Editing Joseph Addison

{{short description|English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician (1672–1719)}}
{{for multi|the 20th-century ambassador|Joseph Addison (diplomat)|the general|Joseph Edward Addison}}
{{Moresources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Joseph Addison
| image         = Joseph Addison by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
| imagesize     =
| alt           = 
| caption       = "[[Kit-Cat Club|Kit-cat portrait]]" by [[Godfrey Kneller]], {{circa|1703–1712}}
| birth_name    = 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1672|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Milston]], Wiltshire, England
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1719|5|17|1672|5|1|df=y}}
| death_place   = {{nowrap|[[Kensington]], Middlesex, England}}
| occupation    = {{cslist|Writer|journalist|politician}}
| education     = 
| alma_mater    = [[The Queen's College, Oxford]]
| party         = [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]]
| spouse        = 
| partner       = 
| children      = 
| relatives     = 
| module = {{Infobox writer |embed=yes
| pseudonym     = 
| language      = {{cslist|English|Latin}}
| period        = from 1693
| genre         = {{cslist|Poetry|playwright|[[libretto]]|essay|editorial|translation}}
| subject       = 
| movement      = [[Classicism]]
| notableworks  = ''[[Cato, a Tragedy]]''
| influences    = 
| influenced    = 
| awards        = 
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office        = Member of Parliament {{awrap|for the borough of [[Lostwithiel (UK Parliament constituency)|Lostwithiel]]}}
| term_start    = 1708
| term_end      = 1709
| predecessor   = 
| successor     = 
| office2       = [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]]
| term_start2   = 12 April 1717
| term_end2     = 14 March 1718
| predecessor2  = 
| successor2    = 
}}
| signature     = Signatur Joseph Addison.PNG
| signature_alt = 
}}

'''Joseph Addison''' (1 May 1672 – 17 May 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician. He was the eldest son of [[Lancelot Addison]]. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend [[Richard Steele]], with whom he founded ''[[The Spectator (1711)|The Spectator]]'' magazine. His simple prose style marked the end of the mannerisms and conventional classical images of the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00norw|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0198691372|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00norw/page/5 5]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Addison was born in [[Milston]], [[Wiltshire]], but soon after his birth his father, [[Lancelot Addison]], was appointed [[Dean of Lichfield]] and the family moved into the [[Lichfield Cathedral|cathedral close]]. His father was a scholarly English clergyman. Joseph was educated at [[Charterhouse School]], London, where he first met Richard Steele, and at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Addison, Joseph}}</ref> He excelled in classics, being specially noted for his [[Neo-Latin]] verse, and became a [[University don|fellow]] of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. 

In 1693, he addressed a poem to [[John Dryden]], and his first major work, a book of the lives of English poets, was published in 1694. His translation of [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Georgics]]'' was published in the same year. Dryden, [[Lord Somers]] and [[Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax]], took an interest in Addison's work and obtained for him a pension of £300 a year to enable him to travel to Europe with a view to diplomatic employment, all the time writing and studying politics. 

While, in Switzerland, in 1702, he heard of the death of [[William III of England|William&nbsp;III]], an event which lost him his pension, as his influential contacts, Halifax and Somers, had lost their employment with the Crown.

== Career ==
===Political career===
Addison returned to England at the end of 1703. For more than a year he remained unemployed, but the [[Battle of Blenheim]] in 1704 gave him a fresh opportunity to distinguish himself. The government, specifically [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin|Lord Treasurer Godolphin]], commissioned Addison to write a commemorative poem about the battle, and he produced ''The Campaign'', which was received with such satisfaction that he was appointed Commissioner of Appeals in Halifax's government.<ref>Deighton, Ken (ed.). ''Coverley Papers from The Spectator''. New York, 1964: Macmillan.</ref> 

His next literary venture was an account of his travels in Italy, ''Remarks on several parts of Italy, &c., in the years 1701, 1702, 1703'', published in 1705 by [[Jacob Tonson]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Addison |first=Joseph  |title=Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in The Years 1701, 1702, 1703 |url=https://archive.org/stream/remarksonseveral00addi#page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=J. and R. Tonson |place=London |access-date=23 April 2013 |year=1767 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> 

In 1705, with the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] in power, Addison was made Under-Secretary of State and accompanied Lord Halifax on a diplomatic mission to Hannover, Germany. A biography of Addison states: "In the field of his foreign responsibilities Addison's views were those of a good Whig. He had always believed that England's power depended upon her wealth, her wealth upon her commerce, and her commerce upon the freedom of the seas and the checking of the power of France and Spain."<ref>Peter Smithers, ''The Life of Joseph Addison'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), p. 382.</ref>

In 1708 and 1709, Addison was a Member of Parliament for the borough of [[Lostwithiel (UK Parliament constituency)|Lostwithiel]]. He was soon appointed secretary to the new [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]], [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton|Lord Wharton]]. Under the direction of Wharton, he was an MP in the [[Irish House of Commons]] for [[Cavan Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Cavan Borough]] from 1709 until 1713. In 1710, he represented [[Malmesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Malmesbury]], in his home county of [[Wiltshire]], holding the seat until his death in 1719.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

===Magazine founder===
[[File:Joseph Addison (1672-1719).jpg|thumb|Joseph Addison: engraving after the Kneller portrait]]
He met [[Jonathan Swift]] in Ireland and remained there for a year. Later, he helped form the [[Kitcat Club]] and renewed his friendship with Richard Steele. In 1709, Steele began to publish the ''[[Tatler (1709 journal)|Tatler]]'', and Addison became a regular contributor. In 1711, they began ''[[The Spectator (1711)|The Spectator]]''; its first issue appeared on 1 March 1711. This paper, which was originally a daily, was published until 20 December 1714, interrupted for a year by the publication of ''[[The Guardian (1713)|The Guardian]]'' in 1713. His last publication was ''The Freeholder'', a political paper, in 1715–16.<ref>Smith, Adam James. '''A Certain Design': The Partisan Strategy of Joseph Addison's The Free-Holder."'' PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2014.</ref>

===Plays===
He wrote the [[libretto]] for [[Thomas Clayton (composer)|Thomas Clayton]]'s opera ''[[Rosamond (Clayton)|Rosamond]]'', which had a disastrous premiere in London in 1707.<ref>McGeary, Thomas (1998). [https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-54775095 "Thomas Clayton and the Introduction of Italian Opera to England"], ''Philological Quarterly'', Vol. 77 {{subscription required}}</ref> In 1713 Addison's tragedy ''[[Cato (tragedy)|Cato]]'' was produced, and was received with acclamation by both Whigs and [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]]. He followed this effort with a comedic play, ''[[The Drummer (play)|The Drummer]]'' (1716).

====''Cato''====
[[File:John Kemble as Cato.jpg|thumb|200 px|The actor [[John Philip Kemble|John Kemble]], in the role of Cato, revived at Covent Garden in 1816, drawn by [[George Cruikshank]].]]
{{Main|Cato, a Tragedy}}
In 1712, Addison wrote his most famous work, ''Cato, a Tragedy''. Based on the last days of [[Cato the Younger|Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis]], it deals with conflicts such as individual liberty versus government tyranny, [[Republicanism]] versus [[Monarchism]], logic versus emotion, and Cato's personal struggle to retain his beliefs in the face of death. It has a prologue written by [[Alexander Pope]] and an epilogue by [[Samuel Garth]].<ref>Joseph Addison, ''Cato: A Tragedy, and Selected Essays''. ed. Christine Dunn Henderson & Mark E. Yellin. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004. {{ISBN|0-86597-443-8}}.</ref>

The play was a success throughout the British Empire. It continued to grow in popularity, especially in America, for several generations. It is cited by some historians as a literary inspiration for the [[American Revolution]], being known to many of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]]. General [[George Washington]] sponsored a performance of Cato for the [[Continental Army]] during the difficult winter of 1777–78 at [[Valley Forge]]. According to [[John J. Miller (journalist)|John J. Miller]], "no single work of literature may have been more important than ''Cato''" for the leaders of the American revolution.<ref>John J. Miller, "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304314404576411721705429718?mod=WSJ_Opinion_MIDDLETopBucket On Life, Liberty, and Other Quotable Matters]", ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', 2 July 2011.</ref>

Scholars have identified the inspiration for several famous quotations from the American Revolution in ''Cato''. These include:
*[[Patrick Henry]]'s famous ultimatum: "Give me liberty or give me death!"
:(Supposed reference to Act&nbsp;II, Scene&nbsp;4: ''"It is not now time to talk of aught/But chains or conquest, liberty or death."'').<ref name=richard>Richard, Carl J. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5HoJ-ghp-C0C&dq=addison+cato+american+revolution&pg=PA151 ''Greeks & Romans Bearing Gifts: How the Ancients Inspired the Founding Fathers''], p. 151. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</ref>
*[[Nathan Hale]]'s valediction: "I regret that I have but one life to give for my country."
:(Supposed reference to Act&nbsp;IV, Scene&nbsp;4: ''"What a pity it is/That we can die but once to serve our country."'').<ref name=richard/>
* Washington's praise for [[Benedict Arnold]] in a letter: "It is not in the power of any man to command success; but you have done more{{snd}}you have deserved it."
:(Clear reference to Act&nbsp;I, Scene&nbsp;2: ''"'Tis not in mortals to command success; but we'll do more, Sempronius, we'll deserve it."'').

In 1789, [[Edmund Burke]] quoted the play in a letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont entitled ''Reflections on the revolution in France'', saying that the French people may yet be obliged to go through more changes and "to pass, as one of our poets says, 'through great varieties of untried being,'" before their state obtains its final form.<ref>Burke, Edmund (1872) [https://books.google.com/books?id=46nmMXN8FucC&pg=PA232 ''Reflections on the revolution in France, and on the proceedings of certain societies in London relative to that event''], p. 232. Seeley, Jackson, and Halliday.</ref> The poet referred to is Addison and the passage quoted is from ''Cato'' (V.i.&nbsp;II): "Through what variety of untried being, through what new scenes and changes must we pass!"

Though the play has fallen from popularity and is now rarely performed, it was popular and often cited in the eighteenth century, with Cato being an example of republican virtue and [[liberty]]. [[John Trenchard (writer)|John Trenchard]] and [[Thomas Gordon (writer)|Thomas Gordon]] were inspired by the play to write an epistolary exchange entitled ''[[Cato's Letters]]'' (1720–1723), concerning individual rights, using the name "Cato".{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

The action of the play involves the forces of Cato at [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]], awaiting the attack of Caesar immediately following his victory at [[Thapsus]] (46 BC). The noble sons of Cato, Portius and Marcus, are both in love with Lucia, the daughter of Lucius, an ally of Cato. Juba, prince of [[Numidia]], one of Cato's warriors, loves Cato's daughter Marcia. Meanwhile, Sempronius, a senator, and Syphax, a general of the Numidians, are conspiring secretly against Cato, hoping to prevent the Numidian army from supporting him. In the final act, Cato commits suicide, leaving his followers to make their peace with the approaching army of Caesar{{snd}}an easier task after Cato's death, since he was Caesar's most implacable enemy.

===Hymn===
Addison wrote the popular church [[hymn]] "The Spacious Firmament on High", publishing it in ''The Spectator'' in 1712. It is sung either to the tune known as "London (Addison's)" by John Sheeles, written c. 1720, or to "Creation" by [[Joseph Haydn]], 1798.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spacious Firmament on High |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/s/p/a/spacious.htm |website=Hymn Time |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054345/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/s/p/a/spacious.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Marriage and death==
[[File:Joseph Addison by Michael Dahl lowres color.jpg|thumb|Addison in 1719, the year he died]]
The later part of Addison's life was not without its troubles. In&nbsp;1716, he married Charlotte, Dowager Countess of Warwick, after working for a time as a tutor for her son. He then lived at [[Bilton Hall, Warwickshire|Bilton Hall]] in [[Warwickshire]].<ref name="BHOLbil">{{cite web |title=Parishes: Bilton |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol6/pp30-35 |publisher=British History Online}}</ref> His political career continued, and he served as [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] from 1717 to 1718. His political newspaper ''The Freeholder'' was much criticised. His wife was arrogant and imperious; his stepson, [[Edward Rich, 7th Earl of Warwick|Edward Rich]], was an unfriendly rake. Addison's shyness in public limited his effectiveness as a member of Parliament. He eventually fell out with Steele over the [[Peerage Bill]].

In 1718, Addison was forced to resign as Secretary of State because of his poor health, but he remained an MP until his death at [[Holland House]], London, on 17 June 1719 (aged 47). He was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]. After his death, an apocryphal story circulated that Addison, on his deathbed, had sent for his wastrel stepson to witness how a Christian man meets death.

On 6 April 1808, Middletown, a town in upstate New York, was renamed [[Addison, New York|Addison]] in his honour. [[Addison Road, London|Addison Road]] in West Kensington was also named after him.

==Contribution==
It is as an essayist that Addison is remembered today. He began writing essays quite casually. In April 1709, his childhood friend Richard Steele started the ''Tatler''. Addison contributed 42 essays to the ''Tatler'', while Steele wrote&nbsp;188. Regarding Addison's help, Steele remarked, "when I had once called him in, I could not subsist without dependence on him".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fAAkwbsvjswC&pg=PA148 ''Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Sir Richard Steele''], p. 148. Haskell House Publishers, first published 1865.</ref> The ''Tatler'' was discontinued on 2 January 1711. ''The Spectator'' began publication on 1 March of that year, and it continued – being issued daily, and achieving great popularity – until 6 December 1712. It exercised an influence over the reading public of the time, and Addison soon became the leading partner in it, contributing 274 essays out of a total of 635; Steele wrote 236. Addison also assisted Steele with ''The Guardian'', which began in 1713. Addison is the originator of the quote, "Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body". The quote can be found in Issue 147 of the ''Tatler''.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Steele|first1=Sir Richard|title=No. 147 Saturday, March 18, 1710|date=1710-03-18|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00044641|work=The Tatler, Vol. 2|pages=331–335|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-818533-8|last2=Addison|first2=Joseph|doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00044641|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The breezy, conversational style of the essays later prompted Bishop [[Richard Hurd (bishop)|Richard Hurd]] to reprove Addison for what he called an "Addisonian Termination", or [[preposition stranding]], a grammatical construction that ends a sentence with a preposition.<ref>[[William Rose Benet]], ''[[The Reader's Encyclopedia]]'', ''s.v.'' "Addisonian Termination".</ref>  [[Alexander Pope]] in his 1735 ''[[Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot]]'' made Addison an object of derision, naming him "Atticus", and comparing him to an [[vipera berus|adder]], "willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike".

He wrote an essay entitled ''Dialogues on Medals'' which was translated into French by eighteenth-century priest and journalist [[Simon-Jérôme Bourlet de Vauxcelles]] (1733–1802). His essay "Adventures of a Shilling" (1710) is a brief, early example of an [[Novel of circulation|it-narrative or object narrative]], a genre that would become more common later in the century.<ref name="Bellamy">{{cite book |last=Bellamy |first=Liz |year=2007 |chapter=It-Narrators and Circulation: Defining a Subgenre |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS035TUNxpwC&pg=PA119 |editor-last=Blackwell |editor-first=Mark |title=The Secret Life of Things: Animals, Objects, and It-narratives in Eighteenth-century England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS035TUNxpwC |location=Cranbury, NJ |publisher=Rosemont |publication-date=2007 |page=119|isbn=9780838756669 }}</ref> He also left an incomplete work, ''Of the Christian Religion''.

== Timeline ==
[[File:Joseph Addison by Kraemer.jpg|thumb|Addison, by Kraemer]]
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  at:1672  text:Born in Milston, Wiltshire
  at:1687  text:Educated at Oxford
  at:1699  text:Received travelling pension
  at:1704  text:"The Campaign" leads to political office
  at:1708  shift:(25,-10) text:Went to Ireland
  at:1709  text:Assisted Richard Steele in Tatler

  at:1711  text:Spectator started

  at:1716  shift:(25,-10) text:Married Lady Warwick
  at:1717  text:Secretary of State
  at:1719  text:Died at Holland House
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== Albin Schram letters ==
In 2005, an Austrian banker and collector named [[Albin Schram]] died, and in a file cabinet next to his laundry room a collection of a thousand letters was found, some of them of interest to historians. Two of them were written by Joseph Addison.

The first reported on a debate in the House of Commons about a grant to [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], and his heirs, following the [[Battle of Ramillies]]. The letter was written on the day of the debate, probably to [[George Stepney]].

Addison explains that the motion was opposed by Misters Annesley, Ward, Casar, and Sir William Vevian. <blockquote>One said that this was showing no honour to His Grace but to a posterity that he was not concern'd in. Casar ... hoped ye Duke tho he had ben Victorious over the Enemy would not think of being so over a House of Commons: wch was said in pursuance to a Motion made by some of the Craftier sort that would not oppose the proposition directly but turn it off by a Side-Wind pretending that it being a money affaire it should be refer'd to a Committee of the whole House wch in all probability would have defeated the whole affaire....{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}</blockquote>

Following the Duke of Marlborough's successful campaign of 1706, the Duke and George Stepney became the first English regents of the Anglo-Dutch condominium for governing the southern Netherlands. It was Stepney who formally took possession of the principality of Mindelheim in the Duke's name on 26 May, after the Battle of Ramillies. Upon Marlborough's return to London in November, Parliament accepted the Duke's request that a grant of £5,000 'out of ye Post-Office' be made in perpetuity to his heirs.

A second letter, written to Richard Steele, was also found, concerning the ''Tatler'' and other matters.

<blockquote>I very much liked your last paper upon the Courtship that is usually paid to the fair sex. I wish you had reserved the Letter in this days paper concerning Indecencies at Church for an entire piece. It wd have made as good a one as any you have published. Your Reflections upon Almanza are very good.</blockquote> The letter concludes with references to impeachment proceedings against Addison's friend [[Henry Sacheverell]] ("I am much obliged to you for yor Letters relating to Sackeverell"), and the Light House petition: <blockquote>I am something troubled that you have not sent away ye Letters received from Ireland to my Lord Lieutenant, particularly that from Mr Forster [the Attorney General] with the Enclosed petition about the Light House, which I hope will be delivered to the House before my Return.</blockquote>

==Analysis==
Addison's character has been described as kind and magnanimous, albeit somewhat cool and unimpassioned, with a tendency for convivial excess. His appealing manners and conversation contributed to his general popularity. He often put his friends under obligations for substantial favours, but he showed great forbearance toward his few enemies. His essays are noted for their clarity and elegant style, as well as their cheerful and respectful humour.

[[William Thackeray]] portrayed Addison and Steele as characters in his novel ''[[The History of Henry Esmond]]''.

[[Lord Macaulay]] wrote this generous tribute to Addison, which was published in 1866, seven years after Macaulay's death in 1859:

{{quote|As a man, he may not have deserved the adoration which he received from those who, bewitched by his fascinating society, and indebted for all the comforts of life to his generous and delicate friendship, worshiped him nightly, in his favourite temple at [[Button's Coffee House|Button's]]. But, after full inquiry and impartial reflection, we have long been convinced that he deserved as much love and esteem as can be justly claimed by any of our infirm and erring race. Some blemishes may undoubtedly be detected in his character; but the more carefully it is examined, the more it will appear, to use the phrase of the old anatomists, sound in the noble parts, free from all taint of perfidy, of cowardice, of cruelty, of ingratitude, of envy. Men may easily be named, in whom some particular good disposition has been more conspicuous than in Addison. But the just harmony of qualities, the exact temper between the stern and the humane virtues, the habitual observance of every law, not only of moral rectitude, but of moral grace and dignity, distinguish him from all men who have been tried by equally strong temptations, and about whose conduct we possess equally full information."<ref>"Essay on the Life and Writings of Addison", ''Essays'' vol. V (1866) Hurd and Houghton</ref>}}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Addison's Walk]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Addison, Joseph |volume= I  |last= Spalding |first= William  |author-link= William Spalding (writer)| pages=146-150 |short=1 }}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1024| name=Joseph Addison}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Addison, Joseph|name=Joseph Addison|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Joseph Addison}}
* {{Librivox author |id=533}}
*[http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/addison.htm Joseph Addison's Grave, Westminster Abbey]
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2511 History of Henry Esmond - Thackery]
*[http://www.eng-poetry.ru/english/Poet.php?PoetId=23 Poems by Joseph Addison]
*[https://www.digitens.org/en/notices/joseph-addison.html Joseph Addison in The Digital Encyclopedia of British Sociability in the Long Eighteenth Century]

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