Editing Jitte

{{Short description|Japanese non-bladed weapon}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[Image:Jutte 1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A ''jitte'' with a sword-type case [[Commons:Category:Koshirae|(''koshirae'')]]]]
A {{Nihongo|'''''jitte'''''|十手||"ten hands"}} is a blunt melee [[weapon]] that was used by police in [[Edo period|Edo-period]] Japan (1603–1868). In English-language sources, it is sometimes incorrectly{{cn|date=April 2025}} spelled '''jutte''', such as in [[Ikkaku-ryū juttejutsu]].

==History==
In feudal Japan, it was a crime punishable by death to bring a sword into the ''[[shōgun]]''{{'}}s palace. This law applied to almost everyone, including the palace guards. Due to this prohibition, several kinds of non-bladed weapons were carried by palace guards. The jitte proved particularly effective and evolved to become the symbol of a palace guard's exalted position.<ref>[http://www.vancouverjujitsu.org/html/jutte.html Jutte (Ju-Te): The "Power-of-Ten-Hands" Weapon]</ref>

In Edo-period Japan, the jitte was a substitute for a badge, and it represented someone on official business. It was carried by all levels of police officers, including high-ranking samurai police officials and low-rank [[samurai]] [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] officers (called ''okappiki''{{citation needed|date=July 2022|reason=okappiki were not samurai, or even official police.  They were only lent jitte if a situation called for it.}} or ''doshin'').<ref>Stephen Turnbull, ''The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War'', p.113</ref><ref>Don Cunningham, ''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai'', Tuttle Publishing, 2004; p.65</ref> Other high-ranking samurai officials carried a jitte as a badge of office,<ref>Serge Mol, ''Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts'', pp.77–78</ref> including hotel, rice and grain inspectors (''aratame'').<ref>Cunningham, p.72</ref><ref>William E. Deal, ''Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan'', pp.166–167</ref> The jitte is the subject of the [[Japanese martial arts|Japanese martial art]] of ''[[jittejutsu]]''.<ref name="Mol">Serge Mol, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&dq=juttejutsu.&pg=PA80 ''Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts''], Kodansha International, 2003</ref>

==Description and technique==
[[Image:Yari jutte.JPG|thumb|A tassled jitte with a hidden [[stiletto]] in the hilt]]
Jitte may have a small point or blade attached to the hilt (''tsuka'') and hidden in the main shaft (''boshin''). Jitte could be highly decorated with all manner of inlays and designs or very plain and basic depending on the status of the owner and the jitte's intended use. Jitte could range in length from around 12 to over 24&nbsp;in ({{cvt|12|-|24|in|cm|disp=out}}).<ref name="Cunningham66"/> The modern jitte has a main shaft of about {{cvt|45|cm|in}} long, which ends in a blunt point (''sentan''), and a one-hooked tine (''kagi'') of about {{cvt|5|cm|in}} long starting just above the hilt. A popular misconception is that the ''kagi'' is used to catch a sword. It could possibly be used for this purpose, but the hook's proximity to the hand would make it rather dangerous; a more likely use for the hook would be to capture and arrest the blade after blocking it with the ''boshin''.<ref name="Mol80">Serge Mol, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&dq=juttejutsu.&pg=PA80 ''Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts''], Kodansha International, 2003; p.80</ref> The ''kagi''{{'}}s more common use is to hook into clothing or parts of the body like the nose or mouth, or to push into joints or other weak points on the body. It also could be used to hook the thumb while holding the weapon backwards, to allow different techniques such as punches and blocks, similarly to a [[Sai (weapon)|sai]]. The jitte can also be used in much the same manner as other short sticks or batons, to strike large muscle groups and aid in [[joint manipulation]].<ref name="Mol80"/>

==Parts of the jitte==
<ref name="Cunningham66">Cunningham, p.66</ref>
<ref>Daniel C. Pauley, Samantha Pauley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XJDT2baaAZIC&dq=jutte+boshin&pg=PA65 ''Pauley's Guide: A Dictionary of Japanese Martial Arts and Culture''], 2009, p.65</ref>
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Boshin|Boshin]]''''', the main shaft of the ''jitte'' which could be round or faceted. The ''boshin'' of most ''jitte'' were iron, but some were made from wood.<ref>Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&dq=hachiwara&pg=PA128 Samurai: ''The Code of the Warrior''], Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008; p.129</ref>
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Kagi|Kagi]]''''', the hook protruding from the side of the ''boshin''. ''Jitte'' may have more than one ''kagi'', with some ''jitte'' having two or even three ''kagi''.<ref name="Cunningham66"/>
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Kan|Kan]]''''', the ring or loop at the pommel of the ''tsuka''. A cord or tassel could be tied to the ''kan''.  Also note its 'skull cracker' design.
*'''''Kikuza''''' ("chrysanthemum seat"): if the ''kagi'' is attached to the ''boshin'' through a hole in the ''boshin'', the protrusion on the opposite side is called a ''kikuza''.
* '''''[[Koshirae]]'''''. ''Jitte'' can occasionally be found housed in a sword-type case hiding the ''jitte'' from view entirely. This type of ''jitte'' can have the same parts and fittings as a sword, including ''seppa'', ''tsuba'', ''menuki'', ''koiguchi'', ''kojiri'', ''nakago'', ''mekugi-ana'' and ''mei''.
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Sentan|Sentan]]''''', the blunt point of the main shaft of the ''jitte''.
* '''''[[Tsuba]]''''', a hand guard present on some types of ''jitte''.
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Tsuka (jutte)|Tsuka]]''''', the hilt of the ''jitte'', which could be wrapped or covered with various materials, or left plain.
*'''''[[Commons:Category:Tsukamaki (jutte)|Tsukamaki]]''''', the wrapping on the hilt (''tsuka''). Materials such as ray skin (''[[Commons:Category:Same'|same]]''), leather, and cord were used.

==Other jitte types and similar weapons==
*''[[Hachiwara]]''
*''Karakuri jitte''<ref name="Mol221">Serge Mol, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&dq=Marohoshi+jutte&pg=PA211 ''Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts''], Kodansha International, 2003; p.221</ref>
*''Marohoshi''<ref name="Mol221"/>
*''Naeshi'' or ''nayashi'' ''jitte'' have no hook or ''kagi''.<ref name="Mol"/>
*''[[Tekkan]]''

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jutte sentan (tip or point).jpg|The ''sentan'' (tip or point) of a ''jitte'' with a hexagonal ''boshin'' (shaft)
File:Jutte tsuka and tsukamaki 2.jpg|The ''tsuka'' (handle) showing the ray skin ''(same)'' tsukamaki (handle wrap)
File:Jutte kan 2.jpg|The ''kan'' (end loop)
File:Jutte kagi close up.JPG|The ''kagi'' (hook)
File:Naesshi or nayashi jutte 1.jpg|Naesshi or nayashi jitte, a hookless ''jitte''
File:Antique Japanese (samurai) jutte with a wooden boshin.JPG|A ''jitte'' with a wooden shaft
File:Antique Japanese (samurai) jutte with a hexagon boshin.JPG|An antique jitte with a hexagonal ''boshin'' (shaft)
Image:2 sai jutte.JPG|A matched pair of iron ''jitte'' and two ''kagi'' (hooks), similar to a [[Sai (weapon)|sai]], copper covered ''tsuka'' (handle) and iron ''kan'' (end loop) with tassel
Karakuri_jitte.jpg|Karakuri jitte
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.samuraiweapons.org/Jutte_Samurai.php Samurai Weapons, Samurai Armors and the Samurai way of life.]
* [http://www.e-budokai.com/weapons/index.htm Don Cunningham's web site, Edo period police weapons and tactics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306032313/http://e-budokai.com/weapons/index.htm |date=2016-03-06 }}
* [https://seishinninpodojo.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/roles-and-techniques-of-the-police-during-the-edo-period-1603-1867-by-dr-kacem-zoughari/ ROLES AND TECHNIQUES OF THE POLICE DURING THE EDO PERIOD (1603–1867) by Dr. Kacem Zoughari]

{{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jitte}}
[[Category:Clubs and truncheons of Japan]]
[[Category:Samurai clubs and truncheons]]
[[Category:Samurai police weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of Japan]]