numerous challenges. These experiences shaped her defensive and aggressive personality, fostering an opportunism that persisted even when she no longer needed to assert herself.<ref name=":21" /> Jiang's televised trials and her defiance in court have softened hatred towards her among the younger generations, who became sceptical of China's Communist system.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=345}} ==== Official historiography ==== {{Verse translation|还有精生白骨，自比则天武后，铁帚扫而光。|And the [[White-Boned Demon]], self-styled as [[Wu Zetian]], swept away by [[Popular sovereignty|the iron broom]].|lang1=zh|italicsoff=n|attr1=郭沫若《[[Shuidiao Getou|水调歌头]]·粉碎四人帮》(1976)|lang2=en|attr2=''Crackdown on the [[Gang of Four]]'', [[Guo Moruo]] (1976)}} After Jiang Qing's arrest in 1976, the Chinese government launched a massive propaganda campaign to vilify her and the other members of the so-called Gang of Four. Orchestrated under the authoritarian political culture of Mao's successor Hua Guofeng, this campaign aimed to discredit Jiang and her associates entirely. In the years leading to her trial in 1980, millions of posters and cartoons depicted the Gang of Four as class enemies and spies. Jiang herself became the primary target of ridicule, portrayed as an empress scheming to succeed Mao and as a prostitute, with references to her past as a Shanghai actress used to question her moral integrity. The propaganda also criticised her interest in Western pastimes, such as photography and poker, portraying them as evidence of her lack of communist values. Ultimately, she was branded the "white-boned demon," a gendered caricature symbolising destruction and chaos.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Salino |first=Silvia |date=2021 |title=Jiang Qing, between Fact and Fiction: The Many Lives of a Revolutionary Icon |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/asien/article/view/20423 |journal=ASIEN: The German Journal on Contemporary Asia |language=en |issue=158/159 |pages=86–104 |issn=2701-8431}}</ref> The 1980 Gang of Four trial solidified Jiang's image as a manipulative and villainous figure. The indictment held the Gang responsible for the violence of the Cultural Revolution, accusing Jiang of using political purges for personal vendettas and fostering large-scale chaos. Widely broadcast both within and outside China, the trial reinforced a clear dichotomy: Jiang as a symbol of the past's chaos, and Deng Xiaoping's administration as the harbinger of order and progress. This narrative was consistent with the CCP's [[Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|Resolution on History]], which sought to redefine Mao Zedong's legacy. While Mao was criticised for "errors," he was not held directly accountable for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Instead, full blame was shifted to Jiang and the Gang of Four, allowing Mao Zedong Thought to remain ideologically valid under Deng's reforms.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Alternative views ==== Biographical literature on Jiang Qing has emerged as a tool to critique and reinterpret official Chinese historiography. These works challenge the one-dimensional vilification of Jiang, contributing to broader historical debates about the Cultural Revolution and its impact on shaping modern China. While factual biographies aim to deliver an accurate portrayal of their subject, fictional works take creative liberties, reimagining the life of a historical figure without strict adherence to facts. By rejecting the traditional authoritative biographical model—which presents a subject's life as a coherent narrative—works such as ''Jiang Qing and Her Husbands'' and ''Becoming Madame Mao'' instead question the validity of totalising narratives about Jiang. Ultimately, the private sphere in these narratives is used not to provide more intimate insights into the subject but as a means to deconstruct and challenge official Chinese historiography.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Comparisons ==== The 2013 trial of [[Bo Xilai]] was regarded as the most dramatic courtroom event in China since Jiang Qing's trial in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-22 |title=1980年公审江青以来最具戏剧性的审讯 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/中国/20130822-1980年公审江青以来最具戏剧性的审讯%E3%80%80 |website=Radio France Internationale}}</ref> Bo's wife, [[Gu Kailai]], was frequently likened to Jiang Qing due to the nature of her crimes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-27 |title=再拿薄谷比江青 |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%86%8D%E6%8B%BF%E8%96%84%E8%B0%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92/a-16195304 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=zh |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309200433/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%86%8D%E6%8B%BF%E8%96%84%E8%B0%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92/a-16195304 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'' reported on [[Peng Liyuan]]'s influence over key personnel decisions within the CCP. The report highlighted her backing of [[Dong Jun]]'s appointment as Minister of Defence and [[Li Ganjie]]'s selection as head of the [[Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Organisation Department]]. Dong and Li were both from Shandong, where Peng was born. The report drew parallels between Xi Jinping's leadership in his later years and Mao Zedong's, likening Peng to Jiang Qing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=習近平・国家主席の妻、幹部人事に関与で「ポスト習」に影響力か…専門家「毛沢東の晩年と似る」 |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/20240617-OYT1T50004/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=読売新聞オンライン |language=ja |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122011649/https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/20240617-OYT1T50004/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Memorials === Jiang Qing's grave remained undisclosed to the public until early 2009.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-16 |title=江青墓被禁祭掃參觀 保安：不要自找麻煩 婿王景清同葬福田公墓 刻妻李訥 |url=http://www.mingpaocanada.com/tor/htm/News/20240316/tcba1_r.htm |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Ming Pao (Canada) |language=zh |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316121258/http://www.mingpaocanada.com/Tor/htm/News/20240316/tcba1_r.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Each year during the [[Tomb-Sweeping Festival]], flower baskets are placed at Jiang's tomb. In 2015, leftist activists attempting to pay their respects faced resistance from dozens of security guards, with several taken to [[Pingguoyuan Subdistrict, Beijing|Pingguoyuan]] Police Station for questioning. Frustrated [[Maoism|Maoist]] supporters questioned why publicly honouring [[Chiang Kai-shek]] was permitted while commemorating Jiang Qing was not, rhetorically asking if the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] had somehow [[Project National Glory|reclaimed the mainland]]. Since 2018, such commemorations have proceeded without police interference.<ref>{{cite news |author1=乔龙 |date=2018-04-05 |title=江青墓前毛粉献花 北京祭奠江青不再被阻止 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/ql1-04052018111752.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618054815/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/ql1-04052018111752.html |archive-date=2018-06-18 |accessdate=2022-05-01 |work=RFA}}</ref> On 14 May 2021, [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] activists held a panel discussion on "the Role of [[#Names|Li Jin]] in the [[History of the Chinese Communist Party|History of the Party]]", which Li Na reportedly attended.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-05-16 |title=左派私人聚會紀念江青自殺三十周年 傳江青女兒李訥參加 |url=https://www.singtao.ca/4944839/2021-05-16/news-%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%B3%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%8D%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0/?variant=zh-hk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620020827/https://www.singtao.ca/4944839/2021-05-16/news-%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%B3%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%8D%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0/?variant=zh-hk |archive-date=2022-06-20 |accessdate=2022-05-01 |work=Sing Tao Daily}}</ref> Since 2021, as large numbers of visitors continued to honour Jiang Qing, international media noted that authorities allowed leftist groups to commemorate her while prohibiting public mourning for [[Zhao Ziyang]]. Following this, the authorities banned public mourning for her at her gravesite, with [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] and security guards constantly monitoring the situation.<ref name=":23" /> === Peking Opera === [[File:1967-08 1967年 沙家浜交响乐3.jpg|thumb|[[Symphony]] in the Peking Opera ''[[Shajiabang (opera)|Shajiabang]]'' in 1967]] During the production of [[yangbanxi]], Jiang had shown keen intuition, due to her experience as an actress, in showing the shape yangbanxi should take. However, Jiang's directions on opera reforms were often vague. Yu, acting as the pawn of Jiang, was able to manifest Jiang's orders into technical details that can be followed by the performers. Despite Yu's growing influence, he was never able to defy Jiang's orders, as he could only influence her thinking.<ref name=":02" /> Jiang identified the weakness of Beijing opera as the lack of well organised music, which according to Jiang, "builds the image of the characters." This conception was influenced by Yu's writing on the functional conception of music. Yu focused on reforming the language of music. This was due to Yu's belief that for yangbanxi to become successful in educating the masses on the structure and benefits of the new socialist state, the language of the music must be understandable to the common person. He first recommended that the lyrics be written in Mandarin, which was in line with the Chinese government policy that mandated the use of Mandarin as the language of instruction in schools nationwide. Yu also advocated that "the melody should be composed in such a way that it also shadowed the syllabic tonal patterns", which "should sound natural to the ear as well as being easily understandable to the listener."<ref name=":12" /> [[File:1967-08 1967年 海港3.jpg|thumb|''[[On the Docks]]'' in 1967]] According to Jiang's theory of the "three prominences," the model revolutionary works were to foreground the principal hero over other heroic characters and positive characters over other characters. Jiang criticised spy thrillers (which were known as counterespionage films) for making the antagonists seem too intriguing.{{Sfn|Li|2023|p=|pp=180-181}} Jiang was known to be blunt in directing the yangbanxi, but Yu was able to serve as the mediator between Jiang and the performers. Since Jiang could not communicate her vision clearly, performers often take her criticisms as personal insults. Du Mingxin, one of Jiang's composers, recalled Jiang dismissed his music in the ballet ''The Red Detachment of Women'' (Hong Se Niang Zi Jun) as "erotic ballad that used to be performed in the 1930s Shanghai nightclubs". Du was then criticised for trying to destroy the yangbanxi project by hiding bourgeois music in a revolutionary ballet. Du felt humiliated by this remark. It was until Yu asked the group to submit another composition that Du regained his motivation and composed the now famous Wanquan Heshui (On Wanquan River). According to Du, this incident revealed Yu's artistic integrity, personal courage, and the ability to gain Jiang's acknowledgement on his decisions.<ref name=":12" /> == Personal life == === Family === [[File:毛澤東與江青、毛岸英、劉松林、李訥.png|thumb|Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong, [[Mao Anying]], [[Liu Siqi]] and [[Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)|Li Na]] in 1949]] In Mao Zedong's later years, he frequently refused to meet Jiang Qing. The two lived apart—Mao resided in [[Zhongnanhai]], while Jiang stayed at the [[Diaoyutai State Guesthouse]]—and rarely saw each other. Mao often criticised Jiang Qing and noted in his written comments that "Jiang Qing does not represent me; she represents herself." He once confided to [[Wang Hairong]] and [[Tang Wensheng]] that Jiang aspired to become the Party Chair. During his interactions with Jiang Qing, Mao advised her to improve her relationships with colleagues who held differing opinions, rather than her small group. He also expressed frustration that she did not study the works of Marx, Lenin, or his own writings. Mao voiced concerns about Jiang Qing's future after his death, fearing that she might face troubles.<ref name=":16" /> She had a daughter with Mao Zedong, which was Li Na. Li Na visited her frequently at Qincheng Prison, but they often quarrelled with each other for the husband of Li Na, Wang Jingqing, who once served the Central Security Regiment.{{Sfn|Terrill|1999|p=|pp=348-349}} === Hobbies === Jiang's hobbies included photography, playing cards, and holding screenings of classic Hollywood films, especially those featuring [[Greta Garbo]], one of her favorite actresses, even as they were banned for the average Chinese citizen as a symbol of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] decadence.<ref name="chang"> {{cite book |author1=Chang, Jung |url=https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory00jung/page/864 |title=Mao: The Unknown Story |author2=Halliday, Jon |publisher=Anchor |year=2006 |isbn=0-679-74632-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory00jung/page/864 864]}} </ref> Jiang Qing was able to imitate Mao Zedong's handwriting. Her calligraphy was so similar to Mao's that some of her works were even displayed as Mao Zedong's manuscripts<ref>{{Cite web |title=江青的影展与毛泽东的批评 |url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/wenhua/1088/2800498.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413073241/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/wenhua/1088/2800498.html |archive-date=2020-04-13 |access-date=2009-01-07 |website=People's Daily Online}}</ref><ref name="叶永烈1993">{{cite book |author=Ye |first=Yonglie |title=江青传 |date=1993 |publisher=[[Writers Publishing House]] |isbn=7506307294 |series= |location=Beijing |quote=}}</ref> Since 1961, Jiang Qing, under the pen names Li Yunhe and Li Jin, had multiple landscape photographs selected for four consecutive National Photography Exhibitions. She became one of the photographers with the most works featured in each exhibition. In terms of lighting techniques, Jiang favoured backlighting and side-backlighting. Her visual style, which emphasised grandeur and completeness, had a significant influence on the photography community in mainland China.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shangguan |first=Yun |date=2013-11-13 |title=多张红色经典照片将拍卖 包含江青《庐山仙人洞》 |url=https://culture.ifeng.com/collection/detail_2013_11/13/31203677_0.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917100216/https://culture.ifeng.com/collection/detail_2013_11/13/31203677_0.shtml |archive-date=2022-09-17 |accessdate=2022-07-22 |work=China News Service}}</ref> == In popular culture == === Fiction === * ''[[Jiang Qing and Her Husbands]]'', a 1990 Chinese historical play written by [[Sha Yexin]]<ref name=":9" /> * ''[[Becoming Madame Mao]]'', a 2000 [[historical novel]] by [[Anchee Min]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WuDunn |first=Sheryl |date=2000-07-09 |title=Sympathy for the Demon |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/09/reviews/000709.09wudunnt.html?bk0707 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207221730/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/09/reviews/000709.09wudunnt.html?bk0707 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9" /> === Film and television === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Region !Name !Actress |- |1976 |Taiwan |''[[Fragrant Flower Versus Noxious Grass]]'' |Yao Hsiao-Chang |- |1993 |China |''[[China has a Mao Zedong]]'' |Zhang An'an |- | rowspan="3" |2009 | rowspan="2" |China |''[[The Founding of a Republic]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=DVD Review: Epic Chinese film of the Revolution combines propaganda and history |url=https://www.nbr.co.nz/dvd-review-epic-chinese-film-of-the-revolution-combines-propaganda-and-history/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=NBR {{!}} The Authority since 1970 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527073958/https://www.nbr.co.nz/dvd-review-epic-chinese-film-of-the-revolution-combines-propaganda-and-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |Zhang Erdan |- |''The Liberation'' |Yan Xuejing |- |Australia |''[[Mao's Last Dancer (film)|Mao's Last Dance]]'' |Yue Xiuqing |- |2013 |China |''[[Mao Zedong (TV series)|Mao Zedong]]'' |Sun Jia |} ==See also== {{Portal|China|Biography|Politics}} *[[Cultural Revolution]] * [[Gang of Four]] == Notes == ===Explanatory notes=== {{NoteFoot}} ===Translation notes=== {{Notelist}} == References == === Citations === {{reflist}} === Sources === * {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jie |title=Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780231206273}} * {{Cite book |title=When Chiang Ching was in Shanghai: Actress Lan Ping |date=2015a |publisher=Sisyphus Publishing |isbn=978-986-91545-0-5 |editor-last=Sisyphus |editor-first=John |publication-place=New Taipei, Taiwan |language=zh-hant}} * {{Cite book |last=Terrill |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Terrill |title=Madame Mao: the white boned demon |date=1999 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-2922-2 |edition=Revised |location=Stanford, CA}} * {{Cite book |last=Witke |first=Roxane |title=Comrade Chiang Ch'ing |date=1977 |publisher=Little-Brown |isbn=978-0-316-94900-2 |location=Boston, MA}} * {{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author-link=Jung Chang |title=Wild swans: three daughters of China |date=1991 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-68546-1 |location=New York}} == Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Zhisui |author-link=Li Zhisui |year=1996 |orig-year=1994 |title=The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician |url=https://archive.org/details/privatelifeofcha0000lizh/page/n5/mode/2up |translator=Tai Hung-Chao |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-964881-9}} * {{Cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |date=2006 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-02748-0}} * {{Cite book<!-- No author cited; alphabetized under the publisher --> |title=A Great Trial in Chinese History: The Trial of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques, Nov. 1980–Jan. 1981 |edition=1st |location=Beijing |publisher=New World Press |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-08-027919-0 |oclc=7616202}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Sisyphus |editor-first=John |date=2015b |title=Mao Zedong's Standard Bearer: Chiang Ching and the Cultural Revolution |language=zh-hant |volume=I |publication-place=New Taipei, Taiwan |publisher=Sisyphus Publishing |isbn=978-986-91545-1-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Sisyphus |editor-first=John |date=2015c |title=Mao Zedong's Standard Bearer: Chiang Ching and the Cultural Revolution |language=zh-hant |volume=II |publication-place=New Taipei, Taiwan |publisher=Sisyphus Publishing |isbn=978-986-91545-2-9}} == External links == {{commons category|Jiang Qing}} {{wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081209081628/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=934 Feature on Madame Mao] by the [[International Museum of Women]] (archived 9 December 2008) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831152742/http://www.dwnews.com/gb/MainNews/Forums/BackStage/2009_1_12_9_10_47_557.html Jiang Qing's tomb] (archived 31 August 2009) * [http://v.hudong.com/view/youku_XMTM4NzcwOTY=.shtml?prd=zhengwenye_sucai_shipin Hudong.com, ''Jian Qing''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406224257/http://v.hudong.com/view/youku_XMTM4NzcwOTY=.shtml?prd=zhengwenye_sucai_shipin |date=6 April 2012 }}, 84-minute documentary film (on-line, in Chinese) * [https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/people/jiang-qing Jiang, Qing 1914- 1991], [[Wilson Center]] Digital Archive {{s-start}} {{s-hon}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=Spouse of the [[paramount leader]] of the People's Republic of China||years=1949–1976}} {{s-non|reason=[[Han Zhijun]]}} {{s-new|reason=also see [[List of spouses of the presidents of the Republic of China|Spouses of the<br>Presidents of the Republic of China]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China]]||years=1954–1959}} {{s-aft|after=[[Wang Guangmei]]}} {{S-end}} {{Spouse of Paramount leader}} {{Spouse of Chinese President}} {{10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}} {{9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}} {{Cultural Revolution}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jiang, Qing}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:1991 suicides]] [[Category:1991 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese actresses]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese women politicians]] [[Category:Actresses from Shandong]] [[Category:Anti-revisionists]] [[Category:Chinese actor-politicians]] [[Category:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong]] [[Category:Chinese film actresses]] [[Category:Chinese Maoists]] [[Category:Chinese Marxists]] [[Category:Chinese politicians convicted of crimes]] [[Category:Chinese politicians who died by suicide]] [[Category:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Category:Gang of Four]] [[Category:Socialist feminists]] [[Category:Critics of religions]] [[Category:Chinese atheists]] [[Category:People with hypochondriasis]] [[Category:Family of Mao Zedong]] [[Category:Maoist theorists]] [[Category:Members of the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Category:Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Category:People from Zhucheng]] [[Category:People with polydactyly]] [[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong]] [[Category:Politicians from Weifang]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Purged Chinese politicians]] [[Category:First ladies of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging in China]] [[Category:Suicides in the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Secretaries to Mao Zedong]] [[Category:Women Marxists]] [[Category:Jiang Qing|*]] [[Category:Inmates of Qincheng Prison]] [[Category:People of the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]]
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