Editing Jon Appleton

{{Short description|American composer and teacher (1939–2022)}}
{{distinguish|John Appleton}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
[[File:JonAppleton (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Appleton in 2013]]
'''Jon Howard Appleton''' (January 4, 1939 – January 30, 2022) was an American composer, an educator and a pioneer in [[electro-acoustic music]]. His earliest compositions in the medium, e.g. "Chef d'Oeuvre" and "Newark Airport Rock" (1967) attracted attention because they established a new tradition some have called [[Program music|programmatic]] [[electronic music]]. In 1970, he won [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim]],{{Sfn|''Rutland Daily Herald''|1970}} [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] and [[The American-Scandinavian Foundation|American-Scandinavian Foundation]] fellowships. When he was twenty-eight years old, he joined the faculty of [[Dartmouth College]] where he established one of the first electronic music studios in the United States. He remained there intermittently for forty-two years. In the mid-1970s, he left Dartmouth to briefly become the head of [[Elektronmusikstudion]] (EMS) [[:sv:Elektronmusikstudion|(sv)]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. In the late 1970s, together with [[New England Digital|Sydney Alonso]] and [[New England Digital|Cameron Jones]], he helped develop the first commercial [[Digital data|digital]] [[synthesizer]] called the [[Synclavier]].{{Sfn|"Synclavier Early History" ||p=}} For a decade he toured around the United States and [[Europe]] performing the compositions he composed for this instrument. In the early 1990s, he helped found the [[Theremin Center|Theremin Center for Electronic Music]] at the [[Moscow State Conservatory|Moscow Conservatory of Music]]. He also taught at [[Keio University]] (Mita) in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], [[CCRMA]] at [[Stanford University]] and the [[University of California Santa Cruz]]. In his later years, he devoted most of his time to the composition of instrumental and [[choral]] music in a quasi-[[Romantic music|Romantic]] vein which has largely been performed only in France, Russia and Japan.

==Early life==
Appleton was born in [[Los Angeles, California]], on January 4, 1939, to [[Jewish]] parents: Helen Jacobs Appleton (born in [[Philadelphia]], 1908) and Charles Leonard Appleton (born Chaim Epelboim in [[Kishinev]], [[Bessarabia]], July 14, 1900). His mother was employed by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and his father by [[Twentieth Century Fox]] film studios. His father left his family the year Appleton was born and he spent his first years in Mrs. Bell's (an orphanage) and with his brother (Michael Charles Appleton, born 1932) at Palomar [[Military Academy]]. When he was six years old his mother married Alexander "Sasha" Walden (born in [[Ufa]], [[Russia]], in 1897), a [[double-bass]] player in the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] orchestra. He was the greatest musical influence in Appleton's young life seeing that he studied piano, encouraging him to compose music and taking him to multiple concerts. Appleton's parents were true believers in the [[Soviet Union]] and active members of the multiple [[left-wing]] organizations including the [[Communist party]]. In the 1950s both his parents were [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] and lost their jobs. As a child Appleton studied piano with [[Jacob Gimpel]] and [[Theodore Saidenberg]] but preferred composing his own music rather than playing the works assigned to him (e.g. [[Chopin]], [[Domenico Scarlatti|Scarlatti]], [[Prokofiev]]). However, he developed a deep, lifelong affection for [[Music of Russia|Russian music]].

==Career==
===1960s===
From 1957 to 1961 Appleton was a student at [[Reed College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]. These years shaped his future life: he composed for his fellow students who performed everything he composed, he decided to become a college professor and in 1959 he married his first wife, a fellow student, Georganna Towne. Following his graduation from Reed College, Appleton moved to [[San Francisco, California]], where his first child was born (Jennifer Appleton). Simultaneously he studied composition with [[Andrew Imbrie]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], collaborated with writer [[Willard S. Bain]] (1938–2000) writing musical comedies and was employed at the [[Macy's]] department store as an assistant buyer.

In 1962–1963 Appleton was the music teacher at the [[Verde Valley School]] in [[Sedona, Arizona]], where he conducted the [[choir]] and [[orchestra]], taught [[music theory]], [[history]] and [[piano]] lessons.

From 1963 to 1966 Appleton was a graduate student at the [[University of Oregon]] in [[Eugene, Oregon]], where he studied with [[Homer Keller]], [[Henri Lazarof]], [[Felix Salzer]] and [[Robert Trotter]]. It was there that he assembled a primitive [[electronic music]] studio and composed his first works in this genre. His thesis was an orchestral work, ''After "Nude Descending a Staircase"''. Most of the instrumental and vocal music he composed at this time used [[serial technique]] that he loved to compose. During his years in Eugene he became a lifelong friend of the pianist [[Gabriel Chodos]].

In 1966, on the basis of his early electronic music, he was invited by [[Vladimir Ussachevsky]] at [[Columbia University]] to study in the [[Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center]]. He became an advocate for electronic music and became friends with fellow composers [[Charles Dodge (composer)|Charles Dodge]], [[Emmanuel Ghent]] and [[Richard Taruskin]].

During 1966–1968 he was hired by [[Oakland University]] in [[Rochester, Michigan]], to establish an electronic music studio. When the university officials reneged on their promise, he resigned and accepted a position at [[Dartmouth College]]. It was during this year that his son, [[Jon Jason Appleton]] was born ({{italics correction|''a.k.a.''}} JJ Appleton; born April 19, 1967).

===1970s===
At [[Dartmouth College]] Appleton's work in electronic music was generously encouraged by the administration of President [[John G. Kemeny]] and by a generous donation from Gerald Bregman '54. The Bregman Electronic Music studio was one of the pioneering studios at American universities and became a center for many visiting composers. Two of these, [[Lars-Gunnar Bodin]] (1935, [[Stockholm, Sweden]] – 2021) and [[Jean-Claude Risset]] (born 1938, LePuy, [[France]]) became important colleagues throughout Appleton's life. In 1970 Appleton also was influenced by the work of  the "father" of computer music, [[Max Mathews|Max V. Mathews]] and by French composers [[François Bayle]], Beatriz Ferreyra and Michel Redolfi.

It was at this time that he initiated the first competition for electronic music that was held for three years at Dartmouth College.

In 1969 Appleton's first recordings were published ([[Appleton Syntonic Menagerie|Syntonic Menagerie]] and Human Music – the latter in collaboration with jazz musician [[Don Cherry (jazz)|Don Cherry]] – on the [[Flying Dutchman Records|Flying Dutchman]] label,{{Sfn|''Discogs''}} produced by [[Bob Thiele]].

In 1973 Appleton began his collaboration with engineers Sydney Alonso and Cameron Jones, which led to the creation of the [[New England Digital|Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer]] and ultimately the [[Synclavier]].{{Sfn|"Synclavier Early History" ||p=}} However, it was not until the 1980s that Appleton composed his best works for this [[Digital data|digital]] [[synthesizer]] and on which he gave concerts of his own music for the following decade.

His love of [[Sweden]] led Appleton to leave [[Dartmouth College]] in 1976–1977 and become the director of Elektronmusikstudion, Sweden's national center for electronic music. His difficulty with the Swedish bureaucracy led to his resignation and he returned to [[Norwich, Vermont]], as a partner, for one year, in the newly formed firm [[New England Digital|New England Digital Corporation]] that had begun to manufacture the [[Synclavier]]. The following year he returned to the faculty of Dartmouth College.

It was also during this time in his life that Appleton developed a serious interest in the music of [[Polynesia]] and [[Micronesia]]. He led a group of Dartmouth students to the Kingdom of [[Tonga]] and later received a grant from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] to train radio personnel on the Micronesian islands of [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]] and [[Pohnpei]] to record and broadcast their own music.

===1980s===
It was during this period that Appleton began to compose his best computer music and live-electronic music. Many of his works for this genre were first premiered at the annual festival held by the [http://www.imeb.net Groupe de Musique Experimentale de Bourges] ([[France]]) and at [[Fylkingen]] in [[Stockholm, Sweden]].

During his time in [[Bourges]], Appleton became a founding member of the [[International Confederation for Electro-Acoustic Music]] ([http://www.cime-icem.net/]). His stimulating interaction with composers from many nations led him to believe that a similar organization in the United States might help raise the profile of electro-acoustic music in his own country. In 1984, together with a small group of like-minded composers, Appleton helped establish the [[Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States]] (SEAMUS). He ultimately served for a time as president of the society.

In the summer of 1984 Appleton helped [[Moses Asch]], founder of [[Folkways Records]], release its first recordings of [[electro-acoustic music]]. According to Asch's wishes, these recordings have remained in print under the Smithsonian/Folkways auspices.

===1990s===
The decade of the 1990s saw Appleton spending increasing amount of time abroad: teaching at [[Keio University]] (Mita) in [[Tokyo, Japan]], for three years and frequently visiting [[Moscow, Russia]], where he was inspired by the enthusiasm of young composers. He encouraged the composer/engineer Andre Smirnov to establish the [[Theremin Center]] at the [[Moscow Conservatory of Music]]. Appleton was first introduced to Russian musicians and artists by the choral conductor/ethnologist [[Dmitri Pokrovsky]] (1944–1996) and this began his compositional return to instrumental and choral music, much of it composed for the pianist [[Julia Turkina]] and cellist [[Alexander Zagorinsky]]. In an essay entitled "How I Became a Russian Composer" (2009) Appleton explains his love of Russian music and culture that he believes his stepfather, Alexander Walden, instilled in him.{{Sfn|Appleton, |2009|p=}}

Also in this decade Appleton composed two full-length [[operas]] for a choir of 1500 children and professional orchestra. The works, ''HOPI: La naissance de Desert'' and ''Le Dernier Voyage de Jean-Gallup de la Perouse'', were conducted by [[Alain Joutard]] and commissioned by the Delegation Departmental à la Musique et à la Danse of the Conseil General des Alpes-Maritimes in [[Nice, France]].

==Personal life and death==
Appleton died on January 30, 2022, at his home in Vermont, at the age of 83.<ref>[https://cdm.link/2022/02/jon-appleton-composer-and-synclavier-innovator-has-died/ Jon Appleton, composer and Synclavier innovator, has died]</ref>

== Works ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* "Apolliana" (1970)
* {{Hanging indent |text="CCCP (In Memoriam: Anatoly Kuznetsov)" (1969) }}
* {{Hanging indent |text="Ce que signifie la déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789 pour les hommes et les citoyens des îles Marquises" (1989) }}
* "Chef d'œuvre" (1967)
* "Degitaru Ongaku" (1983)
* "Dima Dobralsa Domoy" (1996)
* "Dr Quisling in Stockholm" (1971)
* "Georganna's Fancy" (1966)
* "Georganna's Farewell" (1975)
* "Homage To Orpheus" (1969)
* "Homenaje a Milanés" (1987)
* "Human Music" (1969)
* "In Deserto" (1977)
* "In Medias Res" (1978)
* "King's Road #8" (1970)
* "Mussems Sång" (1976)
* "Newark Airport Rock" (1969)
* "Oskuldens Dröm" (1985)
* "{{-'}}Otahiti" (1973)
* "San Francisco Airport Rock" (1996)
* "Spuyten Duyvil" (1967)
* "Stereopticon" (1972)
* "The Sydsing Camklang" (1976)
* "Syntrophia" (1977)
* "Times Square Times Ten" (1969)
* "{{-'}}U ha'amata 'atou 'i te himene" (1996)
* "Yamanotesen To Ko" (1997)
* "Zoetrope" (1974)
{{div col end}}

== Recordings ==
{{Listen
| filename      = Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon.oga
| title         = "Sashasonjon"
| description   = From the album ''Four Fantasies for Synclavier'' (1984). Composed and performed by Jon Appleton on the [[Synclavier II]].
| pos           = right
}}
*[[Times Square Times Ten]] (1969)
*[[Appleton Syntonic Menagerie]] ([[Flying Dutchman Records]], 1969)
*[[Human Music]] (with [[Don Cherry (jazz)|Don Cherry]]) (1970)
*[[The World Music Theatre of Jon Appleton]] ([[Folkways Records]], 1974)
* ''The Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer'' (Folkways, 1976)
   <ol type="i" start="1">
   <li> "Georganna's Farewell" ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fRkBxlEvNc audio] via [[YouTube]])</li></ol>
*[[Music for Synclavier and Other Digital Systems: With Jon Appleton, Composer]] (Folkways, 1978)
*[[The Tale of William Mariner and The Snow Queen]] (1982)
*[[Two Melodramas for Synclavier]] (Folkways, 1982)
*[[Four Fantasies for Synclavier]], (Folkways, 1982)
* {{Hanging indent |text=CDCM (Consortium to Distribute Computer Music) –  Vol. 6: ''The Computer Music Studio'' (series) (1990) }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>  {{Hanging indent |text="Brush Canyon" }}</li></ol>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>  {{Hanging indent |text="Degitaru Ongaku" }}</li></ol>
: {{Hanging indent |text=Produced at The Bregman Electronic Music Studio, [[Dartmouth College]]. }}
: [[Centaur Records|Centaur]] CRC 2052.
: [[Discogs]] [https://www.discogs.com/release/376127 release ID 376127].
: [[AllMusic]] [https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001367376 album ID mw0001367376].
: {{Hanging indent |text={{OCLC|221038958|23361266|221715272}}, {{OCLC search link|1069306162}}, {{OCLC search link|912739571}}, {{OCLC search link|782901990}}, {{OCLC search link|220949766}}. }}

* {{Hanging indent |text=CDCM – Vol. 11: ''The Virtuoso in the Computer Age – II'' (1991){{Sfn|Perkis|1993|p=}}{{Sfn|''Sydney Morning Herald,'' August 2,|1993|p=}} }}
<ol type="i" start="6">
<li> {{Hanging indent |text="Homenaje a Milanes," Jon Appleton and Neil Rolnick, computer music systems. }}</li></ol>
: {{Hanging indent |text=Recorded and produced with support from The Bregman Electronic Music Studio at [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] }}
: [[Centaur Records|Centaur]] CRC 2133.
: [[Discogs]] [https://www.discogs.com/release/623521 release ID 623521].
: [[AllMusic]] [https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001826434 album ID mw0001826434].
: {{OCLC|890729969}}.

* {{Hanging indent |text=CDCM – Vol. 15: ''The Virtuoso in the Computer Age – V: Music For the Matthews/Boie Radio Drum and Radio Baton'' (1994) }}
<ol type="i" start="2">
<li> {{Hanging indent |text="Pacific Rimbombo," [[Max Mathews]] ([[Radiodrum|radio drum]]) (1992) }}</li></ol>
: [[Centaur Records|Centaur]] CRC 2190
: [[Discogs]] [https://www.discogs.com/release/1773079 release ID 1773079].
: [[AllMusic]] [https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001371262 album ID mw0001371262].
: {{Hanging indent |text={{OCLC|889982094|767690601|911745337}}, {{OCLC search link|986753145}}, {{OCLC search link|30941232}}, {{OCLC search link|778855005}}, {{OCLC search link|1180811331}}. }}

*[[Contes de la mémoire]] (empreintes DIGITALes, IMED 9635, 1996)
*[[Wunderbra!]] (with [[Achim Treu]]) (2003)
*[[Syntonic Menagerie 2]] (2003)
*[[The Russian Music]] [[Phoenicia]] (2009)
*[[The Scarlatti Doubles/The Couperin Doubles]] [[Phoenicia]] (2013)

== Bibliography ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|22em}}

===References===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef |Appleton, |2009}} |last1=Appleton |first1=Jon |author-link1=Jon Appleton |date=2009 |chapter=How I Became a Russian Composer |chapter-url=https://issuu.com/phoeniciapublishing/docs/appleton_cd_for_issuu/4 |title=Russian Music, The |url=https://issuu.com/phoeniciapublishing/docs/appleton_cd_for_issuu/4 |format=[[CD]] |type=liner notes |language=en |location=[[Montreal]] |publisher=Phoenicia Publishing |page=4 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |via=[[Issuu]] |isbn=978-0-9781-7494-1 |oclc=431052321 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/label/24345 |title=Flying Dutchman Discography, 1969–1984 |website=[[Discogs]] |language=en-US |access-date=April 5, 2021 |ref={{sfnref |''Discogs''}} }}
* {{cite conference |last1=Lyon |first1=Eric David |date=2000 |title=The Bregman Electronic Music Studio at Dartmouth College |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2000.188/1/ |access-date=March 25, 2021 |book-title=Proceedings of the 2000 International Computer Music Conference: August 27 – September 1, 2000 |language=en-US |location=[[San Francisco]] |volume=2000 |pages=404–405 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]] |issn=2223-3881 |oclc=1123664389 }}<!--replacing <ref name="dartmouthgradprogram">[http://digitalmusics.dartmouth.edu/?page_id=7 History of Dartmouth Digital Musics Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012182849/http://digitalmusics.dartmouth.edu/?page_id=7 |date=2009-10-12 }}
</ref> -->
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef |''Rutland Daily Herald'' |1970}} |newspaper=Rutland Daily Herald |date=April 28, 1970 |title=3 Dartmouth Professors Win Guggenheim Awards |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/610458984/ |language=en-US |volume=117 |issue=101 |at=p. 11 (col. 6) |access-date=April 5, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-access=subscription}}&nbsp;(see [[List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1970]]).
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef |"Synclavier Early History" |}} |url=http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html |title=Synclavier Early History |date=n.d. |website=500sound.com |agency=Synclavier European Services; © Cameron W. Jones |language=en |access-date=August 14, 2009}}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef |Waxenberg, September 30, |2005}} |last1=Waxenberg |first1=Elise |date=September 30, 2005 |title=Long-Time Music Prof Leaves for Stanford |url=http://thedartmouth.com/2005/09/30/news/long-time-music-prof-leaves-for-stanford |work=[[The Dartmouth]] |language=en-US |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |publisher=[[Dartmouth College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022822/http://thedartmouth.com/2005/09/30/news/long-time-music-prof-leaves-for-stanford |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |access-date=October 17, 2014 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}
{{refend}}

=== Reviews and treatises ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* CDCM – Vol. 11: {{cite journal |last1=Perkis |first1=Tim |author-link1=Tim Perkis |date=Winter 1993 |title=Review: ''CDCM Volume 11: The Virtuoso in the Computer Age – II,'' by Larry Austin, Gareth Loy, Chris Chafe, Dexter Morrill, Neil Rolnick, Rodney Washchka, John Appleton, and Larry Polansky |journal=[[Computer Music Journal]] |language=en-US |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/3680551 |jstor=3680551 |oclc=7377038833}}
* CDCM – Vol. 11: {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef |''Sydney Morning Herald,'' August 2, |1993}} |last1=Sydney Morning Herald, The |author-link1=The Sydney Morning Herald |last2=Covell |first2=Roger |author-link2=Roger Covell |date=August 2, 1993 |title=Recordings – Computer the Key to New Music Melodies – ''The Virtuoso in the Computer Age:'' CDCM Computer Music Series, Vol. 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/120690858/ |type=album review |department=Guide |language=en |volume=whole no. 48645 |page=10S |access-date=March 12, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leider |first1=Colby Nelson |date=2001 |chapter=Appleton, Jon (Howard) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmusi0002unse/page/788/mode/2up |editor1-last=Sadie |editor1-first=Stanley |editor1-link=Stanley Sadie |editor2-last=Tyrrell |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Tyrrell (musicologist) |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmusi0002unse/page/788/mode/2up |url-access=registration |language=en |volume=1 (of 29); "A to Aristotle" |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers Limited]] |pages=788–789 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46152 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |isbn=0-3336-0800-3 |oclc=5104830816}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Leider |first1=Colby Nelson |date=November 2005 |title=Observations Re: Jon Appleton |journal=[[Journal SEAMUS]] |language=en-US |location=[[Beverly Hills, California |Beverly Hills]] |publisher=[[Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States]] |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–3 |issn=0897-6473 |oclc=671558123}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Luening |first1=Otto |author-link1=Otto Luening |last2=Slawson |first2=A. Wayne |author-link2=Wayne Slawson |last3=Ciamaga |first3=Gustav |author-link3=Gustav Ciamaga |last4=Chadabe |first4=Joel |author-link4=Joel Chadabe |last5=Rogers |first5=John Earl |author6-link=Gordon Mumma |last6=Mumma |first6=Gordon |date=1975 |editor1-last=Appleton |editor1-first=Jon |editor1-link=Jon Appleton |editor2-last=Perera |editor2-first=Ronald C. |title=The Development and Practice of Electronic Music |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentpract0000appl/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Prentice Hall, Inc.]] |access-date=April 5, 2021 |isbn=978-0-1320-7605-0 |oclc=905635109}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vaughn |first1=Genevieve |date=1986 |chapter=Appleton, Jon (Howard) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0001unse_AtoD/page/60/mode/2up |editor1-last=Hitchcock |editor1-first=H. Wiley |editor1-link=H. Wiley Hitchcock |editor2-last=Sadie |editor2-first=Stanley |editor2-link=Stanley Sadie |title=The New Grove Dictionary of American Music |url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0001unse_AtoD/page/60/mode/2up |url-access=registration |language=en |volume=4 (of 4) |publisher=[[Macmillan Press]] |page=61 |isbn=9780943818368 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |oclc=5713592067}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Umezaki |first1=Kojiro |date=2005 |title=A Conversation with Jon Appleton |journal=[[Journal SEAMUS]] |type=interviewed November 11, 2004 |language=en-US |location=[[Beverly Hills, California |Beverly Hills]] |publisher=[[Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States]] |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=4–5 |issn=0897-6473 |oclc=671558123}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dartmouth.edu/library/digital/collections/music/ocn237122095/index.html "Jon Appleton&nbsp;— Selected Compositions (1956–2006)".] Digital by [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth Library]] (DxDL)
* {{Discogs artist|Jon Appleton}}
* {{IMDb name|3397033}}
{{SEAMUS Lifetime Achievement Award}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appleton, Jon}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American people of Moldovan-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Electroacoustic music composers]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of Oregon alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Oakland University faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford University Department of Music faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Reed College alumni]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Keio University]]