Editing Jinghong

{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Jinghong
| official_name                   = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name                     = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|景洪市}} · {{lang|khb|[[File:Jinghong.svg|60px|ᦋᦵᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ]]}}
| other_name                      = {{lang|th|เชียงรุ่ง}} · {{lang|lo|ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ}}
| settlement_type                 = [[County-level city]]
| image_skyline                   = 景澜3101.jpg
| imagesize                       = 
| image_caption                   = [[Lancang River]] bank in Jinghong
| image_seal                      = 
| seal_size                       = 
| motto                           = <!-- images and maps  ----------->
| image_map                       = 景洪市位置图.svg
| mapsize                         = 250px
| map_caption                     = Location of Jinghong City (red) within Xishuangbanna Prefecture (pink) and Yunnan
| image_map1                      = 
| mapsize1                        = 
| map_caption1                    = 
| pushpin_map                     = Yunnan#China
| pushpin_label_position          = 
| pushpin_mapsize                 = <!-- Location ------------------>
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location of the city centre in Yunnan
| coor_pinpoint = Xishuangbanna Prefecture government
| coordinates                     = {{coord|22.009|N|100.797|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-53_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name                = China
| subdivision_type1               = [[Province (China)|Province]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Yunnan]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Autonomous prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Xishuangbanna]]
| subdivision_type3               = [[:zh:中华人民共和国行政区划代码|GB/T 2260 CODE]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/xzqhdm/index.htm |title=中华人民共和国国家统计局 >> 行政区划代码 |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120852/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/xzqhdm/index.htm |archive-date=2009-02-21 }}</ref>
| subdivision_name3               = 532801
| seat_type                = Municipal seat
| seat                     = [[Yunjinghong Subdistrict]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->
| established_title               = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date                = 
| established_title2              = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2               = 
| established_title3              = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3               = <!-- Area    --------------------->
| government_footnotes            = 
| government_type                 = 
| leader_title                    = 
| leader_name                     = 
| leader_title1                   = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_name1                    = 
| unit_pref                       = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_magnitude                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 7133
| area_land_km2                   = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
<!-- Population   ----------------------->| elevation_footnotes             = <!--for references: use <ref> tags-->
| elevation_m                     = 558
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| population_total                = 642737
| population_as_of                = 2020 census
| population_footnotes            = <ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.xsbn.gov.cn/tjj/67472.news.detail.dhtml?news_id=2173899 |title =西双版纳州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报  |publisher = Government of Xishuangbanna Prefecture |language = zh   |date = 2021-05-18 }}</ref>
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_urban                = 
| population_blank1               = 
| population_density_blank1_km2   = 
| population_blank2_title         = 
| population_blank2               = <!-- General information  --------------->
| population_note                 = 
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code                     = 666100<ref name="cpi.com.cn">[http://www.cpi.com.cn/cpi-eng/code/yunnan.asp Area Code and Postal Code in Yunnan Province] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107025021/http://www.cpi.com.cn/cpi-eng/code/yunnan.asp |date=2007-11-07 }}</ref>
| area_code                       = [[Telephone numbers in China|0691]]<ref name="cpi.com.cn"/>
| website                         = {{url|www.jhs.gov.cn}}
| footnotes                       = <sup>1</sup>Yunnan Statistics Bureau [http://www.stats.yn.gov.cn/]<br/><sup>2</sup>Xishuangbanna Gov. [http://www.xsbn.gov.cn/]<br/><sup>3</sup>Yunnan Portal [http://www.yn.gov.cn/]
| image_dot_map                   = 
| dot_mapsize                     = 
| dot_map_caption                 = 
| dot_x                           = 
| dot_y                           = 
| leader_title2                   = 
| leader_name2                    = 
| leader_title3                   = 
| leader_name3                    = 
| leader_title4                   = 
| leader_name4                    = 
| timezone                        = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset                      = +8
| blank_name                      = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info                      = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
| blank1_name                     = 
| blank1_info                     = 
}}

'''Jinghong''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|景|洪}} |p=Jǐnghóng}}; {{langx|khb|ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦳᧂᧈ ᦉᦹᧈ}}; {{langx|th|เชียงรุ่ง}}, {{RTGS|''Chiang Rung''}}, {{IPA|th|tɕʰīaŋ rûŋ|pron}}; {{langx|nod|เจียงฮุ่ง}}, {{IPA|nod|tɕīaŋ hûŋ|pron}}; {{langx|lo|ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ}}, {{IPA|lo|síaŋ hūŋ|pron}}; also formerly romanised as ''Chiang Hung'', ''Chengrung'', ''Cheng Hung'', Jeng Hung,  ''Jinghung'', ''Keng Hung'', ''Kiang Hung'' and ''Muangjinghung'') is a city in and the seat of [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture]], in the far south of [[China]]'s [[Yunnan]] province, and the historic capital of the former [[Tai peoples|Tai]] kingdom of [[Sipsongpanna]].

==History==
The town was founded as [[Chiang Hung]] (Cheli), by Tai king [[Phanya Coeng]] in 1180.

===Kingdom of [[Chiang Hung]] (Sipsongpanna)===
During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, the Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna began a close and long-lasting relationship to [[Lanna]], another historic Tai kingdom that lay south. In 1296, Lanna's capital [[Chiang Mai]] was founded by [[Mangrai]], whose maternal grandfather was King Rung Kaen Chai ({{langx|th|รุ่งแก่นชาย}}) of Jinghong (i.e.: Sipsongpanna).

The kingdoms of Sipsongpanna and Lanna maintained ties through migration and intermarriage.

In 1401, the Sipsongpanna Tai ruler Tau Se Da Xam (pinyin: Dao Xianda) attacked a smaller Tai area to the north unknown as Weiyuan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/place/wei-yuan |title=Wei-yuan (威遠): Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource|last1=Wade|first1=Geoff|publisher=Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore |access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> equivalent to modern Jinggu).  The Ming administration sought to retaliate but adopted a cautious response of diplomacy and Tau Se Da Xam withdrew his troops.  About this period Sipsongpanna began to pay tribute to the Ming.

In 1405 the Sipsongpanna Tai attacked Chiang Mai, in conjunction with Ming Chinese troops.

In 1421 the Chinese attempted to cause a split in Sipsongpanna by backing multiple administrations during a period of civil strife, but their plan failed to succeed.

1448 saw the defeat of [[Mong Mao]], a Tai state in eastern Burma, by a combination of Chinese, Sipsongpanna and allied forces united under the Ming.

In the 1450s another struggle for succession arose in Sipsongpanna, with one faction backed by [[Kengtung]] and one by Chiang Mai. Despite the Kengtung faction's victory, conflict started with that state shortly afterwards.

The Burmese [[Toungoo]] state arose in the 1530s to crush Chiang Mai, and its influence also extended to Kengtung and Sipsongpanna, which like other Tai kingdoms soon began to pay tribute.

==Geography and climate==
[[File:Sipsongpanna.jpg|thumb|Lancang ([[Mekong]]) river in the evening with the new bridge]]
Jinghong has a latitude range of 21°27'–22°36' N and a longitude range of 100°25'–101°31' E. It borders [[Simao District]] of [[Pu'er City]] to the north, [[Mengla County]] and [[Jiangcheng County]] to the east and [[Menghai County]] to the west, as well as [[Burma]]'s [[Shan State]] to the south. The city is limited to the south by [[Hengduan Mountains]], and the [[Lancang River]] (Mekong) passes through Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towards [[Laos]].

Climatically, Jinghong has a humid subtropical climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') bordering on the [[tropical wet and dry climate]] (Köppen ''Aw''). The city has a generally humid climate with strong [[monsoon]]al influences. Summer is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such; instead, there is a [[dry season]] (December thru April) and [[wet season]] (May thru October). Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall ranging from {{convert|1100|to|1700|mm|in}}. The coolest month are December and January, averaging {{convert|17.5|°C|1}}, while the warmest is June, at {{convert|26.6|°C|1}}; the annual mean is {{convert|22.9|°C|1}}. However, high temperatures reach their peak in April before the onset of the monsoon from the Indian Ocean.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Jinghong, elevation {{convert|582|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000)
|Jan high C = 26.3
|Feb high C = 29.5
|Mar high C = 31.9
|Apr high C = 33.4
|May high C = 33.0
|Jun high C = 32.2
|Jul high C = 31.1
|Aug high C = 31.4
|Sep high C = 31.4
|Oct high C = 29.7
|Nov high C = 27.5
|Dec high C = 25.0

| Jan mean C  =17.5
| Feb mean C  =19.6
| Mar mean C  =22.1
| Apr mean C  =24.7
| May mean C  =26.0
| Jun mean C  =26.6
| Jul mean C  =26.0
| Aug mean C  =25.9
| Sep mean C  =25.3
| Oct mean C  =23.5
| Nov mean C  =20.3
| Dec mean C  =17.5
| year mean C =

|Jan low C = 12.3
|Feb low C = 12.7
|Mar low C = 15.2
|Apr low C = 18.6
|May low C = 21.4
|Jun low C = 23.2
|Jul low C = 23.1
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 22.1
|Oct low C = 20.3
|Nov low C = 16.6
|Dec low C = 13.6
|Jan record high C = 31.5
|Feb record high C = 34.3
|Mar record high C = 37.5
|Apr record high C = 41.1
|May record high C = 40.1
|Jun record high C = 37.7
|Jul record high C = 35.7
|Aug record high C = 35.8
|Sep record high C = 36.2
|Oct record high C = 34.1
|Nov record high C = 31.8
|Dec record high C = 30.2
|Jan record low C =  2.7
|Feb record low C =  6.6
|Mar record low C =  6.2
|Apr record low C = 11.9
|May record low C = 16.2
|Jun record low C = 18.1
|Jul record low C = 18.9
|Aug record low C = 19.3
|Sep record low C = 16.2
|Oct record low C = 12.0
|Nov record low C =  7.2
|Dec record low C =  1.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 20.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 9.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 28.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 56.3
|May precipitation mm = 130.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 138.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 232.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 217.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 138.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 104.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 22.9
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	2.9
|Feb precipitation days = 	2.6
|Mar precipitation days = 	4.6
|Apr precipitation days = 	9.7
|May precipitation days = 	16.2
|Jun precipitation days = 	19.1
|Jul precipitation days = 	22.7
|Aug precipitation days = 	21.4
|Sep precipitation days = 	15.4
|Oct precipitation days = 	11.8
|Nov precipitation days = 	5.5
|Dec precipitation days = 	3.7
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	212.5
|Feb sun = 	230.5
|Mar sun = 	229.9
|Apr sun = 	228.3
|May sun = 	206.0
|Jun sun = 	155.5
|Jul sun = 	125.0
|Aug sun = 	149.7
|Sep sun = 	173.3
|Oct sun = 	166.9
|Nov sun = 	181.5
|Dec sun = 	175.9
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	63
| Feb percentsun = 	71
| Mar percentsun = 	62
| Apr percentsun = 	60
| May percentsun = 	50
| Jun percentsun = 	39
| Jul percentsun = 	30
| Aug percentsun = 	38
| Sep percentsun = 	47
| Oct percentsun = 	47
| Nov percentsun = 	55
| Dec percentsun = 	53
| year percentsun =	
|Jan humidity = 	77
|Feb humidity = 	66
|Mar humidity = 	65
|Apr humidity = 	68
|May humidity = 	74
|Jun humidity = 	79
|Jul humidity = 	83
|Aug humidity = 	83
|Sep humidity = 	83
|Oct humidity = 	84
|Nov humidity = 	83
|Dec humidity = 	82
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name=IBST>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nmc.cn/publish/forecast/AYN/jinghong.html|script-title=zh:1981年-2010年（景洪）月平均气温和降水| publisher = National Meteorological Center of CMA| language = zh-hans| access-date = 29 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps| title = 中国气象数据网| language = zh-hans| publisher = [[China Meteorological Administration]]| access-date = 10 April 2023}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather China<ref name = Clim>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101291601.shtml??
| script-title=zh:景洪 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 
| publisher = Weather China
| language = zh-hans
| access-date = 9 November 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Administrative divisions==
Jinghong City has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 ethnic townships.<ref>{{cite web
  |url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/
  |title = 国家统计局
  |publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
  |language = zh
  |access-date = 2021-12-07}}</ref> 
;1 subdistrict
* [[Yunjinghong Subdistrict]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|允景洪街道}})
;5 towns
{|
|valign="top"|
* [[Gasa, Yunnan|Gasa]] ({{lang|zh-hans|嘎洒镇}})
* [[Menglong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|勐龙镇}})
* [[Menghan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|勐罕镇}})
|valign="top"|
* [[Mengyang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|勐养镇}})
* [[Puwen]] ({{lang|zh-hans|普文镇}})
|}
;3 townships
* [[Jingne]] ({{lang|zh-hans|景讷乡}})
* [[Dadugang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|大渡岗乡}})
* [[Mengwang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|勐旺乡}})
;2 ethnic townships
* [[Jingha Hani]] ({{lang|zh-hans|景哈哈尼族}})
* [[Jinuoshan Jinuo]] ({{lang|zh-hans|基诺山基诺族乡}})

==Transport==
[[File:Manting Imperial Garden.jpg|thumb|right|Manting Garden]]
[[File:Gasa Airport Terminal from North.jpg|thumb|right|The main terminal of Jinghong Airport]]
*[[Xishuangbanna Gasa International Airport]] is the second largest airport in Yunnan, located just five kilometers from the downtown. Flights to [[Kunming]], [[Shanghai]], [[Chengdu]] and other major [[cities in China]] run regularly. There is one weekly international flight to [[Luang Prabang]] (resumes 1 November).
*The city has the largest public transportation center in [[Xishuangbanna]] and connects travelers to nearby cities, towns and villages.
*[[China National Highway 214]]
*[[China National Highway 213]]
*[[Asian Highway Network]] [[AH3]]
*[[Kunming–Bangkok Expressway]]
*[[Xishuangbanna railway station]]

==Places of interest==
The [[Dai people|Dai]] [[Water festival|Water Splashing Festival]] and nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions.  Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near the city, of which [[Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden]] is the largest and most famous one.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[[Andrew Turton|Turton, Andrew]] (ed.) ''Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States''. Routledge, 2000.  ({{ISBN|0700711732}})
*Patterson Giersch, Charles. ''Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier''. Harvard University Press, 2006.  ({{ISBN|0674021711}})

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jinghong|Jinghong City}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Jinghong}}
*[http://www.jhs.gov.cn/ Jinghong City Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930110416/http://www.jhs.gov.cn/ |date=2008-09-30 }}

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[[Category:County-level divisions of Xishuangbanna Prefecture]]
[[Category:Tourism in Yunnan]]
[[Category:Jinghong| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Yunnan]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]