Editing Jon Lech Johansen

{{Short description|Norwegian programmer (born 1983)}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Jon Lech Johansen
| image       =Jon Lech Johansen.jpg
| image_size  = 200px
| caption     =Jon Lech in 2005
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1983|11|18}}
| birth_place = [[Harstad Municipality|Harstad]], Troms, Norway
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| occupation  =
| known_for   = [[DeCSS]]
| spouse      =
| children    =
| website     = {{URL|http://nanocr.eu}}
| footnotes   =
}}

'''Jon Lech Johansen''' (born November 18, 1983, in [[Harstad Municipality|Harstad]], Norway), also known as '''DVD Jon''', is a Norwegian programmer who has worked on [[reverse engineering]] [[File format|data formats]]. He wrote the [[DeCSS]] software, which decodes the [[Content Scramble System]] used for [[DVD]] licensing enforcement. Johansen is a [[autodidact|self-trained]] [[software engineer]], who quit high school during his first year to spend more time with the DeCSS case. He moved to the United States and worked as a software engineer from October 2005 until November 2006.  He then returned to Norway, but moved back to the United States in June 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nanocr.eu/about/ | title=About | publisher=nanocr.eu | first=Jon Lech | last=Johansen | year=2004 | access-date=2009-06-06}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jon Lech Johansen was born in [[Harstad Municipality|Harstad]] to a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] father and a [[Polish people|Polish]] mother.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Paulsen |first=Ivar L. |date=2012-09-07 |title=Blant Norges viktigste |trans-title=Among Norway's most important |url=https://www.ht.no/nyheter/i/ppzX01/blant-norges-viktigste |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=[[Harstad Tidende]] |language=no}}</ref> The family later moved to [[Lardal]], where he grew up.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Rune |date=2005-04-13 |title=Dyster spådom |trans-title=Gloomy prediction |url=https://www.nrk.no/vestfoldogtelemark/dyster-spadom-1.279322 |access-date=2024-06-24 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}</ref> At the age of twelve, Johansen began learning programming.<ref name=":4" /> He attended [[Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School]] in [[Larvik]].<ref name=":5" />

In a post on his blog, he said that in the 1990s he started with a book (''Programming the 8086/8088''), the web ("[[Fravia]]'s site was a goldmine") and [[IRC]] ("Lurked in a [[x86 assembly]] IRC channel and picked up tips from wise wizards").<ref>Jon Lech Johansen’s blog, [http://nanocr.eu/2006/02/09/reverse-engineering/ "Reverse Engineering"], 2006-02-09. Retrieved on 2010-06-29.</ref>

== DeCSS prosecution ==
After Johansen released [[DeCSS]], he was taken to court in Norway for computer hacking in 2002.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Ann |date=2002-01-10 |title=DVD hacker Johansen indicted in Norway |url=https://www.theregister.com/2002/01/10/dvd_hacker_johansen_indicted/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref> The prosecution was conducted by the [[Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime]] (''Økokrim'' in Norwegian), after a complaint by the US [[DVD Copy Control Association]] (DVD-CCA) and the [[Motion Picture Association]] (MPA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kvistad |first=Øystein |date=2000-01-25 |title=Økokrim sikter påstått DVD-sabotør |trans-title=Økokrim targets alleged DVD saboteur |url=https://www.digi.no/artikler/okokrim-sikter-pastatt-dvd-sabotor/329250 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[Digi.no]] |language=no}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |date=2003-01-07 |title=DVD-Cracking Teen Acquitted |url=https://www.wired.com/2003/01/dvd-cracking-teen-acquitted/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>  Johansen has denied writing the decryption code in DeCSS, saying that this part of the project originated from someone in Germany. He only developed the GUI component of the software. His defense was assisted by the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |date=2002-12-08 |title=Hacker 'DVD Jon' Goes on Trial |url=https://www.wired.com/2002/12/hacker-dvd-jon-goes-on-trial/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2003-01-08 |title=Teen Acquitted of Hollywood Piracy Charges |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/media-jan-june03-johansen_01-08 |access-date=2024-06-23 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> The trial opened in the [[Oslo District Court]] on December 9, 2002, with Johansen pleading not guilty to charges that had a maximum penalty of two years in prison or large fines.<ref name=":2" /> The defense argued that no illegal access was obtained to anyone else's information, since Johansen owned the [[DVD]]s himself. They also argued that it is legal under Norwegian law to make copies of such data for personal use. The verdict was announced on January 7, 2003, [[acquittal|acquitting]] Johansen of all charges.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-07 |title=Teenager wins DVD court battle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2635293.stm |access-date=2024-06-23 |publisher=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref>

Two further levels of [[appeal]]s were available to the prosecutors, to the appeals court and then to the Supreme Court. Økokrim filed an appeal on January 20, 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leyden |first=John |date=2003-01-21 |title=Prosecutors appeal DVD Jon innocent verdict |url=https://www.theregister.com/2003/01/21/prosecutors_appeal_dvd_jon_innocent/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref> and it was reported on February 28 that the [[Borgarting Court of Appeal]] had agreed to hear the case. Johansen's second DeCSS trial began in Oslo on December 2, 2003, and resulted in an acquittal on December 22, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Libbenga |first=Jan |date=2004-01-02 |title=DVD Jon wins again |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/02/dvd_jon_wins_again/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref> Økokrim announced on January 5, 2004, that it would not appeal the case to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-05 |title=Økokrim anker ikke frifinnelsen av DVD-Jon |trans-title=Økokrim does not appeal the acquittal of DVD-Jon |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/rme3R/oekokrim-anker-ikke-frifinnelsen-av-dvd-jon |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-05 |title=Norwegian Police Won't Appeal Acquittal Of 'DVD Jon' |url=https://www.crn.com/news/security/18825164/norwegian-police-wont-appeal-acquittal-of-dvd-jon |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[CRN (magazine)|CRN]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Other projects==
{{prose|section|date=December 2016}}

In the first decade of the 21st century, Johansen's career has included many other projects.

===2001===
In 2001, Johansen released OpenJaz, a reverse-engineered set of drivers for Linux, BeOS and Windows 2000 that allow operation of the JazPiper MP3 digital audio player without its proprietary drivers.

===2003===
In November 2003, Johansen released [[QTFairUse]], an open source program which dumps the raw output of a QuickTime Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) stream to a file, which could bypass the [[digital rights management]] (DRM) software used to encrypt content of music from media such as those distributed by the iTunes Music Store, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]'s online music store. Although these resulting raw AAC files were unplayable by most media players at the time of release, they represent the first attempt at circumventing Apple's encryption.

===2004===
Johansen had by now become a [[VideoLAN]] developer, and had reverse engineered [[FairPlay]] and written VLC's FairPlay support.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://boingboing.net/2004/03/26/dvd_jon_on_vlc_and_a.html | title=DVD Jon on VLC and Apple's iTunes singles | publisher=Boing Boing | first=Cory | last=Doctorow | author-link=Cory Doctorow | date=2004-03-26 | access-date=2007-08-14 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807093239/http://www.boingboing.net/2004/03/26/dvd_jon_on_vlc_and_a.html | archive-date=2007-08-07 }}</ref> It has been available in VideoLAN [[Concurrent Versions System|CVS]] since January 2004, but the first release to include FairPlay support is VLC 0.7.1 (released March 2, 2004).

===2005===
On March 18, 2005, Travis Watkins and Cody Brocious, along with Johansen, wrote [[PyMusique]], a [[Python (programming language)|Python]] based program which allows the download of purchased files from the iTunes Music Store without DRM encryption.<ref>Smith, Tony (March 18, 2005) &ndash; [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/03/18/itunes_pymusique/ "DVD Jon: buy DRM-less tracks from Apple iTunes"]</ref> This was possible because Apple Computer's iTunes software adds the DRM to the music file after the music file is downloaded. On March 22, Apple released a [[Patch (computing)|patch]] for the iTunes Music Store blocking the use of his PyMusique program. The same day, an update to PyMusique was released, circumventing the new patch.

On June 26, 2005, Johansen created a modification of Google's new in-browser video player (which was based on the open source VLC media player) less than 24 hours after its release, to allow the user to play videos that are not hosted on Google's servers.

In late 2005, [[Håkon Wium Lie]], the Norwegian CTO of [[Opera Software]], co-creator of Cascading Style Sheets and long-time supporter of open source, named Johansen a "hero" in a net meeting arranged by one of Norway's biggest newspapers.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/05/10/431391.html | title=DVD-Jon er en helt | first=Lars Eirik | last=Eide | newspaper =Dagbladet | language=no | date=2005-05-10 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref> On September 2, 2005, ''The Register'' published news that DVD Jon had defeated encryption in Microsoft's Windows Media Player by reverse engineering a proprietary algorithm that was ostensibly used to protect [[Windows Media Station]] NSC files from engineers sniffing for the files' source IP address, port or stream format. Johansen had also made a decoder available.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nanocr.eu/2005/08/31/reversing-nsc/ | title=Reversing NSC | publisher=nanocr.eu | first=Jon Lech | last=Johansen | date=2005-08-31 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref><ref>Clarke, Gavin (San Francisco. September 2, 2005) &ndash; [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/02/dvd_jon_mediaplayer/ "DVD Jon hacks Media Player file encryption"]</ref>

In September 2005, Johansen announced the release of SharpMusique 1.0, an alternative to the default iTunes program. The program allows Linux and Windows users to buy songs from the iTunes music store without copy protection. In 2005, Johansen worked for MP3tunes in San Diego as a software engineer. His first project was a new digital music product, code-named Oboe.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/UNID/A082F24382B9BE5CCC2570A0002C04C7 | title=DVD Jon now working for Linspire's Michael Robertson | publisher=Computerworld | first=Robert | last=McMillan | date=2005-10-21 | access-date=2007-08-14 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231357/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/UNID/A082F24382B9BE5CCC2570A0002C04C7 | archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

====Sony BMG DRM rootkit====
{{main|Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal}}

In November 2005, a Slashdot story claimed that [[Sony-BMG]]s [[Extended Copy Protection]] (XCP) DRM software includes code and comments (such as "copyright (c) Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved.") illegally copied from an iTunes DRM circumvention program by Johansen.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yro.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=168546&cid=14051648 | title=Wow. Just WOW. | publisher =Slashdot | date=2005-11-17 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref><ref name="sdsonyroot">{{cite news | url=http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/17/1350209 | title=DVD Jon's Code In Sony Rootkit? | publisher =Slashdot | date=2005-11-17 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref> A popular claim was that, using the criteria that RIAA uses in its copyright lawsuits, Johansen could sue for billions of dollars in damages.<ref name="sdsonyroot"/>

===2006===
On January 8, 2006, Johansen revealed his intent to defeat the encryption of next-generation DVD encryption, [[Advanced Access Content System]] (AACS).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nanocrew.net/2006/01/08/deaacscom/ | title=DeAACS.com | publisher=nanocr.eu | first=Jon Lech | last=Johansen | date=2006-01-08 | access-date=2007-08-14 | archive-date=2007-08-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811113119/http://nanocrew.net/2006/01/08/deaacscom/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> On June 7, 2006, he announced that he had moved to San Francisco and was joining DoubleTwist Ventures.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nanocrew.net/2006/06/07/moved-to-san-francisco/ | title=Moved to San Francisco | publisher=nanocr.eu | first=Jon Lech | last=Johansen | date=2006-06-07 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref> In October 2006, Johansen and DoubleTwist Ventures announced they had reverse engineered Apple Computer's DRM for iTunes, called FairPlay. Rather than allow people to strip the DRM, DoubleTwist would license the ability to apply FairPlay to media companies who wanted their music and videos to play on the iPod, without having to sign a distribution contract with Apple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://featured.gigaom.com/2006/10/02/dvd-jon-fairplays-apple/ |title=DVD Jon Fairplays Apple |publisher=GigaOM |first=Liz |last=Gannes |date=2006-10-02 |access-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010144755/http://featured.gigaom.com/2006/10/02/dvd-jon-fairplays-apple/ |archive-date=2006-10-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===2007===
In July 2007, Johansen managed to allow the iPhone to work as an iPod with WiFi, without AT&T activation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nanocr.eu/2007/07/03/iphone-without-att/ | title=iPhone Independence Day | publisher=nanocr.eu | first=Jon Lech | last=Johansen | date=2007-07-03 | access-date=2007-08-14}}</ref>

===2008===
On February 2, 2008, Johansen launched [[doubleTwist]], which allows customers to route around DRM in music files and convert files between various formats. The software converts digital music of any bitrate encoded with any popular codec into a format that can be played on any device.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.dvorak.org/blog/2008/02/20/hacker-breaks-link-between-itunes-and-the-ipod/ |title=Hacker breaks link between iTunes and the iPod |newspaper=Times Online |date=February 20, 2008 |access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>

=== 2009 ===
In June, he managed to get an advertisement for his application [[doubleTwist]] on the wall of the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] exit <ref>[[DoubleTwist#Controversy]]</ref> outside the San Francisco [[Apple Store]], just days before the 2009 [[WWDC]] event.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kincaid |first=Jason |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/06/05/apple-gets-pwned-sf-store-is-now-advertising-dvd-jons-doubletwist/ |title=Apple Gets Pwned, SF Store Is Now Advertising DVD Jon's doubleTwist |work=TechCrunch |date=June 5, 2009 |access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref> On June 9, it was reported that the advertisement was removed by BART for allegedly "being too dark" and not allowing enough light into the adjoining transit station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nanocr.eu/2009/06/09/the-cure-for-iphone-envy-the-story-behind-the-doubletwist-ad/ |title=The Cure for iPhone Envy: The story behind the doubleTwist ad |publisher=Jon Lech Johansen's blog |date=June 9, 2009 |access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref> The advertisement was later redesigned and redeployed with a transparent background.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nanocr.eu/2009/06/11/slideshow-of-the-new-doubletwist-ad/ |title=Slideshow of the new doubleTwist ad |publisher=Jon Lech Johansen's blog |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* January 2000 {{En dash}} [[Karoline Prize]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Internet and society: a reference handbook |last=Schell |first=Bernadette Hlubik |year=2007 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=United States of America |isbn=978-1-59884-031-5 |page=181 }}</ref>
* April 2002 {{En dash}} [[EFF Pioneer Award]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Electronic Frontier Foundation Honors Pioneer Award Winners |url=https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/2002.php |publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] |date=2002-04-11 |access-date=2010-09-15 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081025071809/http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/2002.php |archive-date=2008-10-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://nanocr.eu/ Jon Johansen's blog]
* Electronic Frontier Norway's link collection on the Jon Johansen case: [http://www.efn.no/jonjohansen.html Complete (Norwegian) version], [http://www.efn.no/jonjohansen-en.html English version (links only)]
* [http://apple.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/03/18/1324235 DVD Jon releases program to bypass iTunes DRM]
* [http://www.slyck.com/news.php?story=733 Interview with DVD Jon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214233331/http://www.slyck.com/news.php?story=733 |date=2009-02-14 }}, from [[slyck.com]]
* [http://www.dvdfuture.com/features.php?id=13 Jon Lech Johansen talks to DVDfuture]
* [https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,69257,00.html?tw=wn_story_page_prev2 Wired News: DVD Jon Lands Dream Job Stateside]
*Libbenga, Jan (January 2, 2004) &ndash; [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/02/dvd_jon_wins_again/ "DVD Jon wins again"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johansen, Jon Lech}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Norwegian Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Modern cryptographers]]
[[Category:Norwegian computer programmers]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:People from Harstad]]