Editing Jon Hassell

{{Short description|American trumpeter (1937–2021)}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
| name                = Jon Hassell
| image               = JonHassell_Stockholm20090715.jpg
| caption             = Jon Hassell at Stockholm JazzFest 2009
| image_size          = 260px
| background          = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1937|3|22}}
| birth_place         = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2021|6|26|1937|3|22}}
| origin              = 
| instrument          = [[Trumpet]], [[Electronic musical instrument#Digital era 1980–2000|electronics]]
| genre               = [[world music|World]], [[ambient music|ambient]], [[avant-garde music|avant-garde]], [[minimal music|minimalism]], [[electroacoustic music|electroacoustic]]
| years_active        = 1968–2021
| label               = [[Editions EG]], Intuition, [[Water Lily Acoustics]], Lovely Music, [[All Saints Records|All Saints]], Ndeya
| associated_acts = [[La Monte Young]], [[Terry Riley]], [[Brian Eno]], [[Farafina]], [[Theatre of Eternal Music]], [[Marian Zazeela]], [[Techno Animal]], [[Ani DiFranco]], [[David Sylvian]], [[Ry Cooder]]
| website             = {{URL|https://jonhassell.com/}}
}}

'''Jon Hassell''' (March 22, 1937<ref name="ankeny">{{Cite web | last=Ankeny | first=Jason | title=Jon Hassell | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jon-hassell-p3295 | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date= January 3, 2011 }}</ref> – June 26, 2021) was an American [[trumpet]] player and [[composer]]. He was best known for developing the concept of "Fourth World" music, which describes a "unified primitive/futurist sound" combining elements of various [[world music|world ethnic]] traditions with modern [[electronic music|electronic]] techniques.<ref name="ankeny" /> The concept was first articulated on ''[[Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics]]'', his 1980 collaboration with [[Brian Eno]].

Born in Tennessee, Hassell studied contemporary [[classical music]] in New York and later in Germany under composer [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]. He subsequently worked with [[minimal music|minimalist]] composers [[Terry Riley]] (on a 1968 recording of ''[[In C]]'') and [[La Monte Young]] (as part of his [[Theatre of Eternal Music]] group), and studied under Hindustani singer [[Pandit Pran Nath]]. His association with [[Brian Eno]] in the early 1980s would introduce Hassell to a larger audience. He subsequently worked with musical artists such as [[Talking Heads]], [[David Sylvian]], [[Farafina]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Tears for Fears]], [[Ani DiFranco]], [[Techno Animal]], [[Ry Cooder]], [[Moritz von Oswald]], and [[Carl Craig]].<ref name="ankeny" />

==Life and career==
Born in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], United States,<ref name="ankeny" /> Hassell received his [[master's degree]] from the [[Eastman School of Music]] in [[Rochester, New York]]. During this time he became involved in European [[Serialism|serial music]], especially the work of [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], and so after finishing his studies at Eastman, he enrolled in the Cologne Course for New Music (founded and directed by Stockhausen) for two years, where he met [[Irmin Schmidt]] and [[Holger Czukay]], who would later go on to form [[Can (band)|Can]]. Hassell returned to the U.S. in 1967, where he met [[Terry Riley]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], and performed on the first recording of Riley's seminal work ''[[In C]]'' in 1968. He pursued his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[musicology]] in Buffalo and performed in [[La Monte Young]]'s [[Theatre of Eternal Music]] in [[New York City]], contributing to the 1974 LP ''[[Dream House 78' 17"]]''.

On his return to Buffalo in the early 1970s, Hassell was introduced to the music of Indian [[Pran Nath (musician)|Pandit Pran Nath]], a specialist in the [[Kirana gharana|Kiranic]] style of singing. Hassell, Young, [[Marian Zazeela]], and Riley went together to India to study with Nath. His work with Nath awoke his appetite for traditional musics of the world, and on the album ''[[Vernal Equinox (album)|Vernal Equinox]]'', he used his trumpet (treated with various electronic effects) to imitate the vocal techniques to which Nath had exposed him. He stated:

:"From 1973 up until then I was totally immersed in playing [[raga]] on the trumpet. I wanted the physical dexterity to be able to come into a room and be able to do something that nobody else in the world could do. My aim was to make a music that was vertically integrated in such a way that at any cross-sectional moment you were not able to pick a single element out as being from a particular country or genre of music."<ref name="prendergast">{{cite web |first=Mark J. |last=Prendergast |title=Sound on Sound |url=http://www.jonhassell.com/soundon.html |work=Jonhassell.com |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114214058/http://www.jonhassell.com/soundon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1980, he collaborated with [[Brian Eno]] on the album ''[[Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics]]'' and appeared on the Eno-produced Talking Heads album ''[[Remain in Light]]''. The same year Hassell also performed solo at the [[Mudd Club]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boch|first=Richard|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972429558|title=The Mudd Club|publisher=[[Feral House]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-62731-051-2|location=Port Townsend, WA|pages=341|language=English|oclc=972429558}}</ref> Plans had been made with Eno and David Byrne for the three of them to team up for what became "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts," but the plan fell through when Hassell didn't agree with the direction the tracks were taking. His 1981 release, ''[[Dream Theory in Malaya]]'', led to a performance at the first [[World of Music, Arts and Dance]] (WOMAD) Festival, organized by [[Peter Gabriel]]. He performed and co-wrote tracks on [[David Sylvian]]'s first solo album ''[[Brilliant Trees]]'', and its instrumental EP follow-up ''[[Words with the Shaman]]''. In the late 1980s, Hassell contributed to Gabriel's ''[[Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ|Passion]]'', the soundtrack album for [[Martin Scorsese]]'s film, ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]''. Hassell and Pete Scaturro composed the electronic theme music for the television show ''[[The Practice]]''.
In 1989, Hassell contributed to the [[Tears for Fears]] album ''[[The Seeds of Love]]''.

Hassell died from natural causes on June 26, 2021, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pescovitz |first1=David |title=Jon Hassell, pioneering electronic musician, RIP |url=https://boingboing.net/2021/06/26/jon-hassell-pioneering-electronic-musician-rip.html |access-date=27 June 2021 |work=[[Boing Boing]] |date=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JON HASSELL, SONIC EXPLORER |url=https://vinylconnection.com.au/2021/06/27/jon-hassell-sonic-explorer/ |publisher=Vinyl Connection |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-06-27}}</ref> He had had health issues over the course of the previous year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yoo |first1=Noah |title=Jon Hassell, Influential Avant-Garde Composer, Dies at 84 |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/jon-hassell-dies-at-84/ |website=Pitchfork |date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

==Style==

Hassell coined the term "Fourth World" to describe his work on "a unified primitive/futuristic sound combining features of world ethnic styles with advanced electronic techniques."<ref name="ankeny" /> He used extensive [[audio signal processing|electronic processing]] of his trumpet playing.<ref name="ankeny" /> In addition to nonwestern traditional musics, critics have noted the influence of [[Miles Davis]] on Hassell's style, particularly Davis' use of electronics, [[Musical modes|modal]] [[harmony]], minimal vibrato and understated lyricism.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Mark | last=Gilbert | title=Jon Hassell | url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ | work=Grove Music Online | editor=L. Macy | access-date=November 7, 2007 | archive-date=May 16, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Both on record and during live performances, Hassell made use of western instruments—keyboards, bass, electric guitar, and percussion—to create modal, hypnotic grooves, over which he often played [[microtonal music|microtonally]]-inflected trumpet phrases in the style of [[Pran Nath (musician)|Nath]]'s [[Kirana gharana|Kiranic]] vocals. His use of circular breathing on the instrument enabled him to create long, seamless, and mesmerizing melodic lines.<ref>Jon Pareles, "Jon Hassell with Trumpet and Electronics," ''New York Times'' September 21, 1989: p. C15, ''ProQuest Platinum'', Online (November 6, 2007).</ref>

==Discography==
;As leader or co-leader
* ''[[Vernal Equinox (album)|Vernal Equinox]]'' (Lovely Music, 1977)
* ''[[Earthquake Island (album)|Earthquake Island]]'' (Tomato 1978)
* ''[[Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics]]'' ([[Editions EG]], 1980), with [[Brian Eno]]
* ''[[Dream Theory in Malaya: Fourth World Volume Two]]'' (Editions EG, 1981)
* ''[[Aka/Darbari/Java: Magic Realism]]'' (Editions EG, 1983)
* ''[[Power Spot]]'' ([[ECM Records|ECM]], 1986)
* ''The Surgeon of the Nightsky Restores Dead Things by the Power of Sound'' (Intuition, 1987), live recordings
* ''[[Flash of the Spirit]]'' (Intuition/[[EMI Electrola]], 1988), with [[Farafina]]
* ''City: Works of Fiction'' (Opal/[[Warner Records|Warner Bros.]], 1990; expanded edition on [[All Saints Records|All Saints]], 2014)
* ''[[Dressing for Pleasure]]'' (Warner, 1994), with Bluescreen
* ''Sulla Strada'' (Materiali Sonori, 1995), with I Magazzini
* ''[[The Vertical Collection|The Vertical Collection (Sketches)]]'' (Earshot, 1997), with [[Peter Freeman (musician)|Peter Freeman]] as Bluescreen Project
* ''Fascinoma'' ([[Water Lily Acoustics]], 1999)
* ''Hollow Bamboo'' (Water Lily Acoustics, 2000), with [[Ry Cooder]], [[Ronu Majumdar]] and [[Abhijit Banerjee]]
* ''[[Maarifa Street: Magic Realism Volume Two]]'' ([[Label Bleu]], 2005)
* ''[[Last Night the Moon Came Dropping Its Clothes in the Street]]'' (ECM, 2009)
* ''[[Listening to Pictures]] (Pentimento Volume One)'' (Ndeya, 2018)
* ''[[Seeing Through Sound]] (Pentimento Volume Two)'' (Ndeya, 2020)

;Single tracks on compilations and remixes
* "Map of Dusk" on compilation ''Myths 3: La nouvelle serenité'' ([[Sub Rosa (label)|Sub Rosa]], 1987),<ref>{{Discogs master|32942|Myths 3: La nouvelle serenité)|type=album}}</ref> recorded in 1985 with [[J.A. Deane]]
* "Pygmy Dance" on compilation ''Ai Confini / Interzone'' (New Tone, 1993),<ref>{{Discogs release|1969250|Ai Confini / Interzone)|type=album}}</ref> recorded live in Italy 1988
* "Streetfaxx" and remixes by [[808 State]] on EP ''Voiceprint (Blind from the Facts)'' (Opal, 1990; reissued on All Saints, 1993 and 2006)<ref>{{Discogs release|933322|Voiceprint (Blind from the Facts)|type=album}}</ref>
* ''Personals'', maxi-single with remixes of "Personals" and "G-Spot" by [[MC 900 Ft Jesus]] and [[Organized Konfusion]] (Warner, 1994)
* "Then and Now (Berchidda)" on compilation ''Then and Now (Time in Jazz 1998 | 2007)'' (Tàjrà It., 2008), live recording from 2001 in Italy with [[John Beasley (musician)|John Beasley]], Rick Cox

;As sideman and guest appearances
On almost all recordings Jon Hassell played trumpet (sometimes merely 'used' as sound color). In cases where he plays keyboards or electronics it is mentioned in the last column; the same applies to the credits as composer (or producer).<br>
Film soundtracks are labeled "O.S.T." (original sound track) preceding the film title. Artists and labels are linked by first appearance only.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Leading artist or band
! Album title
! Label
! Track titles and notes

|-
| 1968 || [[Terry Riley]] || ''[[In C]]''  <ref>{{Discogs master|49739|In C|type=album}}</ref> || [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] || ensemble member
|-
| 1974 || [[Francesco Guccini]] || ''[[Stanze di vita quotidiana]]'' <ref>{{Discogs master|590496|Stanze di vita quotidiana|type=album}}</ref> || Columbia || ensemble member
|-
| 1974 || [[La Monte Young]] and [[Marian Zazeela]] || ''[[Dream House 78' 17"]]'' <ref>{{Discogs release|655646|Dream House 78' 17"|type=album}}</ref> || Shandar || ensemble member (quartet) on one of two extensive tracks
|-
| 1980 || [[Talking Heads]] || ''[[Remain in Light]]'' || [[Sire Records|Sire]] || on "Houses in Motion"
|-
| 1982 || [[Brian Eno]] || ''[[Ambient 4: On Land]]'' || [[Editions EG]] || on "Shadow"
|-
| 1984 || [[David Sylvian]] || ''[[Brilliant Trees]]'' || [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] || on "Weathered Wall" and "Brilliant Trees", co-composer
|-
| 1985 || David Sylvian || ''[[Alchemy: An Index of Possibilities]]'' || Virgin || on "Words with the Shaman Part 1&ndash;3", co-composer; also released as [[Words with the Shaman|EP]]
|-
| 1985 || [[Peter Gabriel]] || O.S.T. ''[[Birdy (Peter Gabriel album)|Birdy]]'' || Virgin/Charisma || ensemble member
|-
| 1987 || [[Lloyd Cole and the Commotions]] || ''[[Mainstream (Lloyd Cole and the Commotions album)|Mainstream]]'' || [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] || on "Big Snake"
|-
| 1989 || [[Alice (singer)|Alice]] || ''[[Il sole nella pioggia]]'' || [[EMI Records|EMI]] || on "Il sole nella pioggia" and "Le baccanti", pre-sampled trumpet sounds activated by keyboard on "Visioni"
|-
| 1989 || Peter Gabriel || O.S.T. ''[[Passion (Peter Gabriel album)|Passion]] (Music for The Last Temptation of Christ)'' || [[Real World Records|Real World]]/[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]/Virgin || on "Passion"
|-
| 1989 || [[Tears for Fears]] || ''[[The Seeds of Love]]'' || [[Fontana Records|Fontana]] || on "Standing on the Corner of the Third World" and "Famous Last Words"
|-
| 1991 || Marc Beacco || ''The Crocodile Smile'' <ref>{{Discogs master|6939003|The Crocodile Smile|type=album}}</ref> || Polydor/Nova || on "Funeral for a Flower", co-composer
|-
| 1991 || [[Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses]] avec [[Hector Zazou]] || ''Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses avec Hector Zazou'' <ref>{{Discogs release|2007081|Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses avec Hector Zazou|type=album}}</ref> || [[Philips Records|Philips]]/[[Phonogram Records|Phonogram]] || on "Anima", "In la piazza" and "Notte", co-composer
|-
| 1993 || [[Ry Cooder]] || O.S.T. ''[[Trespass (1992 film)|Trespass]]'' <ref>{{Discogs master|489113|Trespass (Original Motion Picture Score)|type=album}}</ref> || Sire/Warner || ensemble with [[Jim Keltner]]
|-
| 1994 || [[Stina Nordenstam]] || ''[[And She Closed Her Eyes]]'' || Telegram/[[East West Records|East&nbsp;West]] || on "Crime" and "I See You Again"
|-
| 1995 || [[Techno Animal]] || ''[[Re-Entry (Techno Animal album)|Re-Entry]]'' || Virgin || on "Flight of the Hermaphrodite" and "Needle Park", co-composer
|-
| 1996 || [[David Toop]] || ''Pink Noir'' <ref>{{Discogs release|97953|Pink Noir|type=album}}</ref> || Virgin || on "Slow Loris Versus Poison Snail", co-composer
|-
| 1997 || [[Jackson Browne]] || ''[[The Next Voice You Hear: The Best of Jackson Browne]]'' || [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] || on "The Next Voice You Hear" produced by [[T-Bone Burnett]]
|-
| 1997 || [[k.d. lang]] || ''[[Drag (k.d. lang album)|Drag]]'' || Warner || on "Hain't It Funny?"
|-
| 1997 || [[Holly Cole]] || ''[[Dark Dear Heart]]'' || [[Alert Records|Alert]] || on "All the Pretty Little Horses"
|-
| 1997 || Ry Cooder || O.S.T. ''[[The End of Violence]]'' || Outpost || featured trumpet soloist
|-
| 1998 || Ry Cooder || O.S.T. ''[[Primary Colors (soundtrack)|Primary Colors]]'' || Outpost || on "Wide Sky", co-composer
|-
| 1998 || [[Startled Insects|The Insects]] & Richard Grassby-Lewis <small>featuring Jon Hassell</small> || O.S.T. ''[[Love and Death on Long Island]]'' || OceanDeep || featured soloist
|-
| 1998 || [[Mandalay (band)|Mandalay]] || ''[[Empathy (Mandalay album)|Empathy]]'' || [[V2 Records|V2]] || on "It's Enough Now", "This Time Last Year" and "Beautiful"
|-
| 1998 || [[Ani DiFranco]] || ''[[Little Plastic Castle]]'' || Righteous Babe || on (probably one track)
|-
| 1999 || [[Guy Sigsworth]] || O.S.T. ''[[G:MT – Greenwich Mean Time]]'' || [[Island Records|Island]] || on "Who Would You Have Me Love" with [[Hinda Hicks]]
|-
| 1999 || David Toop || ''Hot Pants Idol'' <ref>{{Discogs release|297319|Hot Pants Idol|type=album}}</ref> || Barooni (Nl) || on "Wing Beats", trumpet and [[harmonizer]], co-composer
|-
| 2000 || [[Hal Willner]] || O.S.T. ''[[The Million Dollar Hotel (soundtrack)|The Million Dollar Hotel: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' || [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] || on "Never Let Me Go" and "Amsterdam Blue (Cortege)", co-composer and track production
|-
| 2000 || k.d. lang || ''[[Invincible Summer]]'' || Warner || on "Simple"
|-
| 2000 || Mandalay || ''[[Instinct (Mandalay album)|Instinct]]'' || V2 || on "Not Seventeen", "Don't Invent Me" and "It's Enough Now"
|-
| 2000 || Nick Wood || ''Sound Virus'' <ref>{{Discogs release|6383581|Sound Virus|type=album}}</ref> || [[Victor Recording Company|Victor]] (Jp) || on "Confined to Ice"
|-
| 2001 || Ani DiFranco || ''[[Revelling/Reckoning]]'' || Righteous Babe || on "Revelling"
|-
| 2001 || [[Howie B.]] || ''Folk.'' || Polydor || on "Tap Dancer", co-composer
|-
| 2001 || Rick Cox || ''Maria Falling Away'' <ref>{{Discogs release|707100|Maria Falling Away|type=album}}</ref> || Cold Blue || on "Long Distance", composer
|-
| 2002 || [[Frou Frou (band)|Frou Frou]] || ''[[Details (album)|Details]]'' || Island || on "Flicks", "The Dumbing Down of Love" and "Old Piano"
|-
| 2003 || [[Ibrahim Ferrer]] || ''Buenos Hermanos'' || [[World Circuit (record label)|World&nbsp;Circuit]]/[[Nonesuch Records|Nonesuch]] || on "Fuiste Cruel" and "Boliviana"; album produced by Ry Cooder
|-
| 2004 || [[Lightwave (band)|Lightwave]] (with [[Paul Haslinger]]) || ''Bleue comme une orange'' <ref>{{Discogs release|873877|Bleue comme une orange|type=album}}</ref> || Signature || on "Huang/Hong" and "Deep Steel Dubh"
|-
| 2004 || Alexkid || ''Mint'' <ref>{{Discogs release|182583|Mint|type=album}}</ref> || [[Play It Again, Sam (Label)|PIAS]] || on "Mint", co-composer
|-
| 2005 || [[Paul Haslinger]] ||  O.S.T. ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]'' (TV series) || Rhythmbank || on "Memento Mori" with [[Sussan Deyhim]], co-composer
|-
| 2005 || Ry Cooder || ''[[Chávez Ravine (album)|Chávez Ravine]]'' || Nonesuch/Perro&nbsp;Verde || on "Don't Call Me Red"
|-
| 2006 || [[Hadouk Trio]] || ''Utopies'' <ref>{{Discogs release|825059|Utopies|type=album}}</ref> || [[Naïve Records|Naïve]] || on last three tracks, co-composer
|-
| 2007 || Paul Haslinger || O.S.T. ''[[Sleeper Cell: American Terror]]'' || [[Lakeshore Records|Lakeshore]] || (not specified)
|-
| 2007 || Ry Cooder || ''[[My Name Is Buddy]]'' || Nonesuch/Perro&nbsp;Verde || on "One Cat, One Vote, One Beer"
|-
| 2007 || [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] || O.S.T. ''[[The Number 23]]'' || New Line || featured as soloist 
|-
| 2007 || Michael Fahres || ''The Tubes'' <ref>{{Discogs release|1282401|The Tubes|type=album}}</ref> || Cold Blue || on "The Tubes (1994/2003)" with [[Mark Atkins (musician)|Mark Atkins]]
|-
| 2008 || [[Jan Bang]] and [[Erik Honoré]] as Punkt || ''Live Remixes Vol. 1'' || [[Jazzland Recordings|Jazzland]] || on tracks "III" and "VI", co-composer
|-
| 2008 || Ani DiFranco || ''[[Red Letter Year]]'' || Righteous Babe || on "Star Matter"
|-
| 2008 || k.d. lang || ''[[Watershed (k.d. lang album)|Watershed]]'' || Nonesuch || on "Upstream"
|-
| 2008 || Ry Cooder || ''[[I, Flathead]]'' || Nonesuch/Perro&nbsp;Verde || on "Flathead One More Time"
|-
| 2009 || [[Jon Balke]] & [[Amina Alaoui]] || ''[[Siwan (album)|Siwan]]'' || ECM || ensemble member, trumpet and electronics
|-
| 2010 || Jan Bang || ''…And Poppies from Kandahar'' || [[Samadhisound]] || on "Exile from Paradise", co-composer (also for another track, due to trumpet samples)
|-
| 2011 || Paul Haslinger || O.S.T ''[[Underworld: Rise of the Lycans]]'' || Lakeshore || featured musician
|-
| 2015 || [[Bassekou Kouyaté]] & Ngoni Ba || ''Ba Power'' || Glitterbeat (G) || on "Ayé Sira Bla = Make Way"
|-
| 2015 || [[Duncan Sheik]] || ''Legerdemain'' || Kobalt || on "Brutalized" and "No Happy End"
|-
| 2016 || Genre Peak (Martin Birke) || ''Your Sleekest Engine'' || Gonzo || on "Metanoia", trumpet samples and/or sampler
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Music}}
* [[David Sylvian]]
* [[Erik Truffaz]]
* [[Erik Honoré]]
* [[List of ambient music artists]]
* [[Michael Brook]]
* [[Talking Heads]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Mark Prendergast, ''[[The Ambient Century]]''. New York and London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0747557326}}
* Jon Hassell, program notes from ''Vernal Equinox''. Lovely Music, LML 1021, 1977.

==External links==
{{commons category|Jon Hassell}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.maarifastreet.com ''Magic Realism, Vol. 2: Maarifa Street'' album site]
* {{Discogs artist|Jon Hassell|Jon Hassell}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0368422}}

{{Jon Hassell}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassell, Jon}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:American male trumpeters]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:21st-century American composers]]
[[Category:Eastman School of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Avant-garde trumpeters]]
[[Category:All Saints Records artists]]
[[Category:E.G. Records artists]]
[[Category:Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
[[Category:Pupils of Pran Nath (musician)]]
[[Category:21st-century American trumpeters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Label Bleu artists]]