Editing Jive Records

{{short description|American record label}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox record label
| bgcolor     = #00529f
| name        = {{color|White|Jive Records}}
| image       = Jive Records logo.svg
| image_size  = 130px
| parent      = [[Bertelsmann Music Group]] (BMG) (2002–2008)<br>[[Sony Music Entertainment]] (SME) (2008–2011)
| founded     = {{start date and age|1981}}<ref name="Malan1"/>
| status      = {{hlist|Inactive}}
| founder     = [[Clive Calder]]
| defunct     = {{end date and age|2011|10|7}}
| distributor = [[Legacy Recordings]] (reissues)
| genre       = Various
| country     = United States
| location    = [[New York City]], [[Chicago]]
| url         = 
}}
'''Jive Records''' (later stylized as '''JIVE Records''') was a British-American [[independent record label]] founded by [[Clive Calder]] in 1981 as a subsidiary of the [[Zomba Group of Companies|Zomba Group]]. In the [[US]], the label had offices in [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]]. Jive was best known for its successes with [[hip hop music|hip hop]], R&B, and dance acts in the 1980s and 1990s, along with [[teen pop]] and [[boy band]]s during the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Jive was acquired by [[Bertelsmann Music Group]] in 2002.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine|last1=Brandle|first1=Lars|last2=Christman|first2=Ed|last3=Spahr|first3=Wolfgang|date=5 April 2003|title=BMG 2002 Profits Up; Zomba Cuts Begin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=7}}</ref> In 2008, BMG itself was bought out by [[Sony Music Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|date=2 October 2008|title=Sony Buys Out Bertelsmann, Ending Sony BMG|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sony-buys-out-bertelsmann-ending-sony-bmg-101255/|access-date=|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> Jive Records thereupon remained a unit wholly owned by Sony up until the label’s dissolution in 2011, when Jive was absorbed into [[RCA Records]].

==History==
===1970s: Beginnings===
In 1971, South African businessmen [[Clive Calder]] and [[Ralph Simon]] began a publishing and management company. It was named [[Zomba Group of Companies|Zomba Records]] and relocated to [[London]], England, four years later; their first client was a young [[Robert "Mutt" Lange]]. Zomba originally wanted to avoid record labels to instead focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material.<ref name="knopper1">{{cite book|title=Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age|url=https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0|url-access=registration|last=Knopper|first=Steve|year=2009|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-5215-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0/page/80 80–104]}}</ref> Later that decade, the company opened offices in the US, where Calder began a business relationship with [[Clive Davis]], whose [[Arista Records]] began releasing material by Zomba artists.<ref name="knopper1" />

===Formation and early distribution at Arista and RCA (1981)===
In 1981, Zomba formed Jive Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music from groups such as [[Q-Feel]], [[A Flock of Seagulls]], and [[Tight Fit]].<ref name="Malan1">{{cite magazine|last=Malan|first=Rian|date=25 July 2002|title=The $3 Billion Man: Clive Calder|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|volume=901|pages=26, 28}}</ref> Its name was inspired by [[Jaiva|township Jive]], a type of music that originated in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/zomba-records-ltd-history/|title=History of Zomba Records Ltd. |website=Fundinguniverse.com|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> Clive Davis had hoped that Zomba's connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having with launching rock acts to success.

=== Hip hop sprawl and rise in popularity (1982–1995) ===
[[File:Dj jazzy jeff-mika.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[DJ Jazzy Jeff]] pictured in 2002. The [[hip hop]] duo [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince]] sold over 5.5 million records with the label, and became the first hip hop act to win a [[Grammy Award]] for "[[Parents Just Don't Understand]]" in [[31st Annual Grammy Awards|1989]].|left]]
By 1982, Calder was introduced to [[Barry Weiss]], a young college graduate who took Calder out to [[hip-hop]] clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Melinda |date=2008-04-25 |title=BMG's Weiss brings in business savvy |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-weiss25apr25-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210020/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-weiss25apr25-story.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Weiss and Calder began grooming musicians for what would eventually become the hip hop group [[Whodini]].<ref name="knopper1" /> After two days, the group created and recorded its hit single "Magic's Wand." While the group would eventually leave Jive, the early success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s.<ref name="Malan1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Patrick |date=1988-06-19 |title=A Rappin' Big Year for Little Jive Records |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-19-ca-7788-story.html |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1987, Jive cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Davis, who eschewed hip hop music at his label.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Seabrook |first=John |title=The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780393241938 |chapter=6 {{!}} Martin Sandberg’s Terrible Secret |access-date=2021-10-02 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOdwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55}}</ref> As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a distribution deal with Arista's sister label [[RCA Records]], and it continued to sign hip hop acts including [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]], [[Boogie Down Productions]], [[Too $hort]], [[Schoolly D]], and [[Kid Rock]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kid Rock |url=https://www.biography.com/musician/kid-rock |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Biography |date= December 5, 2019|language=en-us}}</ref>
[[File:Aaliyah Dana Haughton-05.jpg|thumb|[[Aaliyah]] pictured in 2000. Her debut studio album ''[[Age Ain't Nothing but a Number|Age Ain't Nothing But a Number]]'' sold over 6 million copies and became a multi-[[Platinum record|platinum]] record for the label.]]
In 1990, Calder bought Simon’s stake in Zomba and became the sole owner of Jive Records.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=White |first1=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Untold Saga of the Zomba Group |last2=Newman |first2=Melinda |date=5 May 2001 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=113 |pages=1, 98–100 |access-date=2021-10-02 |issue=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 March 2001|title=Jive Talking|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/0319/138.html|access-date=|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Jive's distribution deal with RCA expired in 1991. At this time, [[Bertelsmann Music Group]] acquired a minority share of the label and began to distribute its records directly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holson |first=Laura M. |date=2002-06-12 |title=BMG to Buy Rest of Zomba, The Home Of Pop Stars |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/12/business/bmg-to-buy-rest-of-zomba-the-home-of-pop-stars.html |access-date=2021-10-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Weiss became chief executive of Jive Records that year.<ref name=":2" /> Jive opened branches in [[Chicago]] and had also become a premier label in the genres of hip hop and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] with the success of acts like [[D-Nice]], [[E-40]], [[UGK]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], [[Hi-Five]], [[KRS-One]]/[[Boogie Down Productions]], [[R. Kelly]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McAdams |first=Janine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Jive Records Jibing in R&B Arena |date=14 November 1992 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=104 |pages=20, 23 |access-date=2021-10-02 |issue=46}}</ref> and [[Aaliyah]].

=== Teen pop acts (1996–2001) ===
In 1996, BMG deepened its relationship with the label by purchasing a 20-percent stake of Jive.<ref name=":5" /> By the late 1990s, Jive began signing pop acts [[Backstreet Boys]], [[NSYNC]] and [[Britney Spears]]. All three acts achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the label's history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Paoletta |first=Michael |date=30 October 1999 |title=Jive Rides Teen-pop Wave: Trend-savvy Label Looks Beyond Legal Tangles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Jive+Rides+Teen-pop+Wave%22&pg=PA7 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |pages=1, 72}}Retrieved September 28, 2021.</ref>

===2000s: Acquisition by BMG and Sony===
In 2002, Calder sold Zomba to BMG for US$2.74 billion,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=2007-07-23 |title=Oops! ...They Did It Again |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/business/media/23music.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arango |first=Tim |date=2002-11-27 |title=BMG GETS FLEECED – SHELLS OUT $2.74B FOR ZOMBA, WITHOUT CALDER |url=https://nypost.com/2002/11/27/bmg-gets-fleeced-shells-out-2-74b-for-zomba-without-calder/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[New York Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Green|first=Tim|date=2020-03-03|title='This business is about what's coming next. It always has been.'|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/ralph-simon-this-business-is-about-whats-coming-next-it-always-has-been/|access-date=|website=Music Business Worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> Calder then announced his resignation from Zomba, but continued to stay on at Jive in a temporary advisory role as Zomba was integrated into BMG.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Benz |first1=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=BMG's New Task: Maintaining Zomba's Culture, Creativity |last2=Horwitz |first2=Carolyn |date=7 December 2002 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=114 |pages=3, 4 |access-date=2021-10-02 |issue=49}}</ref> Weiss succeeded Calder as the new head of Zomba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Christman|first=Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68|title=Sony BMG|date=7 August 2004|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=116|issue=32|pages=68}}</ref> In 2004, BMG merged with Sony Music Entertainment to form [[Sony BMG]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willis |first=Barry |date=2004-08-09 |title=Done Deal: Sony BMG |url=https://www.stereophile.com/news/080904sonybmg/index.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Stereophile |language=en}}</ref> During this time, Jive's management and distribution were restructured under the newly formed [[Zomba Label Group]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dansby |first=Andrew |date=14 January 2004 |title=L.A. Reid Exits Arista |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/l-a-reid-exits-arista-242799/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906104637/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/l-a-reid-exits-arista-242799/ |archive-date=6 September 2019}} Retrieved September 28, 2021.</ref> Artists who had previously been on LaFace and Arista Records were subsequently absorbed under the Zomba group and placed under the purview of Jive Records’ staff. Thus, artists such as [[Pink (singer)|Pink]], [[Usher (musician)|Usher]], and [[Outkast]] became de facto Jive artists. Though both physical record sales and teen pop had steadily declined since the early 2000s, the output from Jive’s newer artists — particularly Usher’s [[Confessions (Usher album)|''Confessions'']] album and Outkast’s ''[[Speakerboxxx/The Love Below]]'' — would prove to be profitable successes for Jive. In addition to releasing Spears’ 2007 album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ollison|first=Rashod D.|date=27 October 2007|title=Britney's back, breathy as ever|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref> Jive was now also the home of a solo [[Justin Timberlake]], whose ''[[FutureSex/LoveSounds]]'' also saw high sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2006 |title=Justin Timberlake's FutureSex/LoveSounds Enters the Billboard Top 200 as the #1 Album in the Country |url=https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/sony-music-entertainment/2006/justin-timberlakes-futuresexlovesounds-enters-the-billboard-top-200-as-the-1-album-in-the-country.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[Sony Music Entertainment]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Other Jive artists at that time included [[Ciara]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 February 2011 |title=Ciara Pleas To Be Released From Jive |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2494996/ciara-pleas-to-be-dropped-from-jive/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514183700/http://www.mtv.com/news/2494996/ciara-pleas-to-be-dropped-from-jive/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 14, 2016 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref> and [[Chris Brown]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hildebrand |first=Lee |date=2006-10-01 |title=Brown runs with it |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Brown-runs-with-it-2550485.php |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[SF Gate]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wang |first=Amy X. |date=2020-03-06 |title=At Work With Barry Weiss, CEO of RECORDS |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/features/barry-weiss-music-records-at-work-958876/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US |access-date=}} Retrieved September 28, 2021.</ref>

By early 2008, the BMG Label Group was said to include [[RCA Records]], [[J Records]], [[LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Volcano Entertainment]], [[Verity Records|Verity]], [[GospoCentric]] and Fo Yo Soul  — all overseen by Weiss.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Christman |first=Ed |date=26 April 2008 |title=Barry's Big Day |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/00s/2008/BB-2008-04-26.pdf |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=10}} Retrieved September 28, 2021.</ref> Later that year, Sony and BMG dissolved its merger, with the former buying out shares of the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hefflinger |first=Mark |date=5 August 2008 |title=Bertelsmann Sells Stake in Sony BMG for $1.2 Billion |url=http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2008/08/05/bertelsmann-sells-stake-sony-bmg-$1.2-billion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122124830/http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2008/08/05/bertelsmann-sells-stake-sony-bmg-$1.2-billion |archive-date=22 November 2008 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Digital Media Wire}}</ref> As a result of Sony's buyout, Jive (along with its BMG sisters RCA and Arista) became a wholly owned unit of a refreshed [[Sony Music|Sony Music Entertainment]]. Starting in 2008 Jive was all capital (e.g. JIVE Records), this change started when BMG Label Group was renamed [[RCA/Jive Label Group|RCA/JIVE Label Group]].

===2010s: Dormancy===
After two decades as president of Jive, Barry Weiss left for [[Universal Music Group]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine|last=Perpetua|first=Matthew|date=7 October 2011|title=RCA Folds Arista, Jive and J Records|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rca-folds-arista-jive-and-j-records-236750/|access-date=22 June 2021|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2011 |title=Barry Weiss Exits RCA/Jive |url=https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=291609&title+Barry-Weiss-Exits-RCA-Jive |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=HITS Daily Double |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Music Hires Sony Executive Barry Weiss|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-07/universal-music-hires-sony-executive-barry-weiss.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2010|access-date=22 June 2021|website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=7 December 2010|author-first1=Andy|author-last1=Fixmer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211051824/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-07/universal-music-hires-sony-executive-barry-weiss.html}}</ref> On October 7, 2011, it was announced that Jive, along with Arista and [[J Records]], would be retired to refresh and re-brand [[RCA Records]] by not confusing or diluting it with other labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halperin |first=Shirley |date=2011-10-07 |title=RCA Execs Confirm Jive and Arista Labels Shut Down |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/rca-execs-confirm-jive-arista-245392/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> All retained artists on those labels were then moved to RCA Records.<ref>{{cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=8 August 2011 |title=Peter Edge Named CEO of Sony's RCA Music Group |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/peter-edge-named-ceo-sonys-220328/ |access-date=2021-10-02 |work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Halperin |first=Shirley |date=12 July 2011 |title=L.A. Reid's First Week at Epic Has Some Staffers Feeling 'Energized' |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715194815/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=2021-09-28 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The label is currently in hibernation, with the distribution of its back catalog handled by Sony Music's [[Legacy Recordings]]. Previously, the Jive brand was being exclusively used under the Sony Music France division under the name Jive [[Epic Records|Epic]] in [[France]] until 2019, when it was absorbed into RCA Records France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.fr/labels/|title=Labels - Sony Music - France|work=Sony Music France|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=May 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524030404/http://www.sonymusic.fr/labels/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==R. Kelly controversy==
On September 27, 2021, singer [[R. Kelly]] was found guilty by a federal jury of acts including bribery and [[Sexual slavery|sexual exploitation]] of a child.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Tyler |last2=Cohen |first2=Luc |date=2021-09-28 |title=R. Kelly convicted of luring women, underage girls for sex |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/jurors-resume-deliberations-r-kelly-trial-2021-09-27/ |access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref> Allegations of Kelly’s sexual misconduct had long followed the singer since his early career with Jive in the early 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Closson |first=Troy |date=2021-08-30 |title=In R. Kelly Trial, the Verdict May Hinge on a Circle of Enablers |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/nyregion/r-kelly-trial-racketeering-enablers.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Edgers |first=Geoff |date=4 May 2018 |title=How the music industry overlooked R. Kelly's alleged abuse of young women |language=en |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/05/04/feature/how-the-music-industry-overlooked-r-kellys-alleged-abuse-of-young-women/ |access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref> as well as throughout the 2000s when a video tape surfaced allegedly showing Kelly engaging in sexual acts with a minor and when Kelly was arrested for possession of [[child pornography]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=DeRogatis |first1=Jim |last2=Pallasch |first2=Abdon M. |date=8 February 2002 |title=City police investigate R&B singer R. Kelly in sex tape |url=http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-kelly08.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020212051418/http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-kelly08.html |archive-date=12 February 2002 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Susman |first=Gary |date=23 January 2003 |title=R. Kelly is arrested on porn charges...again |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/01/23/r-kelly-arrested-porn-chargesagain/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref>

Despite the scandals, Kelly remained signed to Jive’s roster and continued to release albums with the label up to its merger with [[RCA Records|RCA]] in 2011.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' ran a lengthy article alleging industry executives at Jive had been aware of Kelly's sexually abusive behavior towards young women for years, but did nothing about them due to his success as a performer and songwriter.<ref name=":2" /> The article reported Clive Calder had been warned about Kelly’s behavior as early as 1994; it quoted him: "Clearly, we missed something."<ref name=":2" />

Former Jive president Barry Weiss told the newspaper that during his 20 years with the label, he never concerned himself with Kelly's private life, and was unaware of two lawsuits filed against Kelly and the label by women alleging sexual misconduct, suits in which the label had successfully argued it was not [[Legal liability|liable]].<ref name=":2" /> Larry Khan, another Jive executive who worked closely with the singer even after viewing the sex tape, similarly implied Kelly’s misconduct was not the label's responsibility and pointed to [[Chuck Berry]] and [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] as musicians whose labels also continued to release and promote their records despite public awareness that they were involved with underage girls.<ref name=":2" />

==Discography==
{{main|Jive Records discography}}

==Artists==
{{main|List of Jive Records artists}}

== See also ==
*[[Zomba Group of Companies]]
*[[RCA/Jive Label Group]]
*[[Lists of record labels|List of record labels]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last=Knopper | first=Steve | title=Appetite for self-destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age | publisher=Free Press | publication-place=New York | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4165-5215-4 | oclc=209699402}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160110195046/http://www.zombalabelsgroup.com/ Zomba Label Group] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071018052124/http://musicbox.sonybmg.com/ Sony BMG Music Entertainment] (archived)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWNWjiTGsRM Video interview with Jeff Fenster (Senior Vice President of A&R at Jive Records)]
* {{Discogs label}}
* {{MusicBrainz label}}

{{Sony Corp}}
{{Zomba Group of Companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Record labels established in 1981]]
[[Category:Record labels disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:American record labels]]
[[Category:Pop record labels]]
[[Category:Hip-hop record labels]]
[[Category:Rock record labels]]
[[Category:RCA Records]]
[[Category:Electronic music record labels]]
[[Category:Sony Music]]
[[Category:Zomba Group of Companies subsidiaries]]
[[Category:IFPI members]]